Phenols In Water Samples Research Articles

Continuous-Flow Determination of Phenol With Chemically Immobilized Polyphenol Oxidase (Tyrosinase)

Abstract The use of covalently bound mushroom polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase, EC 1.10.3.1) for the determination of μg/mL and ng/mL concentrations of phenol in water samples with use of continuous-flow sample/reagent processing is described. Immobilization on controlled-pore glass, CPG, was accomplished via diazo coupling. Detection was effected with hexacyanoferrate(II) as a redox mediator and was either spectrophotometric or amperometric. the immobilized enzyme preparation was part of an open tubular reactor (CPG thermally embedded on Tygon tubing). the redox mediator was used either in solution or as part of a thin-layer cell and immobilized on poly(4-vinylpyridine) incorporated in a carbon paste electrode. Different spectrophotometric and amperometric strategies are compared and the method is applied to the determination of phenol in water samples and quality control standards.

Colorimetric Determination of Phenols in Water Samples

A colorimetric method for determination of phenols in water has been developed. The method, which is a modification of Liebermann's reaction, uses resorcinol as a chromogenic agent. The developed method is more sensitive, and the difficulties encountered in the widely used 4-aminoantipyrine method have been avoided. Application of both the proposed and 4-aminoantipyrine methods to the analysis of natural and tap water samples are presented.

Kinetics of mineralization of phenols in lake water.

The kinetics of mineralization of phenol and p-nitrophenol in lake water was determined at concentrations from 200 pg/ml to 5 micrograms/ml. The mineralization data were fit by nonlinear regression to equations for 14 kinetic models that describe patterns of biodegradation by nongrowing cells or by microorganisms growing on either the test chemical or other organic substrates. The kinetics od mineralization of phenol in water samples collected in July was best described by first-order models for 0.5 ng of phenol per ml; by Monod-without-growth, logistic, and logarithmic models for 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml and 5.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, if it is assumed that the mineralizing population uses phenol as the sole carbon source for growth; by models (for phenol at concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml) that assume that the phenol-mineralizing populations do not grow or grow logarithmically or logistically on uncharacterized carbon compounds but metabolize the phenol when present at levels below and above Km, respectively, for that compound; and by a logarithmic model at 5.0 micrograms/ml. Under the test conditions, usually less than 10% of the phenol C that was metabolized was incorporated into microbial cells or retained by other particulate material in the water at substrate concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less, and the percentage increased at higher substrate concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Determination of Halogenated Phenols in Raw and Potable Water by Selected Ion Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Pentafluorobenzylation and in situ acetylation are compared in the determination of phenol and halogenated phenols in water samples. The latter technique is considered superior to the former for determining phenols at the ng/L level because of less background interference and better recoveries (80% or better except for pentachlorophenol and trichloroguaiacol which had recoveries of about 60%). Further evaluation of the in situ technique by electron capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry shows that the latter, in the selected ion monitoring mode, is more suitable because, unlike GC-ECD, it can confirm and quantitate all phenols. In particular, GC-ECD could not detect even high levels of phenol and the monohalogenated phenols. Phenols at 5-473 ng/L were detected in some Canadian drinking water supplies by the in situ acetylation technique combined with GC-MS.

Determination of phenols in water samples as 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography

The determination of 22 monohydric phenols by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 4-aminoantipyrine is described. The reaction variables were evaluated in order to examine the performance of the method at low ppb★ concentrations. The chromatographic behaviour of the derivatives was investigated by carrying out separations on different bonded-phase columns, which provided a satisfactory selectivity under isocratic elution conditions. Separations of complex mixture obtained on normal and reversed bonded phases, in addition to bathochromic and hypsochromic effects shown by derivatives, provided effective information for identifying individual phenols. The technique was applied to the determination of phenols at ppm and ppb concentrations in water and wastewater samples.