Dependent Phenomena Research Articles

Exploring the Effects of Societal Cynicism on Social Media Dependency

The Social Media landscape is characterized by constant and rapid changes, with new platforms emerging in the market and existing ones evolving by integrating new features. Amidst this dynamic environment, the phenomenon of Social Media Dependency (SMD) has become particularly salient. This study seeks to explore individual usage behavior on Social Media with a specific focus on SMD. In contrast to previous research that predominantly examines Social Media addiction, our emphasis lies on the utilitarian, rational, and goal-oriented aspects of Social Media usage. We analyze the impact of individual attitudes on SMD by integrating expectancy-value theory with media system dependency theory. Specifically, this paper investigates how one particular social axiom construct – Societal cynicism – influences SMD, taking into account the variations in the usage patterns between two widely used Social Media platforms: Facebook and YouTube. Through the development and validation of a research model, this research aims to shed new light on understanding the dependency phenomena within the context of Social Media.

A sustainable approach for fluoride treatment using coconut fiber cellulose as an adsorbent

In developing countries like India, an economically viable and ecologically approachable strategy is required to safeguard the drinking water. Excessive fluoride intake through drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, or both. The present study has been under with an objective to investigate the feasibility of using cellulose derived from coconut fiber as an adsorbent under varying pH conditions for fluoride elimination from water. The assessment of equilibrium concentration of metal ions using adsorption isotherms is an integral part of the study. This present finding indicates the considerable effect of variation of adsorbent dosages on the fluoride removal efficiency under constant temperature conditions of 25 ± 2 °C with a contact period of 24 h. It is pertinent to mention that maximum adsorption of 88% has been observed with a pH value of 6 with 6 h time duration with fluoride dosage of 50 mg/L. The equilibrium concentration dwindled to 0.4 mg/L at fluoride concentration of 20 mg/L. The Langmuir model designates the adsorption capacity value of 2.15 mg/L with initial fluoride concentration of 0.21 mg/g with R2 value of 0.660. Similarly, the adsorption capacity using Freundlich isotherms is found to be 0.58 L/g and 0.59 L/g with fluoride concentration of 1.84 mg/L and 2.15 mg/L respectively. The results from the present study confirm that coconut fiber possesses appropriate sorption capabilities of fluoride ion but is a pH dependent phenomenon. The outcomes of the study indicate the possible use of cellulose extracted from waste coconut fiber as a low-cost fluoride adsorbent. The present study can be well implemented on real scale systems as it will be beneficial economically as well as environmentally.

Graphene nanoplatelets anchored into Ag doped spinel CoFe2O4 nanohybrid: Synthesis, structural, electrical, superior dielectric and room temperature induced ferromagnetism performance for high frequency device application

Graphene (GnPs) incorporated Ag-CoFe2O4 nanocomposite was synthesized using a simple solvothermal method using green synthesis method by okra plant extract. The prepared materials were micro-analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microanalysis. The average particle size obtained from XRD data was calculated to be 32.6 nm for Ag- CFO nanoparticles and 24 nm for GnPs doped Ag- CFO nanocomposite which was in good agreement with the particle size (in nm) estimated from the FESEM and TEM micrographs. The effective charge carriers transfer from the from Ag- CFO nanoferrites to graphene pallets and in case of GnPs incorporated Ag- CFO nanocomposite and the long-drawn-out recombination of electron–hole pairs were evidently shown by means of room temperature PL measurements. The photocurrent values well support the PL measurements signifying transfer of the electron-hole pairs. Light dependent Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy indicates the incidence of a light dependent dielectric relaxation phenomenon. Massive dielectric values with low loss suggest the GnPs doped nanohybrid to be well suited for high frequency device application. Interestingly, incorporation of GnPs alters the electronic configuration of the nanocomposites inducing ferromagnetic interaction.

Osmotically driven beading instability in axons: Continuum theory, perturbation analysis and finite element implementation

Axonal beading or formation of multiple beads along an axon is characteristic of many brain pathological states like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and traumatic injuries. Despite the many existing experimental studies, the underlying mechanisms of this shape instability remain still poorly understood. In this paper, we establish a combined theoretical and numerical framework to study the governing key factors of this morphological transformation. We develop a three-dimensional (3D) non-equilibrium large deformation thermodynamic model with two main parts: the central axoplasm which is considered as a polyelectrolyte hydrogel and the encapsulating cortical membrane which is modeled as an incompressible hyperelastic layer with surface energy and growing surface. The model constitutive and evolution equations are then extracted employing thermodynamic balance principles for both bulk and surface material points. It is shown that the second law of thermodynamics indicates that the axolemma growth rate is proportional to the membrane tension which is in perfect agreement with the available experimental findings. While the developed model is general and can be extended to cover other types of axonal beadings, for the sake of simplicity, here, we focus on osmotically driven axisymmetric beadings which are compressible viscoelastic periodic modulations. We solve the corresponding governing equations using the linear perturbation method. This perturbation analysis proves that: 1) the beading instability is a rate dependent phenomenon that is controlled by the axolemma growth, 2) the initially dominant beading waves (the fastest waves) might be replaced only by longer waves which are more stable and 3) the wavelength of the fastest beads should vary roughly linearly with the axonal radius. These main findings are all in good agreement with the existing experimental results. Finally, the finite element implementation of the model is also presented to verify the results of the linear stability analysis for slow waves. The obtained axisymmetric finite element results are in good agreement with the corresponding theoretical findings.

Effect of crack orientation on bacterial self-healing of bio-mortar in marine environment

The impact of crack orientation on healing in conventional mortar and bacteria-based bio-mortars was assessed under submerged marine conditions. The bacteria-based bio-mortar was prepared using Halobacillus Halophilus bacteria, expanded perlite aggregates and calcium lactate. Cracks were divided into five groups based on their orientation. Upward-faced and side-faced horizontal cracks in conventional mortar showed maximum overall healing of 77 %–90 % for the analysed crack range. Downward-faced and side-faced vertical cracks had three and four times less autogenous healing than upward-faced cracks, respectively; however, their healing doubled with the addition of bacteria. The variation in healing performance with orientation was explained by differences in the deposition of healing products under gravity. Additionally, healing products were also found within the cross-section of cracks in horizontally-placed bacteria-based specimens. Although their formation initiated away from the centre, after 35 days of exposure, the maximum healing was observed close to the centre spreading to the top surface of these bio-mortar specimens. These outcomes imply that results in literature must be carefully interpreted. This phenomenon of healing dependency on crack orientation is rarely studied and might have unknowingly affected the interpretation of the results in previous studies.

Impact of China-U.S. Trade Friction on China's Integrated Circuit Industry

With the development of economic trade between China and the United States, the frictions generated by it have an impact on Chinas integrated circuit(IC) industry. This literature research makes a specific analysis of the integrated circuit industry in terms of its future development trend and prospects, in order to study the impact of China-US trade frictions on China's Integrated Circuit Industry IC industry as a topic. The research uses the literature research method, factor analysis method, and inductive summary method. After analyzing the current situation of the IC industry, the research came up with three basic development problems, which are the more obvious phenomenon of China's IC import dependence, the overall strength of China's IC industry is still insufficient, and the lack of China's IC industry chain capability. After the analysis of three aspects: economic, social and technological, the research proposes three recommendations: improve the technology level, increase independent intellectual property rights, and policy support. The results obtained show that the industrial chain of the IC industry is getting better and better, the trend of substitution of domestic chips will continue to develop, the demand for emerging applications in downstream markets increases, and it can be recognized by domestic and international.

Hidden Markov Model Based on Logistic Regression

A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a useful tool for modeling dependent heterogeneous phenomena. It can be used to find factors that affect real-world events, even when those factors cannot be directly observed. HMMs differ from traditional methods by using state variables and mixture distributions to model the hidden states. This allows HMMs to find relationships between variables even when the variables cannot be directly observed. HMM can be extended, allowing the transition probabilities to depend on covariates. This makes HMMs more flexible and powerful, as they can be used to model a wider range of sequential data. Modeling covariates in a hidden Markov model is particularly difficult when the dimension of the state variable is large. To avoid these difficulties, Markovian properties are achieved by implanting the previous state variables to the logistic regression model. We apply the proposed method to find the factors that affect the hidden state of matsutake mushroom growth, in which it is hard to find covariates that directly affect matsutake mushroom growth in Korea. We believe that this method can be used to identify factors that are difficult to find using traditional methods.

Enhancing Coccinella Beetle Biological Pest Control via a Floral Approach in Cucumber Greenhouse.

Flower-rich habitats are crucial for promoting biodiversity and ecosystem services within agricultural ecosystems, such as pollination and pest control. The present study investigates the efficacy of employing floral structures as a criterion for the selection of plant species in order to enhance the attraction of natural enemies within cucumber greenhouses, consequently augmenting floral resources. The results of our study provide evidence that flower strips have a beneficial effect on the fitness of critical natural predators, while not facilitating the proliferation of detrimental insect species. These findings exhibit potential for enhancing pest-management services in the agricultural sector. The findings of our study demonstrate that pest levels within greenhouse environments closely resemble those observed in real-world commercial cropping systems. As a result, the introduction of Coccinella septempunctata and Menochilus sexmaculatus biocontrol agents is confirmed to be a reliable and efficient method for pest management. The phenomenon of predator-prey density dependency is recognized as a crucial element in the implementation of biological control strategies. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of floral resources on the reproductive capacity of indigenous predators. The impact of Coriandrum sativum on fertility is substantial, indicating that the presence of a varied plant assortment with overlapping flowering periods can prolong the availability of floral resources. This study highlights the significance of flower-rich habitats and deliberate plant selection in augmenting biodiversity, ecosystem services, and pest management within agricultural settings. The implementation of conservation biological control technologies presents supplementary ecological advantages, thus offering practical implications for the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices.

Studies on high-temperature fatigue behaviour and mechanism for conventionally cast and directed energy deposited forms of Alloy 625

The aim of the present work is to study the low cycle fatigue (LCF) and creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) behaviour of two product forms of Alloy 625. Experiments were performed under total strain control mode using triangular and trapezoidal waveforms under complete reverse loading with R = −1, with a total strain amplitude of ±0.25 %, ±0.4 % and ±0.6 % employing a constant strain rate of 3 × 10−3 s−1 over a temperature range of 298 to 973 K. The additive manufacturing process using the directed energy deposition (DED) technique resulted in an improved fatigue life as compared with the conventional casting (CCA) route. Microstructural analysis using electron back scatter diffraction indicated that an alternating strain got generated within the microstructure and the damage was observed as a strain incompatibility within the partitioned regions of fine and neighbouring coarser grains. The preferred columnar growth occurred in the 〈001〉 direction. Inter-dendritic decohesions were attributed to the Mo, Nb and Ti enrichments. While at ambient temperature, an inter-dendritic de-cohesion and strain incompatibility was the cause for final failure, the occurrence of additional time dependent phenomena such as dynamic strain ageing (DSA), oxidation and creep triggered an earlier fatigue failure at elevated temperatures.

Effects of Host Plants and Their Infection Status on Acquisition and Inoculation of A Plant Virus by Its Hemipteran Vector.

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (B cryptic species), transmits cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) in a persistent fashion. CuLCrV affects several crops such as squash and snap bean in the southeastern United States. CuLCrV is often found as a mixed infection with whitefly transmitted criniviruses, such as cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in hosts such as squash, or as a single infection in hosts such as snap bean. The implications of different host plants (inoculum sources) with varying infection status on CuLCrV transmission/epidemics is not clear. This study conducted a series of whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission experiments. In the first experiment, three plants species: squash, snap bean, and tobacco were inoculated by whiteflies feeding on field-collected mixed-infected squash plants. In the second experiment, three plant species, namely squash, snap bean, and tobacco with varying infection status (squash infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV and snap bean and tobacco infected with CuLCrV), were used as inoculum sources. In the third experiment, squash plants with differential CuLCrV accumulation levels and infection status (either singly infected with CuLCrV or mixed infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV) were used as inoculum sources. Irrespective of plant species and its infection status, CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies was dependent upon the CuLCrV accumulation in the inoculum source plants. Furthermore, differential CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies resulted in differential transmission, CuLCrV accumulation, and disease phenotype in the recipient squash plants. Overall, results demonstrate that whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission between host plants follows a virus density dependent phenomenon with implications for epidemics.

Children Daily Eating Behavior and Sugar Consumption Pattern: A Phenomenological Study

The pattern of food consumption is a picture of the type of food consumed, the amount of food consumed, and the lifestyle of the community. The pattern of eating is formed in the same way as a person's eating habits. The habit of consuming sugar among children can also be associated with the existence of several health problems such as diabetes mellitus. This study aims to explore and find consumption patterns of daily food and fluid intake in the age group of children that contain sugar in the community around Parongpong, West Bandung. and themes that will conclude the phenomenon of consumption and dependence on sugar in community groups. This research is a qualitative phenomenological study, where the aim is to reduce the individual experience of a phenomenon into a description that finds the universal essence of the phenomenon. 7 key informants were voluntarily involved in this study. The verbatim data were analyzed for their ethical and emic meanings using the Colaizzi method. The results of the analysis of the data obtained during the interviews were able to bring up 6 sub-themes. The six sub-themes raised 3 major themes, namely consumption patterns of daily sugar intake for the youth age group, understanding the need for change and approaches to reducing sugar intake, and types of approaches in changing sugar consumption patterns for adolescents.

Wavelength Dependence of Atomic Excitation for Ar Subject to Intense Midinfrared Laser Pulses

We report experimental and theoretical investigations of wavelength dependence of Rydberg state excitation (RSE) process of Ar subject to intense laser fields. By simultaneously measuring ionization and RSE yields of Ar atoms subject to strong laser fields at a series of wavelengths, we obtain the wavelength scaling law of the ratio of Ar* over Ar+ with respect to the laser intensity, and this result can be well reproduced by a nonadiabatic model, but not by the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo model. Our results indicate that the nonadiabatic corrections of the photoelectron tunneling exit and tunneling probability play a significant role at shorter wavelengths. Analysis shows that the wavelength dependence phenomenon is due to the interplay of the nonadiabatic effect, wave-packet diffusion and Coulomb focusing effect of the liberated electron.

Spatial variability of slope movements in central and western Nepal Himalaya: Evaluating large-scale landslides to cut-slopes

Spatial variability of slope movements is common in the Himalayan terrain of central and western Nepal Himalaya due to the intricate topography, differential geo-environment, and frequent rainstorms. The process of mass movements in the Himalaya has been described in the past by many researchers. The spatial variability of slope movement phenomena is scale dependent and is affected by causative and triggering processes. The limited researchers delivered output to understand the scale-dependent spatial variability resulting from the causative and triggering mechanism of slope movement phenomena. This study has presented a rigorous scientific examination of the spatial variability of slope movements, focusing on large-scale landslides to cut slopes across the central and western regions of the Nepal Himalaya. To achieve this, a multidisciplinary approach was employed, encompassing geospatial analysis, remote sensing, and field investigations. High-resolution satellite imagery was utilized to identify and map slope movement features, while digital terrain analysis techniques aided in quantifying their characteristics. This approach quantitatively analyzed slope movement distribution, frequency, and characteristics in terms of various geo-environmental settings. The findings reveal diverse patterns of slope movements influenced by complex interactions between geological factors, geomorphology, triggering factors, and anthropogenic activities. Geological and geomorphological heterogeneity play roles differently in the spatial distribution of slope movements. Moreover, rainfall distribution and peak ground acceleration act similarly for the scale dependency phenomena of slope movement. The spatial variation concerning the causative and triggering variables signify the scale-dependency nature of slope movement processes. This study has provided insights into the scale dependency and spatially variable nature of slope movement events due to variations in causative and triggering mechanisms in the Nepal Himalaya.

Elucidating human–nature connectedness in three EU countries: A pro‐environmental behaviour perspective

Abstract Strengthening positive human–nature relationships is seen as a way to more pro‐environmental behaviour and leads to a greater environmental sustainability. Therefore, understanding human–nature relationships has attracted increasing attention among researchers. Nature connectedness is a concept developed to measure such relationships. Since nature connectedness is complex and context dependent phenomenon, more research comparing sociocultural and environmental factors within societies in different countries is needed to understand its determinants. In this study, we explored how sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and value orientation of respondents and environmental variables affected nature connectedness across different contexts in the European Union. We used 11 sociodemographic, socioeconomic and personal value factors from the computer‐assisted web interview (CAWI) and six environmental variables characterizing the local environments of 1054 respondents as independent variables to explain the nature connectedness of the respondents in Greece, Poland and Sweden. The individual level of nature connectedness (response variable) was expressed by an additive index (NC‐index) based on a 5‐item scale originating from CAWI. The general additive model was applied to link NC‐index to sociodemographic, value orientation and selected environmental variables. We found that the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and their value orientation were substantially more important in explaining the individual level of nature connectedness than environmental variables. The NC‐index was positively correlated with the frequency of visits to the natural environment and biospheric values of the respondents, and was higher for women and the most prosperous respondents. Moreover, we observed several country‐wise differences in associations between explanatory variables and NC‐index. For example, altruistic orientation was positively related to the level of nature connectedness only in Greece, but not in two other countries, and residence during childhood was important to nature connectedness only in Sweden. Our findings that some sociodemographic, socioeconomic and value orientation variables affect the level of individual nature connectedness across studied countries are encouraging. They indicate that some universally applied educational actions may elevate the level of nature connectedness. We argue that exploration of nature connectedness from a cross‐country perspective may provide significant insights into the environmental debate in national and international contexts. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Modulation of Cosmic-Ray Antiprotons in the Heliosphere: Simulations for a Solar Cycle

The precision measurements of galactic cosmic-ray protons from the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer are reproduced using a well-established three-dimensional numerical model for the period 2006 July–2019 November. The resulting modulation parameters are applied to simulate the modulation for cosmic antiprotons over the same period, which includes the times of minimum modulation before and after 2009, the maximum modulation from 2012 to 2015, including the reversal of the Sun’s magnetic field polarity, and the approach to new minimum modulation in 2020. Apart from their local interstellar spectra, the modulation of protons and antiprotons differ in their charge sign and consequent drift pattern. The lowest proton flux was in 2014 February–March, but the lowest simulated antiproton flux is found to have been in 2015 March–April. These simulated fluxes are used to predict the proton-to-antiproton ratios as a function of rigidity. The trends in these ratios contribute to clarifying, to a large extent, the phenomenon of charge-sign dependence of heliospheric modulation during vastly different phases of the solar activity cycle. This is reiterated and emphasized by displaying so-called hysteresis loops. It is also illustrated how the values of the parallel and perpendicular mean free paths, as well as the drift scale, vary with rigidity over this extensive period. The drift scale is found to be at its lowest level during the polarity reversal period, while the lowest level of the mean free paths is found to be in 2015 March–April.

Valley Polarized Holes Induced Exciton Polaron Valley Splitting.

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are promising valleytronic materials. Among various quasi-particle excitations hosted by the system, the valley polarized holes are particularly interesting due to their long valley lifetime preserved by the large spin-orbit splitting and spin-valley locking in the valence band. Here we report that in the absence of any magnetic field a surprising valley splitting of exciton polarons can be induced by such valley polarized holes in monolayer WSe2. The size of the splitting is comparable to that of the Zeeman effect in a magnetic field as high as 7 T and offers a quantitative approach to extract the hole density imbalance between the two valleys. We find that the density difference can easily achieve more than 1011 per cm2, and it is tunable by gate voltage as well as optical excitation power. Our study highlights the response of exciton polarons to optical pumping and advances understanding of valley dependent phenomena in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide.

Flow Lattice Model for the simulation of chemistry dependent transport phenomena in cementitious materials

This study presents the formulation and validation of a three-dimensional Flow Lattice Model (FLM) with application to the Hygro-Thermo-Chemical (HTC) model for analysis of moisture transport and heat transfer in cementitious materials. The FLM is a discrete transport model formulated in association with meso-mechanical models, such as the Lattice Discrete Particle Model. This enables the simulation of transport phenomena at the length scale at which the material exhibits intrinsic heterogeneity. The HTC theoretical formulation is based on mass and energy conservation laws, written using humidity and temperature as primary variables, and considering explicitly various chemical reactions, for example, cement hydration and silica fume reaction, as internal variables. In this work, the HTC formulation was extended to include the effect of temperature on the sorption isotherm. The FLM solutions were compared with those of a continuum finite element implementation of the HTC model and experimental data available from the literature; the overall agreement demonstrates the reliability of the proposed approach in reproducing phenomena such as cement hydration, self-desiccation and temperature-dependent moisture drying.

Strain and temperature dependent aggregation of Candida auris is attenuated by inhibition of surface amyloid proteins

Candida auris is a multi-drug resistant human fungal pathogen that has become a global threat to human health due to its drug resistant phenotype, persistence in the hospital environment and propensity for patient to patient spread. Isolates display variable aggregation that may affect the relative virulence of strains. Therefore, dissection of this phenotype has gained substantial interest in recent years. We studied eight clinical isolates from four different clades (I-IV); four of which had a strongly aggregating phenotype and four of which did not. Genome analysis identified polymorphisms associated with loss of cell surface proteins were enriched in weakly-aggregating strains. Additionally, we identified down-regulation of chitin synthase genes involved in the synthesis of the chitinous septum. Characterisation of the cells revealed no ultrastructural defects in cytokinesis or cell separation in aggregating isolates. Strongly and weakly aggregating strains did not differ in net surface charge or in cell surface hydrophobicity. The capacity for aggregation and for adhesion to polystyrene microspheres were also not correlated. However, aggregation and extracellular matrix formation were all increased at higher growth temperatures, and treatment with the amyloid protein inhibitor Thioflavin-T markedly attenuated aggregation. Genome analysis further indicated strain specific differences in the genome content of GPI-anchored proteins including those encoding genes with the potential to form amyloid proteins. Collectively our data suggests that aggregation is a complex strain and temperature dependent phenomenon that may be linked in part to the ability to form extracellular matrix and cell surface amyloids.

Outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma refractory to different administration schedules of bortezomib.

e20011 Background: Drug refractoriness is an important factor determining choice of next therapy and prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM). It is debatable whether refractoriness to a drug varies among patients (pts) with MM progressing on different administration schedules of the drug. Outcomes of MM pts refractory to different doses of lenalidomide have been previously described, but similar data about proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are limited. In this study, we assessed the impact of refractoriness to different schedules of bortezomib (V) on outcomes with subsequent therapies in MM pts. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed MM pts at our center diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2018, who progressed on/ after receiving first line therapy with V containing regimens. At first relapse, we divided pts into 3 groups- MM progressing on or within 60 days of receiving (1) 1-1.3 mg/m2 V once weekly or more frequently (Standard Dose Refractory), (2) 1-1.3 mg/m2 V once every 2 weeks or less frequently (Low Dose Refractory), and (3) MM progressing at least 60 days after stopping V (Not Refractory). In addition to V, we classified pts as being refractory to cyclophosphamide and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) at first relapse. We classified salvage regimens into daratumumab (Dara), PI, IMiD, PI+IMiD, and VDTPACE like regimens. We then assessed progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for next line therapy, and for next V containing therapy using Kaplan Meier and Cox models. Results: A total of 302 pts were included. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years and 60% pts were male. Overall, 23%, 31%, and 27% were International Staging System (ISS) stage I, II, and III respectively; 40% had high risk FISH as per mSMART. Of the 302 pts, 134 (44%) pts received another V containing regimen after the first line therapy at any time during the disease course. Using a multivariable Cox model to adjust for ISS, high risk FISH, refractoriness to other drugs, duration of first line therapy, and treatment received at relapse, the Not Refractory Group had a better PFS for both 2nd line therapy and the next V containing line of therapy, while no significant differences were seen between the Standard Dose Refractory and Low Dose Refractory groups. OS differences followed the same trend but were not statistically significant (Table). Conclusions: On multivariable analysis, the PFS did not differ among standard dose vs low dose refractory pts, and both were significantly inferior to pts not refractory to V. These data suggest that refractoriness to V might not be a dose dependent phenomenon. [Table: see text]

Learning macroscopic internal variables and history dependence from microscopic models

This paper concerns the study of history dependent phenomena in heterogeneous materials in a two-scale setting where the material is specified at a fine microscopic scale of heterogeneities that is much smaller than the coarse macroscopic scale of application. We specifically study a polycrystalline medium where each grain is governed by crystal plasticity while the solid is subjected to macroscopic dynamic loads. The theory of homogenization allows us to solve the macroscale problem directly with a constitutive relation that is defined implicitly by the solution of the microscale problem. However, the homogenization leads to a highly complex history dependence at the macroscale, one that can be quite different from that at the microscale. In this paper, we examine the use of machine-learning, and especially deep neural networks, to harness data generated by repeatedly solving the finer scale model to: (i) gain insights into the history dependence and the macroscopic internal variables that govern the overall response; and (ii) to create a computationally efficient surrogate of its solution operator, that can directly be used at the coarser scale with no further modeling. We do so by introducing a recurrent neural operator (RNO), and show that: (i) the architecture and the learned internal variables can provide insight into the physics of the macroscopic problem; and (ii) that the RNO can provide multiscale, specifically FE2, accuracy at a cost comparable to a conventional empirical constitutive relation.