Environment Phenomena Research Articles

Frustrating Quantum Batteries

We propose to use a quantum spin chain as a device to store and release energy coherently and we investigate the interplay between its internal correlations and outside decoherence. We employ the quantum Ising chain in a transverse field and our charging protocol consists of a sudden global quantum quench in the external field to take the system out of equilibrium. Interactions with the environment and decoherence phenomena can dissipate part of the work that the chain can supply after being charged, measured by the ergotropy. We find that overall, the system shows remarkably better performance, in terms of resilience, charging time, and energy storage, when topological frustration is introduced by setting antiferromagnetic interactions with an odd number of sites and periodic boundary conditions. Moreover, we show that in a simple discharging protocol to an external spin, only the frustrated chain can transfer work and not just heat. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Whale detection and microseismic monitoring via DAS using submarine telecommunications cables – a case study from the NWS, Western Australia

A monitoring trial of subsea distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) conducted in the marine waters of Australia is presented. This trial explores the concept of repurposing existing submarine telecommunications cables for remote monitoring of the environment and geophysical phenomena. The data were collected from a pre-existing fibre-optic cable, 50 km in length, that links two offshore hydrocarbon production platforms off the northwest coast of Australia. Initial data analyses confirmed the ability to detect underwater sounds from various sources, including marine animals (such as baleen whales), anthropogenic activities (such as vessels), and natural geophysical phenomena (such as earthquakes). The study underscores the efficacy of DAS for capturing and locating marine mammal vocalisations, specifically highlighting signals from pygmy blue whales – a species granted the highest protection status in Australia – and Omura’s whales, both of which migrate biannually through the offshore waters of Western Australia. These findings indicate the potential of subsea DAS for detecting and tracking marine fauna regionally. Moreover, they suggest its applicability for future monitoring in support of environmental impact assessments and the development of adaptive management strategies to prevent or minimise impacts on migratory whale species from offshore industries.

Representation of mangroves in the Irarutu community

The ecological revitalization described in the section relates to the mangrove ecological environment, which will be presented more specifically to the Irarutu tribe, who inhabit the Aroba district, Aroba village, and Teluk Bintuni Regency. It is related to the lexicon or words of the Irarutu language, which correlate with the ecological environment of mangroves, or in Papuan Malay, it is called mangi-mangi or mangrove forests. Mangrove representation is a real manifestation of the presence of an Irarutu language that lives and develops in the lives and lives of the Irarutu people to protect the Irarutu language so that it is always used by Irarutu speakers. The natural environment, especially mangroves, represents the language and culture of the Irarutu people so that they continue to exist together with the community as an integrated part. Language is the most important instrument in human life to explain the phenomena of the mangrove environment, which are directly related to the survival of Irarutu humans. With the loss of mangrove forests, there will be a disintegration of local wisdom knowledge due to the loss of the lexicon related to linguistic features of the Irarutu community, Aroba district, and Aroba Village.

Проблема включенности фактора коммуникативной ситуации в модель жанрового источника.

This article is made in line with the discussion of the problems of speech genre studies. The main problem that the author is trying to solve is the development of a model for describing the source of the genre. At the same time, the concepts are introduced: the source of the genre. The relevance of the research is connected with the development of a methodology for carrying out procedures for describing the source of the genre according to a communicative model. The article proves the idea of correlation between the phenomena of the external communicative environment and the internal content of the source. Consequently, there is a need to reflect the external (extra-verbal, relational information) characteristics of the source in the communicative model of the speech product. So, the addressee factor (age, gender) or the time factor (date) can mark the information of the internal content of the source. Fixation and conceptual elaboration of the methodology for including certain signs of the external situation during certification allows us to construct an objective model of a typical speech work. The identification of conditionalities between external (communicative) and internal (linguistic) features of an utterance allows us to formulate hypotheses of speech genre studies and to identify problematic areas of functioning of the speech genre, which is the purpose of the source description. The article traces the relationship and interdependence of non-verbal (situational) phenomena and internal components of the utterance. The methods of identifying information about the non-verbal component of an utterance, which plays a communicative role in the model of a typical utterance, are considered.

Optimization of laser dosimetry based on patient-specific anatomical models for the ablation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor

Laser-induced thermotherapy has shown promising potential for the treatment of unresectable primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors. Nevertheless, heterogeneous tumor environment and complex thermal interaction phenomena that are established under hyperthermic conditions can lead to under/over estimation of laser thermotherapy efficacy. Using numerical modeling, this paper presents an optimized laser setting for Nd:YAG laser delivered by a bare optical fiber (300 µm in diameter) at 1064 nm working in continuous mode within a power range of 2–10 W. For the thermal analysis, patient-specific 3D models were used, consisting of tumors in different portions of the pancreas. The optimized laser power and time for ablating the tumor completely and producing thermal toxic effects on the possible residual tumor cells beyond the tumor margins were found to be 5 W for 550 s, 7 W for 550 s, and 8 W for 550 s for the pancreatic tail, body, and head tumors, respectively. Based on the results, during the laser irradiation at the optimized doses, thermal injury was not evident either in the 15 mm lateral distances from the optical fiber or in the nearby healthy organs. The present computational-based predictions are also in line with the previous ex vivo and in vivo studies, hence, they can assist in the estimation of the therapeutic outcome of laser ablation for pancreatic neoplasms prior to clinical trials.

Intraspecific oophagy in Hierophis viridiflavus (Serpentes: Colubridae) during oviposition in a controlled environment


 
 
 
 Following the observation of adult pairs of the Western Whipsnake, Hierophis viridiflavus, in a controlled environment, two distinct but related phenomena were observed: egg deposition and predation of freshly laid eggs by the male. Data about deposition, number and morphology of the eggs, hatching and offspring are presented and compared with the literature. The episode of oophagy is described, confirming the inclination to predate snake eggs and intraspecific oophagy in this species.
 
 
 

Research on Influence Law of Pressure Wave Based on Copper Ball Manometric Method

With the continuous improvement of artillery performance, internal ballistics and charge performance, abnormal phenomena of internal ballistic environment will appear during the firing process of artillery, mainly manifested as strong fluctuations in chamber pressure. If the pressure fluctuation exceeds a certain level, the pressure (overload) acting on the projectile will not be continuous and uniform, which will inevitably bring about the repeated loading process under dynamic conditions, resulting in the compatibility of the internal ballistic environment of the artillery launching guided munitions. According to the copper ball pressure measurement method commonly used in large-caliber artillery, this paper establishes the effect of the copper ball pressure gauge under different pressure curves in the bore, and verifies the established transient dynamic model. The force process of caliber-artillery projectiles under different transient pressure conditions in the bore (with and without pressure waves) is compared and analyzed, which provides a theoretical reference for the strength design of guided artillery projectiles and the coupling design of artillery projectiles, guns and powders.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ НА ОСНОВІ АДАПТИВНОГО ПІДХОДУ

This study emphasizes that it is very difficult to do business in the conditions of total war, but you need to adapt and survive. It has been established that the processes of formation and structuring at the macro-micro level do not occur by chance, there are clear patterns in them that ensure the harmonization of the interests of all market participants, will contribute to expanded reproduction and adaptive economic development, providing for an adequate response to changes in the external environment. From the authors’ point of view, one of the possible ways to reduce the level of uncertainty in the activity of socio-economic systems is to use the method of adaptive management. Therefore, the deepening of research on the implementation of adaptive management becomes relevant in the crisis conditions of the functioning of enterprises, in particular grain processing ones, it will provide a new vector of development of all branches of the national economy. Considering the immensity of this topic, the authors presented only a few of their views on the processes of modeling and management of adaptive systems in a fragmentary manner. The definition and modeling of model time scales and intervals in the control system, as well as observation thresholds and conditions for correction of management decisions, were proposed. For socio-economic systems, mathematical formalization is difficult to implement due to difficulties in describing the behavior of their elements and the relationships between these elements due to the uncertainty of changes in internal parameters, in particular, due to the human factor. The main reason for the complexity of the formalization of the parameters and the management process is the high degree of uncertainty of the parameters of the external market environment, competition, and periodic crisis phenomena. It has been proven that the application of an adaptive approach allows creating a management system that meets the criteria of mobility, simplicity of the organizational structure, compliance with the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, activity profile, orientation to end consumers, the possibility of timely adjustment of financial indicators and integration of economic activity in order to adapt to market uncertainties.

PERSONAL FACTORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN CONDITIONS OF SOCIOECONOMIC INSTABILITY

The relevance of the topic is in the peculiarities of the formation of psychological well-being under the influence of destructive phenomena of the socio-economic environment. The modern geopolitical space and economic trends encourage the solution of problems not only at the macroeconomic level and stabilization of the economy but also at the level of the individual, which is the prerogative of the state social policy. The factors of psychological well-being formation may differ in their nature and direction, which necessitates a methodical analysis of the available factors. The issue of using pedagogical, spiritual, and cultural practices to ensure the formation of psychological well-being is a key task in the implementation of the mechanism for creating a positive psychological climate. The psychological climate in which a person lives is an important factor in the development of psychological well-being. The purpose of the article is to study the personal factors of psychological well-being in the context of socioeconomic instability and global geopolitical challenges. The task of the research is to outline the key prospects for the development of psychological well-being and its possible formation following the conditions of socioeconomic space. The research methodology involves the implementation of a series of scientific research methods, as well as the use of correlation analysis to identify the main advantages of psychological well-being in conditions of socioeconomic instability. The results obtained can improve social policy and psychological practices of assisting people with low levels of psychological well-being. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using the obtained results to improve the individual development of personal factors of psychological well-being. In the context of global geopolitical challenges, it is worth directing human cognitive activity to the analysis of the elimination of destructive phenomena in psychological well-being. The article investigates the peculiarities of the development along with the formation of characteristic features of psychological well-being and identifies the key directions of development of practices for their improvement and optimization.

Visual communication as a mass culture phenomenon

The purpose of the work is to investigate the phenomenon of visual communication, which is largely mediated by the emergence and development of mass culture, and in the conditions of the digital information, environment acquires the features of a universal cultural code. The research methodology is based on applying a systemic approach, an analytical method, cultural, semiotic, and axiological, which will allow a comprehensive consideration of the given problem and formulate well-founded conclusions. The scientific novelty is characterized by the fact that for the first time the problems of visual communication were investigated in terms of mass culture, which, thanks to the same visuality, is transformed in the conditions of the emergence and development of information digital technologies, which have become a system-forming factor for the cultural phenomena of the digital environment, which acquires the features of a complete socio-cultural space capable of producing values and meanings, to organize everyday society, thereby fulfilling the function of mass culture. Conclusions. Visual communication mediated by the digital environment and technologies is not only a full-fledged component of cultural practices, and processes of information exchange, but also a producer of meanings, values, and values embedded in the architecture of visual images. Today, the Internet environment is not only a modern powerful channel of communication but also a complete socio-cultural space that produces new cultural practices, saturating them with new meanings and meanings. Visual content formed on the Internet, thanks to the application of the game principle as a communicative strategy, and being saturated every time with other creative ideas for the reproduction of socially significant information for the participants of the communicative process, becomes a separate segment of cultural reality that produces new meanings and meanings. Visuality as a sign of a mass culture in the space of communication acquires new meanings, forming the universality of visual language, which, however, can be filled with values and meanings of a specific culture. Modern socio-cultural practices, mediated by the Internet network, have most contributed to the formation of separate Internet culture, and especially to the formation of its new digital forms, which are the result of both individual and collective creativity. This marked a new era in the development of the Internet in general, as well as in the development of the principles of communication, which was primarily caused by the emergence of social networks, blogs, which provided an opportunity to express one's own opinion, creativity, and their distribution among the familiar and unfamiliar public. Accordingly, in the development of modern socio-cultural practices, we observe a direct dependence on informational and technological progress.
 Key words: mass culture, visual communication, image semantics, digital environment, communication, cultural practices.

Reliable Task Allocation for Time-Triggered IoT-WSN Using Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization

A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes of nodes that are used to sense a certain physical environment phenomena and sends these collected data to a remote node for further processing and decision making. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT), WSN is evolving to be used as reliable, energy efficient, cost effective, and scalable network infrastructure for many IoT applications. To have a robust WSN with IoT (IoT-WSN), it is a challenge to allocate the tasks among different sensor nodes because the distribution of dependent tasks among wireless nodes must satisfy precedence and time constraints, minimize energy consumption, and prevent signal interference. The problem becomes more complex if a system requires high reliability in the event of link or node failures. This article presents an offline discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm for reliable task allocation (DPSO-TA) in IoT-WSN. DPSO-TA defines a utility function to optimize the task allocation problem by iteratively trying to improve the solution. The defined function is designed to satisfy goals, including saving energy, reducing task completion time, and minimizing the failure rates. A load balance mechanism is applied to make balancing of the tasks on several hosts. During the task allocation process, the frame replication and elimination for reliability (FRER) approach is used to support flow fault tolerance by replicating transmitted flows over redundant routes. DPSO-TA considers the periodicity of the time-trigged (TT) flows and applies a physical interference model to prevent signal interference on the transmitted flows through assigning them to conflict-free time slots. The analysis and simulation results show the optimization of DPSO-TA on timeliness, deadline missing ratio, failure rates, and energy efficiency comparing it with algorithms that allocate tasks to hosts that produce the minimum completion time or that use a traditional procedure to find the most suitable nodes during the task allocation process.

Linguistic Landscape (LL): A Theoretical Review

Linguistic landscape (LL) is a study of writing in a public area. This study pertained signs, language symbols, labelling of stores, billboards and etcetera. LL offers an issue that relates to language and society or LL is a study that discusses the phenomena of the language environment in the form of writing and drawing.
 Keywords: language, linguistic landscape, language environment

SUBJECT CULTURE CODE "KAZAKH YURT": GENESIS AND SEMANTICS

The article includes the analysis of the semantics of the subject code Kazakh yurt. At present, the issues of content and semantics, functions, definitions of the term "cultural code" are the subject of scientific research in many branches of the humanities. In the scientific discourse there is a significant number of works, the authors of which put different ideas and meanings in the concept of "cultural code", which is due to its polysemantic and versatility features. But at the same time, the researchers are unanimous that cultural code is an integral part, semantic core, matrix of the cultural process; is an essential component of the national picture of the world. The location of functioning and self-presentation of cultural codes in the spiritual sphere are the so-called secondary sign systems (along with natural languages, recognized as the original "basic semiotic system", as primary sign system), namely: myth, religion, folklore, literature, art - painting , dance, architecture, sculpture, cinema, science, etc., which play a dominant role in the process of generation and transmission of socio-cultural knowledge, experience and values ​​of society. The source and context for the formation of cultural codes is the Universe: 1) objects and phenomena of the natural landscape environment surrounding a person, the near and far Universe; 2) a person – who is feeling, seeing, hearing, tactile, thinking, with his inherent higher forms of thinking and self-consciousness; 3) society, i.e. a community of individuals and individualities; 4) the world of objects and things created by human, i.e. realities of ethnic culture. In the system of cultural codes, an important place is occupied by the subject code, which includes an extremely wide list of objects and phenomena of nature, as well as the materialized results of human activity, which, as a result of semiosis, along with their immanently inherent properties, can be attributed with other qualities/ meanings / functions, i.e. acquire the status of a sign/symbol. It is concluded that the yurt archetype was formed on the basis of the most archaic stage of cosmological ideas about the multi-tiered Universe and vertical axis of the world connecting all its parts, as well as the cult of the sun, sky, the goddess Umai, the cult of ancestors, etc.

Mourning and The Capacity To Be Alone: Cultural and Existential Rituals in Loss

ABSTRACT When I began writing this paper, I was amid coping with several losses. I had lost a beloved friend and a family member to COVID-19, and though it seemed that we were coming out of the woods in the US, the juggernaut virus was burning through my native country of India, where most of my family lives. As a candidate starting analytic training in 2020, Freud’s Mourning and Melancholia was particularly poignant as it lays the foundation for object relations borne out of a process of coping with loss. Freud described mourning as an agonizing process of identification, disinvestment and reinvestment. He emphasized the role of intrapsychic factors in the capacity to mourn. Since then, analysts have countered by writing about the highly social nature of the task of mourning and the importance in grieving of a loving communal embrace. In this paper, I explore one’s early experiences with Winnicott’s holding environment and transitional phenomena as an explanation of the capacity to mourn. I will extend mourning to another form of loss, namely, transience, i.e., temporariness of time and experience. Finally, I will consider how the developmental achievement of the capacity to be alone is inherent in specific intrapsychic modes of mourning transience and could be extended to intrapsychic capacity to mourn in bereavement. I will explore these ideas with a backdrop of traditional Indian rituals and spiritual practices, which embody and uniquely elaborate other essential Winnicottian features, including paradox, dialectics and the third area.

Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran IPS melalui Metode Outdoor Study

Instilling social values in students is a very urgent concept, because the social studies concept examines how social attitudes, social relationships and social behavior must be carried out by students in their lives. In social studies learning, learning tools and learning elements are needed, for example teacher elements, objectives, materials and facilities as well as methods which are not an easy task to be able to transform social studies values in students. All existing elements must be packaged and arranged completely so that the learning process is interesting for students, is of higher quality and learning objectives can be achieved. In reality the teacher's role and students' enthusiasm for social studies learning, there are still many problems, including 1) teachers carry out more teaching and learning activities in the form of lectures, 2) the dominance of the expository method, 3) the growth of a Verbalistic Learning Culture, 4) Teaching Centered on Textbooks (Textbook Centered), 5) Teachers who are still transferring of Knowledge. Conditions like this cause social studies to be a boring, boring subject (low student motivation) so that social studies subjects are underestimated by students which in the end mastery of subject matter by students, the percentage is small and the value of social studies lessons is low. Based on this background, it is important to study why social studies teachers need to innovate learning by applying learning methods outside the classroom (outdoor study)? how do social studies teachers apply learning methods outside the classroom (outdoor study) so as to increase students' learning motivation?. This study is a literature study. This study was conducted by analyzing the literature related to social studies learning problems and learning methods that are able to activate students in learning. The data analyzed are articles from accredited national journals, books and other relevant sources. learning activities outside the classroom (outdoor study) can be one solution to improve student learning in social studies learning by looking directly at phenomena which of course must be related to the topics the teacher teaches. The outdoor study method is a learning activity outside the classroom or school that aims to concretize and at the same time link all students' conceptual understanding of the subject matter with the natural environment and actual phenomena.

High-Resolution Seamless Daily Sea Surface Temperature Based on Satellite Data Fusion and Machine Learning over Kuroshio Extension

Sea SurfaceTemperature (SST) is a critical parameter for monitoring the marine environment and understanding various ocean phenomena. While SST can be regularly retrieved from satellite data, it often suffers from missing data due to various reasons including cloud contamination. In this study, we proposed a novel two-step data fusion framework for generating high-resolution seamless daily SST from multi-satellite data sources. The proposed approach consists of (1) SST reconstruction based on Data Interpolate Convolutional AutoEncoder (DINCAE) using the SSTs derived from two satellite sensors (i.e., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2(AMSR2)), and (2) SST improvement through data fusion using random forest for consistency with in situ measurements with two schemes (i.e., scheme 1 using the reconstructed MODIS SST variables and scheme 2 using both MODIS and AMSR2 SST variables). The proposed approach was evaluated over the Kuroshio Extension in the Northwest Pacific, where a highly dynamic SST pattern can be found, from 2015 to 2019. The results showed that the reconstructed MODIS and AMSR2 SSTs through DINCAE yielded very good performance with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) of 0.85 and 0.60 °C and Mean Absolute Errors (MAEs) of 0.59 and 0.45 °C, respectively. The results from the second step showed that scheme 2 and scheme 1 produced RMSEs of 0.75 and 0.98 °C and MAEs of 0.53 and 0.68 °C, respectively, compared to the in situ measurements, which proved the superiority of scheme 2 using multi-satellite data sources. Scheme 2 also showed comparable or even better performance than two operational SST products with similar spatial resolution. In particular, scheme 2 was good at simulating features with fine resolution (~50 km). The proposed approach yielded promising results over the study area, producing seamless daily SST products with high quality and high feature resolution.

Improved Performance Analysis of FSO Communication Link under the effect of Moderate Haze Phenomena and Heavy Haze Phenomena in SDM based on EDFA Pre-amplifier

Free Space Optics is of high bandwidth medium, having extreme rate of data. The need for enormous capacity of data speed has exponentially risen up because of the immense internet services widely reached. Thus, by means of the increasing rate of transmission and necessity in the area communication that is optical has turned into costing too much. The primary limitation of the system FSO is environment phenomena which probably indicate to maximum bit error rate (BER) of the system and makes the communication link impractical. However, the environment phenomena such as (moderate haze phenomena and heavy haze phenomena) cause attenuation thus will decrease the distance of communication system. In this paper, different combinations have been apply to improves the strength of weak signal in the free space optics (FSO) communication link under the effect of environment phenomena in spatial division multiplexing (SDM) based on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) Pre-amplifier.

Book review

As researchers, we know that we cannot examine a phenomenon or a process alone, we should study the environment or other phenomena, which are connected to the topic of research. This is true of educational processes too and this is the reason why education is examined e. g. from economic, social, or territorial views. Roland Hegedűs's book on the topic of the performance of disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged students and the territorial perspective of their studies in secondary education and in higher education can be found in this research field.

Development and numerical implementation of an algorithm for simulation the pollutant transport in water environment taking into account their destruction and deposition

The paper covers the development of an algorithm for modeling the pollutant distribution dynamics in shallow water and its implementation on a high-performance computer system in a limited time. A mathematical model of the pollutant transport, including oil and petroleum products, in the water environment has been developed taking into account a number of determining hydrodynamic and hydrophysical factors, including destruction and deposition, affecting the nature of their flow. Methods of its numerical implementation have been developed for prediction the pollution spread in shallow waters in limited time on a high-performance computer system. The main advantage of it in predictive modeling of environment processes and phenomena is taking into account the multidisciplinary nature of real processes, the complex geometry of simulated domain, ensuring high accuracy of calculations, performing a large number of calculations in a short time. Simulation of the pollutant transport of various etiologies was performed taking into account a number of determining factors, including their structure and deposition on the bottom surface, on the basis of the developed software and algorithmic tools. It used a scenario approach that meets the basic principles of effective predictive modeling in water systems. The simulation results are the foundation for planning and conducting measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences of technogenic hazards.

Восприятие города в разных группах детей – жителей мегаполиса: сравнительный анализ

The problem of interaction of preschool children with the urban environment is analyzed. The study appears to be of relevance due to its focus on children’s personal agency investigated through their perception of objects and phenomena of the social and physical space of the megalopolis. The study aims to perform a comparative analysis of how groups of children who differ in their modality and orientation of their attitude to the urban environment perceive the city. Presumably, there are differences in the perception of the megalopolis by preschool children. It is also assumed that there is correlation between the attitude of children to the city and the degree of their personal agency properties. The study involved 115 children aged 5.5 to 6.5 years old, living in full families, in two districts of Moscow (58% of them are girls, 42% of them are boys). The experts were teachers of preschool institutions attended by the respondents. Psychodiagnostic tools were used including a semi-structured interview, a drawing test "The City Where I Live", the methodology "Peculiarities of Manifestation of the Preschoolers’ Will" (R.M. Gevorkyan), the scale "autonomy" of the methodology "Typology of Subject Regulation of the Child" (S. V. Khusainova and G. S. Prygin), and a questionnaire. The results of the research demonstrate that children differ in their orientation and modality of attitude to objects and phenomena of the social, natural, objective and spatial environment of the city, and in their attitude to environmental problems of the city and orientation towards their solution. The selectivity and scope of the perception of the urban environment depends on the meaning which children attribute to these objects and phenomena, as well as on personal experience of interacting with them. The importance of the social environment of the city is associated with children’s pronounced independence and self-control; the negative modality of attitude to objects and phenomena of the social environment is associated with reduced self-control of behavior. The increased attention of children to the environmental problems of the city is due to the upbringing by grandparents. The research shows that in conditions of limited interaction with objects and phenomena of the urban environment, children compensate for the lack of experience with fantasies about a fabulous and ideal city. The results of the study can be used to identify priorities in the field of social policy in relation to children at the stage of early socialization, as well as when making decisions on optimizing the urban environment which is friendly to children.