Language Phenomena Research Articles

RELATIVIZATION STRATEGIES OF APPLICATIVE ARGUMENTS RELATION IN BELITONG

On the basis of a detailed study of the applicative phenomenon in the Belitong language done by Darmawan and Kaldina (2022), this paper suggests its symmetrical treatment specifically in terms of NP’s relativization strategies. Through the descriptive-qualitative research method, this paper identifies and describes the most accessible relativization strategies in Belitong as derived from applicative constructions. The data were collected through elicitation, unstructured open-ended interviews, and document analysis of previous literature works on the Belitong language. The data analysis process proceeded by employing qualitative data techniques and a careful linguistic typological approach, RG. The results of this study showed that: (1) A gap strategy is employed in direct relativization, and it accommodates the revaluation of core arguments (S and O), (2) indirect relativization allows the application of the passivization strategy on object properties of applicative constructions. Interestingly, two types of passives are permissible to account for indirect relativization. In type 1, the advancement of an O as the head of RC causes the demotion of the initial S to chômeur, morphologically marked by the prefix de- preceding the verb. However, in the passive type 2, the base subject does not reside in chômeur, yet it becomes the subject of the main clause with no prefix appearing on the verb

Adjustments in Indonesian-English Translation of Public Signs in Bali

Public signs that are written in two languages are language phenomena found in some regions in Bali. This study is to explore the translation of public signs from Indonesian into English found in Bali. Deploying the concept of pragmatic equivalence (House, 2015) and translation shifts (Catford, 1965), this study focuses on the adjustments found in the translation of public signs from Indonesian into English. The data were taken from the public signs found in Badung regency and Denpasar city, Bali province, Indonesia by taking photos. The finding reveals that public signs in Bali are realized in the forms of non-sentence and sentence. The non-sentence used includes noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, and preposition. Public signs in the form of sentence include declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentence. To achieve the equivalence, the source public signs are rendered by re-contextualizing their forms in target language. The re-contextualization includes the change from sentence into non-sentence, non-sentence into sentence, one type of sentence into another type, one form of non-sentence into another form, the change of unit and of phrase/clause structure.

Out-of-vocabulary but not meaningless: Evidence for semantic-priming effects in pseudoword processing.

Nonarbitrary phenomena in language, such as systematic association in the form-meaning interface, have been widely reported in the literature. Exploiting such systematic associations previous studies have demonstrated that pseudowords can be indicative of meaning. However, whether semantic activation from words and pseudowords is supported by the very same processes, activating a common semantic memory system, is currently not known. Here, we take advantage of recent progresses from computational linguistics models allowing to induce meaning representations for out-of-vocabulary strings of letters via domain-general associative-learning mechanisms applied to natural language. We combined these models with data from priming tasks, in which participants are showed two strings of letters presented sequentially one after the other and are then asked to indicate if the latter is a word or a pseudoword. In Experiment 1 we reanalyzed the data of the largest behavioral database on semantic priming, while in Experiment 2 we ran an independent replication on a new language, Italian, controlling for a series of possible confounds. Results were consistent across the two experiments and showed that the prime-word meaning interferes with the semantic pattern elicited by the target pseudoword (i.e., at increasing estimated semantic relatedness between prime word and target pseudoword, participants' reaction times increased and accuracy decreased). These findings indicate that the same associative mechanisms governing word meaning also subserve the processing of pseudowords, suggesting in turn that human semantic memory can be conceived as a distributional system that builds upon a general-purpose capacity of extracting knowledge from complex statistical patterns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

On the Translation of English Euphemism from the Perspective of Skopostheorie

As a kind of figurative use of language, Euphemism is a language phenomenon as well as a cultural phenomenon. In people’s daily communication, euphemism is often used. Euphemism is just like a lubricant in people’s daily communication and closely connected to people’s life. In people’s daily life, they often encounter many unpleasant taboos. In order to make language more polite and pleasant, people use metaphors to suggest and dilute the taboos in an indirect way. For example, people call death as passing away, funeral as something happened afterwards. The translation of euphemism not only brings a huge amount of new vocabularies to the target language, but also shows different cultures so as to narrow differences and promote the further communication of different cultures. Skopostheorie is formally proposed by Hans J. Vermeer in the 1970s. The birth of German functional translation theory pioneers a new perspective for the research on the translation theories. Skopostheorie indicates that translation strategy must be based on the purpose of translation. The reference in the translator’s translation process should be the desired communication function in the target language environment. The same euphemism has different translation versions in different contexts when facing various people. This thesis will summarize the translation strategy of euphemism under the guidance of skopostheorie. Keywords: Euphemism, Skopostheorie, Taboo, Translation strategy DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/97-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

The Logic Doctrine of A.A. Zinoviev

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main provisions of A.A. Zinoviev’s logic doctrine. The author shows Zinoviev’s evolution from the traditional view of the formal logic as knowledge of the laws and regulations of correct thinking to the understanding of it as the science that deals with the aspects of natural language that make it the instrument of thinking and comprehension. According to Zinoviev, the logic singles out and abstracts in language phenomena certain structural components that form the structure of knowledge irrespective of whether this knowledge pertains to the sphere of physics, biology, history, sociology etc. The laws and regulations prescribed by it are not discovered by people, but are invented by them in the process of cognition methods perfecting. The author characterizes Zinoviev’s innovative contribution to the development of non-standard logics, and above all, multivalued logic, succession theory, logic principles of the natural and social science methodology, as well as to the creation of complex logic. The author shows the actual importance of Zinoviev’s logic and methodological legacy for the development of scientifi c perception and for the resistance to the phenomenon that the thinker referred to as the threatof mass stupefaction.

THE ROLE OF CLITIC DOUBLING IN THE INFORMATION STRUCTURE OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

This paper attempts to argue whether the repetition of the object or clitic doubling as a syntactic mechanism affects the encoding of the information structure in the Albanian language. In three previous studies by Kallulli (2000, 2008); Kapia (2010), it is reported that direct object clitic doubling is not an optional phenomenon in the Albanian language, that direct object clitic doubling systematically produces and encodes the information structure, and that clitic doubled objects are interpreted as topics. Thus, the object and the clitic have the status of topic in the sentence, as doubling occurs when the clitic refers to the already present discourse referent. That is, the NP is previously introduced in the discourse, thus becoming a specific referent available to be later selected via the doubling mechanism. In addition, according to them, when the object bears the topic feature, the direct object doubling is obligatory. Unlike Kallulli (2000, 2008) and Kapia (2010, 2012), Buchholz & Fiedler (1987) draw different conclusions, according to which the direct object clitic doubling in the Albanian language may be optional if the word order is canonical (SVO). This paper, on the other hand, aims at proving whether the object clitic doubling in our corpus marks the information structure by giving the feature [+ topic] or [-focus].

ALLUZIYA, UNING MOHIYATI VA INTERTEK-STUALLIKDA TUTGAN O‘RNI

This article is devoted to the issues of reflections on the emergence of the concept of allusion in linguistics, its definitions and approaches. Along with the interpretation of the term from different sides, different opinions are presented regarding its classification into species.It is clearly that the systematic study of language phenomena in world linguistics is making a fundamental turn in the field of linguistics, that is, a number of new directions are emerging in world linguistics, and theoretical paradigms for the in-depth study of the structural and func-tional layers of the language are emerging. Such changes are being made in a number of directions in the field of linguistics that deal with the research of problems such as language and society, language and culture, language and personality, language and thinking. The article covers these in detail

A network of allostructions: quantified subject constructions in Russian

AbstractThis article contributes to Construction Grammar, historical linguistics, and Russian linguistics through an in-depth corpus study of predicate agreement in constructions with quantified subjects. Statistical analysis of approximately 39,000 corpus examples indicates that these constructions constitute a network of constructions (“allostructions”) with various preferences for singular or plural agreement. Factors pull in different directions, and we observe a relatively stable situation in the face of variation. We present an analysis of a multidimensional network of allostructions in Russian, thus contributing to our understanding of allostructional relationships in Construction Grammar. With regard to historical linguistics, language stability is an understudied field. We illustrate an interplay of divergent factors that apparently resists language change. The syntax of numerals and other quantifiers represents a notoriously complex phenomenon of the Russian language. Our study sheds new light on the contributions of factors that favor singular or plural agreement in sentences with quantified subjects.

REPRESENTATION OF THE “FAMILY” CONCEPT IN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

Nowadays, in world linguistics, special attention is paid to clarifying the issue of national-cultural specificity of universal concepts on the example of units of different language levels. In particular, in Uzbek linguistics, different views are being formed about the linguocognitive features of the concept, which is widely used to reveal the interrelationship of language, human and cultural phenomena. However, in the Uzbek scientific literature, there is no research devoted to the conceptualization of the concept of "Family" with the help of thematic and statistical analysis on the example of phraseological units. In this article, firstly, it is determined that the integrative approach allows to study the concepts from the linguistic, cognitive, cultural and sociological point of view. Secondly, according to the phraseo-semantic field method, the concept of "family" is composed of core and peripheral parts, and with the help of statistical analysis, it is revealed that the concept is also consist of the core and the near, middle and outermost peripheries. Research shows that conceptualization is a mental way of reflecting reality in the human mind. It combines subjective and traditional meanings accepted by the linguistic community. Through the prototypical categorization of the concept, it is concluded that language and cultural identity are transparently manifested. The obtained results serve to acquire a deeper understanding of foreign languages and cultures

ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ СПОЛУЧУВАНОСТІ ФОНЕМ У ДВОФОНЕМНИХ СЛОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ

У статті на матеріалі „Великого зведеного орфографічного словника сучасної української лексики ” проаналізовано склад двофонемних слів в українській мові та сполучувальні можливості окремих фонем у двофонемних словах, побудувано моделі двофонемних слів сучасної української літературної мови. З’ясовано, що у сучасній українській мові серед двокомпонентних моделей із першим компонентом голосною фонемою характерними є такі поєднання елементів у двофонемній дистрибутивній структурі із першою голосною фонемою як „голосна + щілинна” (18) та „голосна + напіввідкрита” (12), а серед двокомпонентних моделей із першим компонентом приголосною фонемою характерними є такі поєднання елементів у двофонемній дистрибутивній структурі із першою приголосною фонемою: „щілинна + голосна” (22), „ напіввідкрита + голосна” (14), „зімкнуто-проривна + голосна” (13). Такі дистрибутивні структури двох фонем не є типовими для сучасної української мови.

Vowel Phoneme in Javanese Language Wonosobo’s Dialect

This research was aimed to discuss the linguistics features, which was vowel phoneme, in Javanese language Wonosobo’s dialect. This study was extremely essential to recognize the vowel phoneme in Wonosobo since this regency abut on many regions uttering many dialects, which encouraged Wonosobo to have a mixed dialect. The research design was descriptive qualitative methods because this research analyzed the social complication, which was language phenomenon. After analyzing the data, it was found that vowel phoneme applied were [a], [i] [u], [e], [ə], [o], and [ɔ] with [I], [U] and [ɛ] as allophones.

Interference in a Language and Culture Communication

International communication is one important aspect in a dialogue of culture and in a process of communication we should concentrate in a problem of the interrelated phenomena of language and culture within the context of bilingual communication. Language and culture interference are important aspect to be considered with regard to teaching of plurilingual learners, whose communicative competence is formed on the basis of several linguistic and cultural systems that interact with each other and exert mutual influence. Interference is an important aspect not only in linguistic, not only in the method of teaching but also in culture too. And after pandemic era we practically have a new view of communication - Online communication, that is defined as perceptual-verbal interaction connected with acts of cognition and creation of meaning-forming systems, manifested in a whole set of principles, among which there are: 1) dialogueness and communicability; 2) visual-perceptual experience; 3) interpersonal communication; 4) a tool for cross-cultural dialogue; 5) a linguistic component.

DISSECTING NADIEM ANWAR MAKARIM’S SPEECH AT THE SINGAPORE SUMMIT 2020: A STUDY ON ASSERTIVE SPEECH ACTS

This research analyzes Nadiem Anwar Makarim’s speech at the Singapore Summit 2020, aiming to distinguish the types of assertive speech acts and to comprehend their functions with the focus on the context. This research employs descriptive quasi or mixed-method. The qualitative method is used to explain the data, while the quantitative method is used to count the percentage of the data. The findings show that there are 139 assertive utterances used by Makarim. The analysis shows that there are five types of assertive speech act found. They are 28 of 20,14% of stating, 22 of 15,82% of claiming, 54 of 38,84% of reporting, 14 or 10,07% of reminding, and 21 or 15,10% of suggesting. Each type has its function. Reporting is to give information to the hearers, stating is to commit the hearers about the fact and truth, claiming is to say that something is true when some people may say that it is not true, suggesting is to give an opinion to the hearers, and reminding is to remind the hearers not to forget the condition. It is because the way Makarim delivered his speech refers to politeness. After reading this research, it is expected that the readers can realize the language phenomenon, especially speech acts and assertive types in a speech which eventually improves the understanding of filtering an utterance.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOL IN LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS AT THE XX CENTURY

Summary. The development history and peculiarities of the psychological school in literature and linguistics at the 20th century acquires a new meaning and is updated in our time. Modern social circumstances create a need for a modern interpretation of domestic psychological thought the formation of the psychological school at the 20th century and its development at the 21st century. The problem of understanding social, cultural, political and ethnic aspects is particularly relevant, as a source base for elucidating many factors in the psychological thought formation, revealing the dynamics of ethnogenesis, the process of mental reality subjects self-awareness. Psychological knowledge, reinterpreted by a researcher of the history of psychology, makes it possible to choose the right vector in understanding the polyphony of the modern psychological paradigm. The purpose of the article is to consider the significant contribution of psychological school representatives, who focused their attention on the study of artistic creativity and language from the point of view of the psychological component and eidos. The main goals of the article are: to consider the theory of imagery of O. O. Potebnya and thorough works of his followers; to determine the influence of the psychological school on the development of philological science. To reach goals set in the work few methods were used: information analysis method, synthesis method, descriptive method. The methodological basis of the study is the basic literature provisions of the eidos theory. In domestic literary studies, the theoretical foundations of the psychological school were laid by the works of O. O. Potebny (the theory of the «inner form of the word» and the «inner form of art» – the work «Thought and Language»). D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and L. S. Vygotsky are considered the most outstanding followers of O. O. Potebnya. Under the influence of the works of O. O. Potebnya, D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky developed a persistent desire to approach any phenomenon of language and literature in order to reveal its psychological essence. The psychological method with a sociological orientation becomes the main one in the literary activity of D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. «Cultural-historical theory», developed by L. S. Vygotsky, became one of the most important theories formed in the 1920s and 1930s. L. S. Vygotsky reflects on the specifics of the inner, mental world of a person, defines the mechanisms of its formation, distinguishes two levels of mental functions – natural and higher. Natural functions characterize a person as a natural being, and higher mental functions are mediated – this is imagination, purposeful thinking, etc. Conclusions. The psychological school is of inescapable importance for the development of modern literary studies and language. It is indisputable that turning to the problems of language and thinking, to the theory of artistic imagery, to the psychology of creativity and the perception of artistic works in the study of the historical-literary process contributed to the development of philological science.

Структурно-полевой подход к синтаксической фразеологии русского языка. Часть I

The paper deals with the problems of the structural-field approach to the study of linguistic phenomena. The foundations for building a field theory in the grammatical structure of language were laid by V. G. Admoni in his works on the theoretical grammar of German. Effectively, the same approach can be applied to any language phenomenon as it has a number of advantages over classifications involving the distribution of objects in systems of level hierarchy. The paper demonstrates the advantages and possibilities of the structural-field approach. It aims at studying the field of syntactic phraseological phenomena (phraseme constructions), identifying its core, centre, periphery, and adjacent fields. Phraseme constructions belong to the linguistic system and occupy an important place in construction grammar. They are constantly reproduced in spoken language and filled in with concrete vocabulary. They are stable syntactic models of idiomatic character that are retrieved from memory as whole entities rather than by separate units (the meaning of a filled model cannot be deduced without prior knowledge of its structure and its semantics per se). The properties, namely polyelementality, reproducibility, stable syntactic structure, idiomaticity, fillability in speech, are indispensable characteristics of the phenomenon described herein: deprived of at least one of them, a construction ceases to be a phraseme. However, phraseme constructions have a larger, typical set of characteristics. In this paper, they are viewed from the perspective of an increase and decrease of these characteristics, making the study of phraseological constructions as a field whose structure is determined by multiple axes possible. The structural-field approach waives the need to make clear distinctions between linguistic phenomena with similar functionality at different levels. The use of the field approach and its methodological advantages are explained through the example of the field of syntactic phraseology.

The general meaning as a potential

ABSTRACT This article examines the idea of the “potentiality” of language phenomena as expressed by Vilém Mathesius in 1911, and its relation to the debate on the general or basic concept of a linguistic category, discussed by Roman Jakobson, Louis Hjelmslev and others around 1935. We track the concept of potentiality in Roman Jakobson’s and Louis Hjelmslev’s texts from the period, then we point out similarities with ideas expressed by Émile Benveniste around the same time. Next, we examine Mathesius’ very different idea of potentiality as the state of linguistic expressions that may be otherwise. However, by tracking the problem through Mathesius’ later texts, I follow how his theorization gradually develops to converge with Jakobson’s. I will stress the importance for Mathesius as a professor of English philology of the problem of the sentence, with a focus on the Focus-Topic articulation theory in the whole process.

Концептуальная метафора VIRUS IS AN ENEMY как явление языка и речи (на материале англоязычных СМИ)

The paper deals with the conceptual metaphor VIRUS IS AN ENEMY as a phenomenon of language and speech. The research aims to describe the structure and content of the conceptual metaphor VIRUS IS AN ENEMY, verbalised in the texts of English-language mass media. The research is novel in that it is the first to consider the conceptual metaphor under study within the framework of the descriptive theory of metaphor. The authors described the structure of the metaphor, which consists of the denotative and significative descriptors: VIRUS and ENEMY. The research analysed the content of the conceptual metaphor constituted by a number of cognitive features underlying the inner cognitive mechanism of the metaphor formation: mapping and transfer. Using the English-language texts of US mass media, the authors analysed the connection between the content of the metaphor and its verbalisation. The research findings have proved that the cognitive mechanism of the metaphor formation is partly based on cross-domain mapping and partly on the transfer of some cognitive features across the domains.

Sovremennyj stil' publikacij v presse i novyj opyt ego klassifikacii

Language and style are terms that are often used interchangeably but they should be considered as two fundamentally different elements. While it existed, the language indirectly or directly limited its own form and thought side, and while it was used, it included social and communication areas. The language phenomenon alone represents a field, but the use of language in different areas creates the styles of language use. As a result, the classification review has been evaluated and taking into account the changes, there is an attemption a new classification of press release style.

Adaptation of foreign borrowings from the Russian language in Kazakh Internet discourse

The article summarizes the experience of studying foreign borrowings from the Russian language in the Kazakh Internet discourse. The aim of the study is to describe the ways of adaptation of foreign borrowings in the speech practices of Kazakh-Russian bilinguals, Internet users, in the context of language and speech contacts of participants in modern Internet discourse. The object of the study is the types of foreign borrowings from the Russian language in the Kazakh Internet discourse; the subject of the study is the speech practices of Kazakh-Russian bilinguals, Internet users. The research design comprised of a complex analysis, including descriptive, contrastive, phonetic, lexicographic, lexico-semantic analyses, quantitative methods and translation of texts. The description of interlingual interaction was made on the basis of synchronic material — the statements of modern Internet users, extracted from the Kazakh content of the social network, various chats and websites (Baribar.kz, YouTube). The analyzed text material included 180 units. The results of the study showed a high degree of demand for these borrowings in the Kazakh Internet discourse, most of which are used in accordance with the fixed spelling and orthoepic norms of the Kazakh language, which indicates their adaptation by Kazakh-Russian bilinguals. In the Kazakh Internet discourse, typical, predictable ways of adapting borrowings by Kazakh-Russian bilinguals, Internet users, which are caused by system interference in the conditions of interaction of languages of different structures, are noted. At the same time, phenomena characteristic only of oral speech were found, for example, the specific use of Russian clichéd combinations. With caution, we can talk about the specific phenomena in the Russian language, which is widespread on the territory of Kazakhstan, such as grammatical assimilation and semi-calculus. These phenomena are typical only for oral discourse, but the Internet discourse provides an excellent opportunity for their study.

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity”. Moscow, 23–24 May 2023. Section “Linguistics”

Young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Kazan, Minsk (Republic of Belarus), Budapest (Hungary) took part in the “Linguistics” section. A wide range of topical issues of Slavic linguistics were discussed in four thematic sessions. The first was devoted to contact linguistics and language policy issues. The results of field and corpus research were presented. The speakers paid special attention to issues of epigraphy in ethnically mixed regions. Language policy in Upper Silesia after World War II was also discussed. The analysis of the accent system of the Upper Sorbian language and the study of contact phenomena in the Czech language were based on corpus material. The next session brought together reports that developed the problems of ethnolinguistics and toponymy of Slavic areas. The features of the folk culture of the Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Eastern Slavs were highlighted. Chinese folk ideas about the crane were presented against the background of associations that arise in connection with this bird among modern Belarusians. On the second day of the conference, issues of grammar, lexicology and pragmatics were discussed. Borrowings in the Czech and Bulgarian languages were examined, the pragmatics of the headlines of the modern Polish press were analyzed, archaic and innovative phenomena in the system of Slovenian clitics were discussed, strategies were proposed to help the teacher of the Russian language in a Serbian-speaking audience explain the correspondences between Russian and Serbian verbs of speech. The final session was devoted to the language of written and printed documents, as well as the diachronic study of the semantics of some lexemes. The features of the Slavic translation of the life of St. Gregory of Sinai, the graphic and orthographic features of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century were discussed in detail, and a strategy for studying biblical quotations in Church Slavonic grammars of the 16th–17th centuries was proposed. Versions of the origin of the adjective “хороший” (“good”) and the adverb “зря” (“in vain”) were also analyzed. Active discussion of reports within the framework of discussions in the hall and during informal communication between sessions indicates the relevance of the scientific event.