Human Phenomena Research Articles

Paradoxical Anthropology in Digital Age. Book Review: Human as an Open Integrity: Monograph / Ed. by L. P. Kiyashchenko, T. A. Sidorova. Novosibirsk: Akademizdat, 2022. 420 p.

Relevance. The problem of understanding the essence of man as a complex integral system with stable characteristics and inexhaustible adaptive potential, which helps a person not only to adapt to a changing world, but also to design and create it, has always interested philosophers of several generations. With a significant number of works on this topic, the human phenomenon opens up with new facets.The purpose of the article is to review the collective monograph "Human as an open integrity".Objectives: to draw the attention of the philosophical community to the current problems of human philosophy in the digital age; to show the polyphony of the authors' points of view, forming a holistic concept of procreation as a defining characteristic of a person.Methodology. The article uses a transdisciplinary approach, which is the best suited for studying such a multidimensional object as a person, allows you to expand the usual angles, go beyond the boundaries of well-known disciplinary theoretical constructs. The authors use the method of critical analysis to comprehend the main ideas of the book.Results. Among the publications of recent years on anthropology, the collection of scientific articles " Human as an open integrity" stands out for its debatable nature, a free lively dialogue of authors reflecting on procreation as an essential characteristic and saving ability of humanity in the current critical period. The concept of procreation in the collection unfolds on two levels, as a creative generation, modeling in a broad interpretation and as a process of procreation in the natural and artificial worlds – in a narrow one.Conclusions. The authors' arguments are built in various ontological paradigms, but as a result, an idea is created about the paradoxical nature of man, comprehended by contradictory but complementary configurators of the external and internal worlds of man as a complex object, about the processes of risk formation and removal, adaptation and preadaptation of man to a new digital reality, about the need for a cross-paradigm communicative approach in understanding man as an open integrity and many other philosophical and anthropological problems.

Beyond noise levels: vehicle classification using psychoacoustic indicators from pass-by road traffic noise and their correlations with speed and temperature

Environmental noise control regulations typically employ noise level descriptors to set limits for noise exposure. However, other characteristics of noise, such as frequency content, temporal patterns and masking, have been proven to influence the perception of acoustic environments. In this sense, psychoacoustic indicators offer an objective means of establishing relationships between physical characteristics of noise and the human auditory sensation phenomena. This study explored psychoacoustic indicators of pass-by vehicle noise across different vehicle categories, driving speeds, and temperatures. Moreover, the indicators were exploited as features to train a classification algorithm to predict vehicle category. Over 2000 vehicle noise samples were collected using the Statistical Pass-By (SPB) method, categorized into three classes according to ISO 11819-1, besides an additional class for delivery vans. Correction coefficients were obtained for temperature and speed to noise levels, loudness, roughness, sharpness and fluctuation strength. The differences in these indicators based on vehicle category were then discussed. A vehicle-category predictive model using the three vehicle categories defined in ISO 11819-1 yielded 84% accuracy. Including vans as an extra vehicle category dropped accuracy to 72% due to their misclassification with passenger cars. Combining these two categories increased overall accuracy to 86%. These findings could enable a less visual-dependent vehicle categorization so that vehicle fleets worldwide are more consistently classified in terms of noise. Additionally, psychoacoustic indicators appear to be valuable features for vehicle classification systems aimed to resemble the human auditory experience.

Coupled dynamics of endemic disease transmission and gradual awareness diffusion in multiplex networks

Understanding the interplay between human behavioral phenomena and infectious disease dynamics has been one of the central challenges of mathematical epidemiology. However, socio-cognitive processes critical for the initiation of desired behavioral responses during an outbreak have often been neglected or oversimplified in earlier models. Combining the microscopic Markov chain approach with the law of total probability, we herein institute a mathematical model describing the dynamic interplay between stage-based progression of awareness diffusion and endemic disease transmission in multiplex networks. We analytically derived the epidemic thresholds for both discrete-time and continuous-time versions of our model, and we numerically demonstrated the accuracy of our analytic arguments in capturing the time course and the steady state of the coupled disease-awareness dynamics. We found that our model is exact for arbitrary unclustered multiplex networks, outperforming a widely adopted probability-tree-based method, both in the prediction of the time-evolution of a contagion and in the final epidemic size. Our findings show that informing the unaware individuals about the circulating disease will not be sufficient for the prevention of an outbreak unless the distributed information triggers strong awareness of infection risks with adequate protective measures, and that the immunity of highly-aware individuals can elevate the epidemic threshold, but only if the rate of transition from weak to strong awareness is sufficiently high. Our study thus reveals that awareness diffusion and other behavioral parameters can nontrivially interact when producing their effects on epidemiological dynamics of an infectious disease, suggesting that future public health measures should not ignore this complex behavioral interplay and its influence on contagion transmission in multilayered networked systems.

Suitability of Geography Textbooks for the Development of Critical Thinking of Lower Secondary School Students, Based on Bloom's Taxonomy

The Geography textbook for the 8th grade has been drawn up based on the program of the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, in different years, with the aim that the students acquire geographical knowledge, reinforces this knowledge in everyday life situations, integrating the cause-effect relationships of natural and human phenomena and processes with geographical research methods. According to the content of the curriculum, regional geography and other eco-continents will be taught in the eighth grade, as well as the submission of questions is covered at the end of each topic in the text. This text deals with interesting issues for several continents, countries, and we will analyse the approaches of the authors, the clearest elaboration for the student on the topics and the questions posed to the students with the goal; remembering, understanding, and applying. A special care and attention has been shown to preserve the right ratios between informative and non-formative material, theoretical and factual, historical and contemporary, respecting the scientific and didactic criteria. We will base the research on Bloom’s taxonomy, beginning with knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation, with the aim of better reflecting the state, analyse the revised taxonomy and we will also present the students’ recollection, understanding and application in everyday life.

The Impact of Knowledge Acquisition on Technical and Administrative Innovation: Case of Tunisian Companies

In our complex and rapidly changing environment, personal knowledge is enriched and has become more effective in the collective bargaining process, thereby creating social capital. The combination of individual knowledge in collective wisdom is the key to innovation, which is considered a major social and human phenomenon. By deepening our reasoning, this social and human dimension gives sustainability to any company. This organizational capacity proves to be crucial because possessing knowledge confers a substantial advantage. It is the ability to mobilize and deploy them that will produce value. This research makes it possible to analyze the relationship between the acquisitions of knowledge with innovation within Tunisian organizations. In order to determine this relationship, a quantitative method was adopted. The results reveal the existence of a significant influence between the acquisition of knowledge and administrative innovation.

Untitled Grief: An Application of Heuristic Inquiry

In this presentation I investigate the methods and tools enmeshed in the creation of the short hybrid animated documentary Untitled Grief (Hoyle, 2023). Untitled Grief is one film of a suite of films which are being produced for a practice-led doctoral study (Smith & Dean, 2009). The films seek to document and visualise the human phenomena of loss in order to answer the question: How might a documentary filmmaker heighten resonance in narratives of grief through the use of animated images and sound? The project is underpinned by heuristic inquiry (Moustakas, 1990). Heuristic inquiry bolsters my examination of loss through tapping into autobiographical narratives as a way to uncover meaning while sustaining the focused search to expand the investigation. Potential is released to reveal universal significance of the phenomenon being explored. This type of inquiry is flexible, open and immersive. Tacit knowledge (Polanyi, 1967) is extracted and utilised. The researcher is guided by phases beginning with a focused initial encounter with the topic or question. Heuristic inquiry suggests a system of phases which guides the researcher throughout the research path. As an adaptation to this methodology and being led by practice, a series of principles of engagement have emerged; embracing uncertainty as a tool for creativity; utilising serendipity as a structured occurrence, emboldening the researcher’s poetic self; returning to indwelling with creative projects; aroha (love, respect, empathy) at the core of research practice.

A Linguistic Analysis of The Use of Humour in Adébáyò̩ Fálétí’s Writings

This study discussed strategies of humour in Adébáyọ̀ Àkàndé Fálétí’s writings. It interrogates how humour as a universal human interactional phenomenon is used to particularly entertain, checkmate human excesses and chastise societal ills in a mild manner. It is noted that among the living things only human beings laugh and humour excites laughter but it is not every humour that leads to laughter. Therefore, for humour to be effectively appreciated, it must be properly situated in its social context. The theoretical framework for this study is based on Thomas Veatch postulation of humour as a phenomenon made up of congruous and incongruous elements of socially typical and infringement of the prejudiced ethical standard. This framework is adopted to study Faleti’s use of humour to entertain, criticize human actions and chastise societal ills. It was out that humour as a form of lampoon is used euphemistically or ironically not as a means to destroy the society but to improve it. Faleti uses humour as an effective weapon of criticism and a subtle source of laughter to entertain the audience and to curb aberrations in the society. Humour in Faleti’s writings is used in a calm and amusing manner and the end result is laughter, although beneath the laughter is the lampoon of social misdemeanours concealed in the use of light-hearted constructions. Faleti has succeeded in espousing various methods of coping with serious and tense situation through the use of strategies of humour.

The Mask Diction/Sensitivity: An Analysis of Selected Poems from The Outcast

The mask is a covering for the face and/or making a replica of it. It is a pristine human phenomenon, the product of human’s spirit and artistry. It was at the core of the “early man’s” apprehension of life and its imponderable that is still used in the present. Its use is also in the mind and this has been subjected to writing especially in the diction of poetry, and is still intrinsic to modern humanity’s expression of day to day realities and impulses. This paper examines and explains Osaro et al’s sensitivity to the mask. It analyses the ways in which the poets exploit in a volcano of voices, the image of the mask to make social, cultural, political, artistic, oil exploration and exploitation statements in their entire poetic oeuvre. They aptly condemn and vehemently query the predators of the Niger Delta.

CORAL REEF TRANSPLANT SUCCESS RATE IN BONETAMBU ISLAND, SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO

The world's coral reefs are under threat from human activities through pollution and habitat changes. This condition is influenced by several factors, such as human activities and natural phenomena. Many efforts have been made by humans to overcome or repair coral reef ecosystems that have been damaged. One of the efforts made is to carry out coral transplants. The main goal of coral transplantation is to improve the quality of coral reefs such as increasing live coral cover, biodiversity and uniqueness of coral topography. The stages of the method carried out in the research include mapping the bottom of the waters (sounding); mapping conditions of water cover; transplantation process and monitoring. This study used the spider skeleton method for the transplant media. The results showed that the percentage of live coral cover ranged from 10% - 25% and it was found that rubble cover dominated up to >70%. During the monitoring process, it was found that algae dominated almost all of the transplant media. The high nutrients and the lack of algae-eating fish resulted in a high algae cover found on the surface of the structure and had an impact on the death of the transplanted corals. Efforts are being made to regularly clean algae to increase the survival rate and replant dead coral

How can cry acoustics associate newborns' distress levels with neurophysiological and behavioral signals?

Even though infant crying is a common phenomenon in humans' early life, it is still a challenge for researchers to properly understand it as a reflection of complex neurophysiological functions. Our study aims to determine the association between neonatal cry acoustics with neurophysiological signals and behavioral features according to different cry distress levels of newborns. Multimodal data from 25 healthy term newborns were collected simultaneously recording infant cry vocalizations, electroencephalography (EEG), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and videos of facial expressions and body movements. Statistical analysis was conducted on this dataset to identify correlations among variables during three different infant conditions (i.e., resting, cry, and distress). A Deep Learning (DL) algorithm was used to objectively and automatically evaluate the level of cry distress in infants. We found correlations between most of the features extracted from the signals depending on the infant's arousal state, among them: fundamental frequency (F0), brain activity (delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands), cerebral and body oxygenation, heart rate, facial tension, and body rigidity. Additionally, these associations reinforce that what is occurring at an acoustic level can be characterized by behavioral and neurophysiological patterns. Finally, the DL audio model developed was able to classify the different levels of distress achieving 93% accuracy. Our findings strengthen the potential of crying as a biomarker evidencing the physical, emotional and health status of the infant becoming a crucial tool for caregivers and clinicians.

Discourses about Miracle: Spectrum of Positions

The study is devoted to construct a typology of discourses about a miracle. Discourses are interpreted in this case not in a linguistic, but in a philosophical sense, as a certain “way of talking” about a chosen phenomenon. This includes the ontological and ideological position of the speaker (writer), emotional and value pathos, a communicative attitude or lack thereof, a message to the listener (reader) of specific views and beliefs. The author distinguishes three groups of discourses on the ideological basis: 1) a miracle, understood as supernatural, but accessible for communication; 2) a miracle understood as a man-made, purely human phenomenon; 3) a miracle as the result of a “dual determination” coming from both the transcendent and the person himself. The miracle is initially interpreted in the article as a positive phenomenon that can be described and expressed in speech without directly naming the word itself. Within the first group of discourses, the following are considered: religious (Christian), mythological and fairy-tale discourse, and the fate-providentialist discourse is also highlighted. The second approach, connected with the denial of the supernatural, speaks of a miracle in the context of its scientific and technical creation, as well as hopes for a miracle within the framework of progressive and utopian concepts. The third type of discourses, combining the view of a miracle as coming from above and from the person himself, includes mystical-magical, existential and creativistic discourses - interpreting the theme of creativity. The mystical-magical discourse describes a miracle as the result of illumination and as a consequence of persistent spiritual searches. In the existential discourse, represented by fiction, there is also a place for describing a miracle as a magical nature and a magical fate. In creative discourse, the miracle is the very act of the birth of a new one. Summing up what has been said, the author emphasizes that he presents readers with nothing more than a sketch that requires further work and thematic disclosure.

Neural correlates of naturalistic single-trial appetitive conditioning

BackgroundPrior research suggests naturalistic single-trial appetitive conditioning may be a potent phenomenon in humans, capable of modulating both motivation and attention. In this study, we aimed to characterise the neural correlates of this phenomenon using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) paradigms MethodsTwenty-three healthy adults (12 males) underwent conditioning during which they ate a novel 3D object made from white chocolate (CS+) and handled a similar object made from plastic (CS-). Brain activity was recorded before and after conditioning during a passive viewing paradigm ResultsA naturalistic CS+ was rated as more highly craved, better-liked and elicited greater expectancies for chocolate than the CS− after conditioning. An exploration of the interaction between time (pre- and post-conditioning) and CS type (CS+, CS-) during the passive viewing task suggested enhanced activation from pre- to post-conditioning in the right superior frontal gyrus (R.SFG) in response to the CS-. ConclusionResults reveal neural correlates of single-trial appetitive conditioning and highlight a possible role of response inhibition during learning about non-rewards, perhaps optimizing motivated behaviour. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neural mechanisms underpinning rapid reward and non-reward learning, and may inform development of behavioural interventions for reward-driven overeating.

Antinaturalistische Strategien in Jenseits von Gut und Böse

Abstract Antinaturalistic Strategies in Beyond Good and Evil . Naturalistic interpretations of Nietzsche’s thought ultimately appeal to two arguments. On the one hand, when tracing various human phenomena back to processes sufficiently explicable by the natural sciences, it would appear that Nietzsche was pursuing a de facto naturalization program. On the other hand, in BGE 230, the need for the naturalization of human beings as a whole is often interpreted as an argument de jure. After outlining some basic features of contemporary naturalism and showing its incompatibility with Nietzsche’s philosophy, I argue in this paper that neither the de jure nor the de facto argument can be understood in a naturalistic sense. The task of “translating man back into nature” in BGE 230 is indeed turned against a point of view held by “old metaphysical bird-catchers.” An analysis of the manuscript and a comparison of it with the preface to HH I, in which this figure is used in the opposite sense, suggests rather that Nietzsche conceives of the renaturalization of the human in a deceptive way, that is, as one of those numerous “snares and nets for unwary birds” scattered throughout his works. Widening this view, a similar dynamic arises with respect to the de facto argument. In the concluding section, I highlight how, in On the Prejudices of Philosophers, certain naturalization operations are countered by as many arguments to the contrary. Such sudden shifts in perspective seem to indicate, at least in Beyond Good and Evil, a desire to subvert naturalism from within.

(Not So) Minor Encounters: Little Amal from The Jungle to The Walk

Abstract: How do we comprehend the scale of contemporary Syrian child displacement, much less represent it theatrically—and ethically? In this essay, I explore how the Good Chance Theatre has continued to try, through the evolving figure of Little Amal, an unaccompanied Syrian girl who appears in two transnational performances, The Jungle (2017) and The Walk (2021). Drawing on interviews with directors, actors, and puppeteers, I argue that both productions renegotiate the adoptive gaze Western European and North American audiences usually impose upon Syrian refugee children. The eight locally cast child actors that played Little Amal across The Jungle ’s original tour produced a Brechtian doubling of performances that complicated violent spectatorial relations, while The Walk ’s twelve-foot-tall puppet of Little Amal resists adoptive logics’ reliance on humanitarian tropes of liminality and minority. Complicating hegemonic binaries of insider/outsider, seeing/being seen, and even life/death, The Jungle and The Walk invite Euro-American onlookers to reconsider their relation to the refugee ‘crisis,’ undercut the individual logic of adoption, and call for a collective response. Little Amal’s (not so) minor encounters, I find, lay bare the inherent theatricality of the current refugee rights paradigm as applied to displaced peoples of all ages. Reclaiming the figurative and embodied potential of the Syrian child refugee, Amal reveals mass displacement to be a shared human phenomenon: already lived by so many, and looming for all.

Decidualized human decidual stromal cells inhibit chemotaxis of activated T cells: a potential mechanism of maternal-fetal immune tolerance.

Numerous lines of evidence confirm that decidual stromal cells (DSCs) play a key role in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Under the influence of progesterone and other hormones, the DSCs go through a process of differentiation (decidualization) during normal pregnancy. In mice, DSCs inhibit the expression of chemokines that attract abortigenic Th1 and Tc cells to the decidua. We have studied this phenomenon in humans. We established human DSC lines and decidualized these cells in vitro with progesterone and cAMP. We determined the expression of the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, whose receptor CXCR3 is expressed by Th1 and Tc cells, in undifferentiated DSCs and decidualized DSCs by qRT-PCR. Activated CD3+CXCR3+ cells, including CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ Tc cells, were induced in vitro. The migration capacity of these activated lymphocytes was investigated in Transwell chambers with conditioned media from undifferentiated and decidualized DSCs. We demonstrated that CXCL9 was not expressed by DSCs, whereas the expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11 was inhibited in decidualized cells. Conditioned media from decidualized cells significantly inhibited the migration of Th1 and Tc cells. We found that decidualized cells secrete factors of MW less than 6000-8000 Da, which actively inhibit the chemotaxis of these lymphocytes. These results confirm in humans that decidualization of DSCs inhibits the expression by these cells of chemokines that attract Th1 and Tc cells and induces the secretion by DSCs of factors that inhibit the chemotaxis of these lymphocytes, thus preventing the arrival of abortigenic T cells in the decidua.

What Do We Know About Hair Growth Induced by Wounding and Its Therapeutic Applications?

Many studies have reported the role of hair follicles (HFs) in the wound healing response, and vice versa, the creation of superficial injuries may stimulate hair growth, which has encouraged new treatments for hair loss. To review the phenomenon of wound-induced hair growth and the usefulness of therapeutic procedures based on skin wounding in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A literature search was conducted to review cases of localized hypertrichosis induced by wounds and the role of microneedling, fractional laser, and scalp threading as monotherapy for AGA. Localized hypertrichosis has been extensively reported after bone fractures, burn injury, chronic venous ulcer, etc. Only 2 cases of wound-induced hair neogenesis in humans have been reported. As monotherapy for AGA, 1 of 3 studies of microneedling, 4 of 6 of fractional lasers, and 2 of 3 studies of scalp threading show good efficacy. Certain types of wounds seem to stimulate localized hair growth in humans, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Reports on wound-induced HF neogenesis in humans are anecdotal and questions remain as to whether this is a true phenomenon in humans. Further clinical studies are needed before recommending wound-induced hair growth procedures as therapies for AGA.

Logica delle deviazioni. Dal pensiero magico alla scienza empirica


 
 
 This essay aims to deal with early forms of skepticism, which naturalized the animal Kingdom by removing it from the moral sphere of religious spiritualism.In the 17th century, the gradual shift from magical thinking to science had important implications in the study of monsters.
 Starting from the concept of anomaly, we define a new science of life where monsters dwel. We deal with human phenomena, the tremendus, described and explained as deviations from the norm, errors. In the second half of the 17th century, the most important Academies began to devote themselves to the study of portentuos marvels and the debate on monsters became central in Natural Science: it was during this period that monsters were placed on anatomical tables in order to be dissected and classified. Fundamental in this regard were the studies of the surgeon John Hunter, in whose collection we can admire numerous specimens of so-called double monsters. In the 18th century, thanks to the numerous studies by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and his son Isidore, we arrive at the new vision of monstruosities, finally considered as sufficient in themselves, as autonomous abjects and therefore concrete, accessible and observable. Finally, I will discuss the special relationship between science and spectacle, public an private. The monster embodies a very strong aesthetic end attractive power: the image is the most suitable medium for describing it.
 
 

The Fuction of Nuwo Panggung in Flood Disaster Mitigation Kelumbaya District, Tanggamus

The culture of the Lampung Tribe dominates the culture in Kelumbayan District. As with other tribes in Indonesia, the Lampung tribe makes culture an identity that is attached to every member of the tribe. Local wisdom is part of the culture. Qualitative research is a process of understanding human or social phenomena by creating a comprehensive and complex picture that can be presented in words, reporting detailed views obtained from informant sources, and being carried out in natural settings. Instruments in the research were the observation of data collection, interviews, and documents. The local wisdom of nuwo onstage as a traditional house for the Lampung tribe in Kelumbayan District is still commonly found in Kelumbayan District, especially in Pekon Umbar, Napal, and Susuk. Various traditional Lampung houses are based on their shape, including the Slow Dalom Building, the Slow Pesagi, the Slow Kejayaan, the Slow Sakura, and the Slow Dalom. Nuwo Panggung in Kelumbayan District is included in the Lamban Pesagi, which has three building parts, namely the upper, middle, and lower sections. The Nuwo stage with the Lalan Pesagi type was built using a basic pattern of cylinders, cubes, and pyramids.

Unlocking the musical brain: A proof-of-concept study on playing the piano in MRI scanner with naturalistic stimuli

Music is a universal human phenomenon, and can be studied for itself or as a window into the understanding of the brain. Few neuroimaging studies investigate actual playing in the MRI scanner, likely because of the lack of available experimental hardware and analysis tools. Here, we offer an innovative paradigm that addresses this issue in neuromusicology using naturalistic, polyphonic musical stimuli, presents a commercially available MRI-compatible piano, and a flexible approach to quantify participant's performance. We show how making errors while playing can be investigated using an altered auditory feedback paradigm. In the spirit of open science, we make our experimental paradigms and analysis tools available to other researchers studying pianists in MRI. Altogether, we present a proof-of-concept study which shows the feasibility of playing the novel piano in MRI, and a step towards using more naturalistic stimuli.

CXCR4, regulated by HIF1A, promotes endometrial breakdown via CD45+ leukocyte recruitment in a mouse model of menstruation

Menstruation is a specific physiological phenomenon in female humans that is regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. However, the molecular network involved in menstruation remains incompletely understood. Previous studies have suggested that C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved; however, how CXCR4 participates in endometrial breakdown remains unclear, as do its regulatory mechanisms. This study aimed to clarify the role of CXCR4 in endometrial breakdown and its regulation by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A). We first confirmed that CXCR4 and HIF1A protein levels were significantly increased during the menstrual phase compared with the late secretory phase using immunohistochemistry. In our mouse model of menstruation, real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry showed that CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression levels gradually increased from 0 to 24 h after progesterone withdrawal during endometrial breakdown. HIF1A mRNA and HIF1A nuclear protein levels significantly increased and peaked at 12 h after progesterone withdrawal. Endometrial breakdown was significantly suppressed by the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 and the HIF1A inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol in our mouse model, and HIF1A inhibition also suppressed CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression. In vitro studies using human decidual stromal cells showed that CXCR4 and HIF1A mRNA expression levels were increased by progesterone withdrawal and that HIF1A knockdown significantly suppressed the elevation in CXCR4 mRNA expression. CD45+ leukocyte recruitment during endometrial breakdown was suppressed by both AMD3100 and 2-methoxyestradiol in our mouse model. Taken together, our preliminary findings suggest that endometrial CXCR4 expression is regulated by HIF1A during menstruation and may promote endometrial breakdown, potentially via leukocyte recruitment.