Phenomenological Research Method Research Articles

Exploring climate change impacts on rural livelihoods and adaptation strategies: Reflections from marginalized communities in India

Climate change and variability affect virtually everyone and every region of the world but the effects are nowhere more prominent than among rural marginalized communities that rely heavily on agriculture and fishing for a living and they face numerous livelihood challenges including risk posed by variability of climate. Using phenomenological research methods, interviews with key-informants, focus group discussions (FGD), household survey with standardised questionnaires and case study approach, the present study analyzes the perceptions of climate change and its impacts on livelihoods and well-being of rural marginalized communities in rural Dakshin Dinajpur district of the state of West Bengal, India and coping mechanisms adopted by these communities were also examined using participatory social research techniques. The research is primarily based on primary data which have been collected at household level using multistage purposive sampling methods and total sample size is 154. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed for data analysis. The results were discussed in the context of the sustainable livelihoods approach and findings depicts that there is a decreasing trend in the availability of water for domestic purposes, crop failure and low agricultural production, reduction in human health, poor livestock health and a range of other problems due to climate change which subsequently impacted on their livelihood. Indigenous and local knowledge were widely used in dealing with the effects of climate change, while modern technologies were underutilized among marginalized communities. Farmers and fisherman's used multiple adaptation strategies to combat climate change effects such as modifications in farm management, migration, selling labour to neighbourhoods, measures related to financial resources and risk reduction, borrowing funds from local money lender as well as family and neighbours, credit programmes and assistance from NGOs and reducing household food consumption. Large-scale education, training programmes, development interventions and policies targeted at enhancing resource endowment are needed. The findings from this study can help policymakers and other stack holders about ongoing adaptation measures as well as the needs of households, bring out the gap between farm households and policymakers and also to develop suitable policies and effective adaptation strategies to enhance the livelihoods within this context of local marginalized communities context.

STORIES OF TEACHERS HOLDING MULTIPLE ROLES OUTSIDE TEACHING: CONSEQUENCES AND OPPORTUNITIES

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>The research study focused on the stories of teachers holding multiple roles outside teaching: consequences and opportunities, their lived experiences, how they cope with their present situation, and the insights they can share with other teachers who will experience the same experiences they have. This study used the qualitative phenomenological method of research to explore in depth the experiences, coping strategies, and personal insights that can be shared by the participants. The research study purposely identified nine (9) teachers of the senior high schools (6 for the focus group discussion and 3 for the in-depth interview) who are presently holding multiple roles while teaching in the three (3) identified national high schools in Davao Region. The results showed that the participants have their own share of good and bad experiences while holding multiple roles, stating that they encountered time management issues and expressed their struggles and stress but felt opportune with the responsibility they have at present. As their coping strategies, they expressed that resilience is accepting the things to be in the new reality, time and priorities are vital, being driven by it, learning, enjoying and loving the work and consulting and sharing thoughts with peers. Explored three strategies and methods specifically self-determination, perseverance, and sharing ideas and resources with peers. Also revealed are the insights that can be shared with others: do the best you can until you know better, in the midst of difficulty, lies opportunity and teamwork makes dream work.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0099/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Students With Disabilities: Skills, Strategies, and Dispositions for Success at a Community College

The objective of this study was to investigate experiences that students with disabilities have while attending a two-year commuter college, with a focus on understanding the skills, strategies, and dispositions that contribute to their academic success. A phenomenological research method was utilized for this study. Data collection method for this study involved using qualitative, open-ended, semi-structured interviews. The results of this study illustrate that students with disabilities at the community college level often face a variety of social, emotional, and academic challenges. The findings of this study suggest that students with disabilities on campus benefited from social support, family advocacy, and goal setting. Students with disabilities often have more challenges on campus experiences than their non-disabled peers. The findings of this research add to the limited research focusing on factors of success as it relates to students with disabilities. It is suggested that programs are designed and provided with the intention of supporting the emotional, social, and academic needs of students with disabilities on campus.

Nursing students' processes of taking role models and being role models: A descriptive phenomenological study

BackgroundRole models are frequently viewed as a means of motivating people to adopt new behaviors and inspiring them to establish ambitious targets. Role models play a significant role in the characters of individuals and can be effective in shaping their career choices, education, and identities. Within the nursing profession, role models are integral to nursing students' journey towards understanding the nursing role and professional responsibility. For this reason, it is very important for nursing students to identify role models that support the development of students growth and development. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the qualities of nurses who serve as role models for senior undergraduate nursing students in shaping their professional attitudes and behaviors, identify the motivations behind selecting these individuals as role models. DesignA descriptive phenomenological research method was used. SettingsThe research was conducted at a state university nursing school. ParticipantsThe study was conducted with the participation of 16 senior nursing students. MethodsData collected from one-on-one interviews. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. ResultsStudent nurses mostly took clinical nurses and lecturers as professional role models. They were most impressed by their role models' knowledge, strong communication skills, and respect for human beings. To imitate their role models, students were willing to work in the clinic to improve their communication and psychomotor abilities and engaged in research and inquiry in areas where they felt insufficient. However, they also reported that most clinical nurses were not positive role models. They avoided taking nurses as role models because they had low communication skills, did not guide the student, and did not value human beings. ConclusionsThe study's findings indicated that student nurses were primarily influenced by clinical nurses and viewed them as both positive and negative role models, and they aspired to emulate the qualities of the nurses they considered positive role models while actively avoiding behaviors and traits associated with those seen as negative role models. Clinical nurses, who are in contact with prospective nurses the most, have an important role in guiding them.

Bullying Experiences of Workers in Small-Sized Workplaces: A Phenomenological Study

While the study of workplace bullying has been ongoing for 30 years, there remains a lack of research focused on small business workers, despite their vulnerability to workplace bullying due to personal, environmental, and social factors. Therefore, this study applied a phenomenological qualitative research method to identify the phenomenon of workplace bullying, which negatively influences the sustainable development of small-sized workplaces. Methods: This research employed Colaizzi’s phenomenological research approach to explore the meaning and core structure of workplace bullying experiences among individuals working in small businesses. The research included a sample of 10 participants, and data collection took place from May to July in 2023. This involved conducting individual interviews with each participant, varying in frequency from one to three times, and each lasting between one to three hours. Results: This study revealed several significant themes, including individuals feeling stigmatized as incompetent, experiencing gaslighting, having nowhere to run for escape, and often confronting dilemma situations. Moreover, these themes coalesced into two theme clusters: the sense of one’s identity being gradually eroded and a prevailing feeling of having nowhere to turn for help. Ultimately, the core theme that emerged from this research—“the dimly lit maze of life”—encapsulated the complex nature of these experiences. Conclusions: Eliminating workplace bullying for the long-term success and sustainable development of small-sized workplaces will require a united front, involving employers, employees, policymakers, and society at large. Therefore, as a methodology for practically addressing the problem of workplace bullying in small businesses, I propose a problem-solving-oriented participatory action research method based on an ecological model in which participants make a plan, implement the plan, observe the process, and reflect on the outcome of the implemented plan.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IMTAQ PILLARS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DA'I PARMUSI DA'WAH (NATURALISTIC STUDIES)

This article aims to find out how the Implementation of the IMTAQ Pillars in the Management of Da'i PARMUSI Da'wah. PARMUSI (Indonesian Muslim Brotherhood) as an Islamic social organization which in the last seven years has focused on developing the da'wah movement, has established its superior priority program to realize Manhaj Dakwah Madani Village in order to accelerate the realization of the ideals of the organization's struggle, namely "The Realization of a Prosperous Civil Society born and inner heart in the Indonesian nation which is blessed by Allah SWT. In Manhaj Dakwah Madani Village, PARMUSI upholds the Word of Rasulullah SAW بَلِّغُواعَنِّى وَلَوْ آيَة means " convey from me even if only one verse" (HR. Bukhari). ManhajDakwah Madani Village itself has four pillars of the da'wah method, namely the first pillar, increasing faith and piety; the second pillar of community economic development; the third pillar is social empowerment of citizens; and the fourth pillar is improving education, especially reading the Koran for the people. The four pillars of da'wah refer to the letter of Ali Imran verse 104, namely: وَلْتَكُنْ مِّنْكُمْ اُمَّةٌ يَّدْعُوْنَ اِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُوْنَبِالْمَعْرُوْفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ ۗ وَاُولٰۤىِٕكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُوْنَ means “And let there be a group of people among you who call for good, order (do) what is right, and prevent what is wrong.” And they are the lucky ones.” In carrying out the Manhaj Dakwah, Da'i PARMUSI has an important and strategic role in fostering and mobilizing villagers to achieve these goals and aspirations. There are three categories of PARMUSI Preachers at various levels, namely Preachers Executing, Managing Preachers and Preachers. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, with phenomenological research methods. Sources of data were obtained from primary data in the form of informants from Parmusi preachers and congregations. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from literature studies of international/national journals, e-books/books, documents, and archives. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, observation, and FGD. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the achievements of the IMTAQ Pillar are more prominent than the other three pillars, as evidenced by the existence of an understanding of tauhid, jurisprudence of worship, and noble character among the residents of MadaniVillage, there has even been a growth in the number of converts, an increase in mosque congregations during morning prayers and congregations of Majlis Ta'lim.

Entrepreneurial Processes of Thai Female Returning Migrants

Abstract This study focuses on the entrepreneurial processes of Thai female returning migrants. A phenomenological qualitative research method was employed at the individual, household, and community levels. The results revealed that most female returning migrant workers were married, aged between 26–45 years, and majority of them had graduated from high school. They migrated to South Korea, Taiwan, and Israel, both legally and illegally. They worked in the industrial, agricultural, and service sectors. When female migrants returned to their origins, they worked as agriculture or livestock entrepreneurs, and business operators. There are three steps to becoming an entrepreneur: 1) Opportunity Recognition; 2) Opportunity Exploitation; and 3) Value Creation.

Experience of nurses in caring for patients with dementia

The research reveals the positive and negative experiences of nurses in working with persons with dementia, allows to analyze the emerging problems and difficulties and to properly solve them in practical work, thereby improving the quality of healthcare services.
 The purpose of the study is to analyze the experience of nurses in caring for patients with dementia.
 Research methods. The applied qualitative research method of descriptive phenomenology reveals and explains the researched phenomenon as it is understood and experienced personally by each individual. The study interviewed 6 nurses working in the X nursing home.
 Research results and conclusions. The study revealed that dementia requires individual care and nursing. When working with patients with dementia, nurses have positive and negative experiences, and the involvement of relatives in patient care has a positive effect on both the physical and emotional state of the patient. Dementia requires individualized care and nursing as well as support and fulfillment of basic needs.

Employment intention and career planning of male nursing students in different levels of colleges and universities: Aqualitative study.

To explore the employment intention and career planning of male nursing students at different levels of colleges and universities and provide references for formulating individualized training content. Phenomenological research method in qualitative research. Using a phenomenological research method, 15 male nursing students from three levels of colleges and universities were interviewed in a one-to-half structure, and the data were analysed using NVivo12.0 software and the Colaizzi seven-step analysis method. Four themes and 10 sub-themes were extracted. The four themes included professional identity experience, nursing learning experience, career expectation and planning and educational needs. The 10 sub-themes included the negative effects of traditional impressions, the gradual establishment of professional identity, public health events promote professional identity, negative experiences in learning, positive growth from learning, varied career plans, career expectations and influencing factors, a reasonable schedule, diversity of content requirements and the positive effect of teaching teachers. Influenced by many factors, the employment intention and career planning of male nursing students at different higher education levels are varied. Schools and clinical practice units should strengthen the training of employment intention and career planning and make reasonable time adjustments to the training content. In total, 15 male interns accepted our interview request. We utilized their break time to conduct the interviews, resulting in significant contributions to the content of the article.

Penyesuaian Pernikahan pada Pasangan Perjodohan

ABSTRACT
 The research uses qualitative phenomenological research methods and data collection techniques, namely in-depth interviews. The data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis which consists of: (a) data reduction (b) data presentation, and (c) drawing conclusions. The data source was obtained from 5 married couples who were arranged marriages and were ready to provide some information to researchers. The results of this research can be stated that the form of adjustment to marriage in arranged marriage couples in Sabbang Paru Village, Lembang District, Pinrang Regency is through 4 aspects, namely adjustment to the partner in the form of always building communication, understanding the partner's condition, being open to each other, and understanding each other. Sexual adjustment consists of always building communication before sexual intercourse, conveying complaints and desires during sexual intercourse. Financial adjustments in the form of couples always communicating about the family's income and expenses so that there are no misunderstandings. Adjustments with your partner's family consist of always building communication with your partner's family and always visiting your partner's family home. Efforts to control conflict in arranged marriage couples include using coping strategies, planful problem solving, which means analyzing every situation that causes problems and trying to find direct solutions to the problems faced and turning to religion, which means returning to religious teachings, namely efforts to implement and improve religious teachings. which is adhered to.

유아교사와 부모의 관계에서 교권침해 경험의 현상학적 연구

Objectives Essentially understand the experience and phenomenon of teacher rights infringement cases in the relationship between kindergarten and daycare center teachers and their parents, derive the experience and coping process of teacher rights infringement, experience in solving, and demands for improvement plans through interviews and in-depth techniques, and effectively in the educational field application was proposed.
 Methods Fourteen teachers with experience of teaching rights infringement at kindergartens and daycare centers located in Incheon were selected as the study subjects. The research data collection was conducted from June 2, 2023 to June 27, 2023 through focus group interviews, one-on-one interviews, group face-to-face interactions, and web-based interactions tailored to the circumstances of the research participants, and qualitative data analysis procedures According to the phenomenological research method of interpretation, coding, and classification, it was analyzed.
 Results The experiences of teacher rights infringement were ‘infringement of teacher authority experienced by parents’, ‘experience of power abuse as a target for venting anger from parents’, ‘experience of helplessness and realistic fear coming from situational limitations’, ‘harsh social standards for early childhood teachers’, infringement of teacher authority The coping process was ‘things that early childhood teachers should strive to establish teaching rights’, ‘experiences of dealing with when they felt infringed on teaching rights’, and ‘factors hindering the establishment of teaching rights by early childhood teachers’. Efforts to establish teacher authority' and ‘preparation of measures to establish teacher authority’ were found.
 Conclusions The significance of this research is that it pays attention to the experience and coping process of kindergarten and daycare teachers who have been infringed upon by their parents, applies a phenomenological research method to deeply explore the essential meaning of the experienced phenomenon, examines the experience of teacher rights infringement, and proposes improvement measures. have meaning Expecting to help prepare effective support measures for kindergartens and day care centers, social implications for recognition of early childhood teachers' teacher status, establishment of teaching rights from early childhood education, and punishment for reporting child abuse without complaint were suggested.

작업치료학과 학생들의 방문재활 실습 경험에 대한 현상학적 연구

Objective: This study aims to determine what students in the Department of Occupational Therapy experienced during visiting rehabilitation practice and to understand the essential meaning so as to provide a wide understanding of visiting rehabilitation practice. Methods: Among qualitative research approaches, phenomenological research methods were applied for data collection through one-on-one interviews with eight occupational therapy students between November 29 and December 15, 2022. Colaizzi's research method was used for the data analysis. Results: A total of 276 meaningful statements among the collected data were derived from 30 codes, 11 themes, and 4 theme clusters. It was found that after home-based rehabilitation fieldwork practice, occupational therapy students came to think of new experiences, psychological experiences, and occupational therapy as being different from pre-fieldwork practice. The limitations included unorganized fieldwork practice guidance management and differences in intervention according to the level of competence of the occupational therapist. Conclusion: Owing to the recent changes in the rehabilitation paradigm and increasing interest and need for community care and home-based rehabilitation, this study can be used as basic data to reflect and expand home-based rehabilitation fieldwork practice in a regular clinical fieldwork practice curriculum.

Strategi Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila Dimensi Berkebhinekaan Global Di Sekolah Dasar

The Pancasila Student Profile has six dimensions: faith and devotion to God, diversity in the world, independence, mutual cooperation, critical thinking, and creativity. Global diversity is an appreciation of diversity that comes from the awareness that Indonesia is a big nation with various ethnicities, traditions and cultures that accompany it. The purpose of this study is to explain how SDIT Nur Hidayah Surakarta has strengthened the global diversity aspect of the Pancasila Student Profile. The phenomenological research method is used in the qualitative research methodology. The results of research conducted at SDIT Nur Hidayah Surakarta regarding the strategy of strengthening the profile of Pancasila students with the dimensions of global performance diversity that the strategy is implemented by integrating it into learning activities such as intra-curricular activities and then packaging it into project activities to strengthen student profiles such as introducing Pancasila Teachers using habituation exercises to help students develop a stronger appreciation of cultural diversity around the world. The teachers set an example by not picking friends at school, getting along with everyone in the school community regardless of skin color, religion, or other characteristics, setting an example of tolerance, and carrying out the flag ceremony every Monday, and respecting differences of opinion, can be seen as strengthening the profile of Pancasila students with global diversity dimensions at SDIT Nur Hidayah Surakarta
 Keywords: Elementary school ; Global Diversity ; Pancasila Student Profile

Tax Dispute in a Digital Economy: The Legal Implication in Nigeria

The study examines the tax disputes in a digital economy with a precise focused on the legal implications in Nigeria. The study explored some of the tax jurisdiction law in the digital economy. This digital economy encompasses various revenue streams and business models, such as e-commerce, digital services, online advertising, and software licensing. The study also identify transfer pricing issues arising from tax authorities in questioning the pricing of intra-group transactions involving intangible assets such as intellectual property rights or digital content. The significance of Permanent Establishment (PE) in determining a business's tax liabilities in a foreign jurisdiction were also discussed. The disputes that are commonly arise when taxpayers fail to fulfill their reporting obligations and the legal implications. However, the study highlighted the development of tax laws and regulations, leading to divergent views between taxpayers and tax authorities on the application and interpretation of tax laws in the digital context. Thus, the study employed a phenomenological research method, specifically a systematic review approach to examine the pertinent literature. Based on this study, it was concluded that tax authorities in Nigeria need to possess a deep understanding of the legal ramifications associated with tax disputes in the digital economy. To successfully navigate such disputes and contribute to an acquiescent and transparent digital economy, the study recommends that Nigerian tax collectors should closely collaborate with legal professionals, continuously update their knowledge of tax regulations, use technology solutions, and offer proactive advice to their clients. They should effectively handle tax disputes and play a vital role in ensuring a transparent and amenable digital economy. Keyword: Tax Disputes, Digital Economy, Legal Implication and Accountants

How has COVID-19 affected the work environment of delivery workers?: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a rapid worldwide increase in the utilization of delivery services. This study delves into the experiences of delivery workers as one of the activley developed industries during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea and sheds light on the effects of the pandemic on their working conditions. Through in-depth interviews with 10 Korean delivery workers, data analysis employed the hermeneutic phenomenology research method developed by Van Manen. The findings indicate a substantial rise in income levels and a positive societal perception of delivery labor post-COVID-19. The pandemic also attracted many new workers to the industry due to low entry barriers and work flexibility. However, challenges persisted as delivery workers grappled with an uncertain legal status and sometimes jeopardized their safety to boost earnings in shorter time frames. The pivotal role played by delivery workers in enhancing communal quality of life and connectivity during the pandemic cannot be overlooked. As we step into a post-COVID-19 era, comprehensive efforts are needed to enhance the working environment for delivery workers globally. Notably, clarifying the relationship between delivery workers and companies within the novel digital labor landscape is essential, alongside establishing institutional frameworks to safeguard workers' basic rights, including health and safety provisions.

메타버스 기반의 퍼실리테이션을 활용한 학습자 중심 학습의 현상학적 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze learner-centered Media English learning using Metaverse-based facilitation through a phenomenological method, which is a type of qualitative research. An English class at a private university in Chungcheongbuk-do was implemented in GatherTown, one of the Metaverse platforms, and made learner-centered through appropriate facilitation by the professor. The students' experiences in this new classroom environment, the professor's role, and the students' internal and external changes were analyzed in depth using Mustakas' phenomenological research method. First, students felt fun and interesting in new learning; Second, the professor played the role of a facilitator who promoted student participation and cooperation; Third, the class made students internally motivated to learn actively; and fourth, students externally experienced learner-centered learning through interaction among students. Finally, we discussed the need for proper facilitation by the instructor for a metaverse-based English class

A Qualitative Study on the Process of Changing Multicultural Perceptions of College Students Participating in Role-playing Oriented Liberal Arts Classes

The purpose of this study is to explore the process of changing multicultural perceptions of college students who participated in liberal arts classes using role-playing, and to present multicultural education measures in higher education institutions. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with five college students who participated in liberal arts classes, and these were analyzed using phenomenological research methods. As a result, first, the participants stated that they were “indifferent” or had “uncomfortable feelings” about multiculturalism due to a lack of direct experience with migrants. Second, college students came to understand and respect others through the multicultural role-playing process. Third, research participants came to think about the attitudes they should have in a multicultural society in the future during their liberal arts class. This has led to changes in the perceptions of all people interacting in a multicultural society, regarding both their perceptions and attitudes.Based on these results, this study presented future multicultural education plans as follows. First, multicultural education should begin with content that can lead to “various levels of cultural curiosity” among the learners. This plays a role in relieving the indifferent or uncomfortable emotions that learners have. Second, before the role-playing activities, education that can help students better understand other cultures should be prioritized. This can reduce the difficulties students face when it comes to ‘cultural differences’ and ‘language barriers’ (communication) when learners write their role play scripts. Finally, multicultural education should be developed as a long-term curriculum rather than a one-off, and should be conducted to improve mutual cultural capabilities by engaging in “cultural exchange activities,” including the involvement of the migrants' language, culture, experiences, and values. This can help students internalize their necessary multicultural awareness on a long-term basis. It can also be a way for them to understand their foreign counterparts more deeply by providing opportunities for mutual cultural communication with them. Through this study, we looked at the process of changing college students' multicultural perception. It is hoped that this study will serve as useful basic data for the progress of multicultural education that can promote multicultural awareness for college students as well as for other learners.

중급 전임 남성상담사의 성역할 정체성 경험연구

Objectives This study was conducted to reveal the meaning and essence of the experiences of intermediate full-time male counselors in relation to gender roles in the field of counseling, as well as to explore how these experiences contribute to the formation of their gender role identity.
 Methods By employing Giorgi's phenomenological research method, in-depth interviews and data analysis were conducted from February to June 2022, involving eight intermediate male counselors with counseling experience ranging from more than 4 years to less than 9 years.
 Results As a result, 87 constructed meanings, 27 subtopics, and 9 top topics were derived. Top topics included “Counseling entered with an inflated heart of expectations,” “unexpected realities of counseling,” “A heart that becomes worn out due to economic hardship,” “light and shadow experienced as a male counselor,” “the benefits and drawbacks of manhood in counseling relationships,” “colleagues as both mentors and friends,” “the intrinsic value of counseling that defies quantification,” “the discovery of the sublime worth of the counseling profession,” and “the aspiration to lead a fulfilling life as a male counselor.”
 Conclusions This study holds significant meaning as it elucidates the essence of the experiences and meaning of living as an intermediate male counselor, with a specific focus on gender role identity. It was revealed that male counselors often encounter irrationalities and grievances that arise solely because of their gender. Additionally, the study highlights the intermediate male full-time counselors' willingness to engage in long-term self-development, exemplifying their professional consciousness. These characteristics of intermediate male full-time counselors can provide valuable insights for self-understanding and adaptation for both novice male counselors undergoing training and education, and intermediate male counselors currently facing similar experiences.

A Phenomenological Study of Teachers’ Roles and Learners’ Responses in Learner-Centered Classes Using Metaverse Technology

This paper examines learner-centered media English learning using metaverse-based facilitation through a phenomenological method, which is a type of qualitative research. A private university in Chungcheongbuk-do gave a Liberal Arts English class in Gather.town, one of the Metaverse platforms, and designed a learner-centered course through appropriate facilitation by the professor. This study conducted an in-depth analysis on the experience of students in this new classroom environment, the roles of professors, and the internal and external changes of students by using a phenomenological research method from Mustakas (1994). The results were as follows: first, students enjoyed and felt interested in the new learning; second, the professor played the role of a facilitator who promoted student participation and cooperation; third, the course made students internally motivated to learn actively; and fourth, students externally experienced learner-centered learning through interaction among themselves. Lastly, this study discussed the need for proper facilitation by the instructor for a metaverse-based English class. In conclusion, it was found that English classes using metaverse-based facilitation were interesting, enhancing collaboration, and motivating their learning. Therefore, learner-centered learning based on the metaverse will play a role and function in attracting students’ spontaneous participation, cooperation, and learning motivation when appropriate facilitation is provided.

The Development and Opportunity of Educational Mode in the Metaverse Age

The Metaverse is an end-users-oriented integration of various layers of Information Technology (IT), where Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) would be the core technology. With the rapid development of IT, the Metaverse would allow users to connect, work, conduct business, and access educational resources, all in a technology-mediated environment in new interaction ways. The Metaverse can play a major role in the future of online learning and enable a rich active learning environment, where learners have the opportunity to obtain first-hand experiences that might not be accessible in the physical world. While currently there is a severe shortage in Metaverse-Learning studies, such research strands are expected to soon emerge. The main objective of this paper is to investigate challenges and opportunities for human-centric Metaverse technology in the learning sector, hence accelerating research in this field. A phenomenological research method was used, including semi-structured in-depth interviews, essays written by participants, a focus group discussion with 19 experts in the areas of HCI, intelligent interactive technologies, and online learning. Five challenges were identified for the Metaverse-Learning context: immersive design, privacy and security, universal access, physical and psychological health concerns, and governance. While the research provided suggestions to overcome those challenges, three Meta-Learning opportunities were identified: hands-on training and learning, game-based learning, and collaboration in creating knowledge. The findings of this research contribute to understanding the complexity of the online learning in the Metaverse from the Human–Computer Interaction point of view. These findings can be used to further research the Metaverse as a virtual communication environment and potential business and learning platform.