Phenolic-rich Extracts Research Articles

Post-operative Wound Healing Efficacy of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Phenolic-rich Extracts Incorporated Hydrogel With Enhanced Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Post-operative Wound Healing Efficacy of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Phenolic-rich Extracts Incorporated Hydrogel With Enhanced Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Bio-Guided Extraction of a Phenolic-Rich Extract from Industrial Peanut Skin with Antioxidant and Hypotensive Potential.

Peanut composition includes phenolic compounds, especially in the skins, which are often not consumed. High blood pressure affects more than one billion people worldwide and is considered a high-risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have correlated antihypertensive activity with the total phenolic content present in the plants. This study evaluated the hydroethanolic extraction of phenolic compounds from the industrial residue of peanut skin and evaluated the antioxidant and antihypertensive capacity of these extracts using in vitro models. A rotational central composite design (DCCR) was proposed to study the influence of the variables: (1) the ethanol concentration on the hydroalcoholic extractor solution, and (2) the proportion of solid sample (waste) per liquid in the extraction (mass/volume) in a simple solid-a liquid extraction process. The optimal extraction conditions within this model were 50% ethanol in water, and the proportion of sample to extraction solution (m/v) equaled to 0.2. The extract obtained had significant antioxidant capacity, both in chemical (ORAC) and in cellular models, with potential for free radical scavenging. Significant levels of ACE inhibition were also found, indicating antihypertensive activity.

Combined pulsed electric field-ultrasound assisted extraction of yarrow phenolic-rich ingredients and their nanoliposomal encapsulation for improving the oxidative stability of sesame oil

In this research, yarrow phenolic-rich extract was produced using pulsed electric field (PEF)-ultrasound assisted technology. The highest extraction efficiency (5.99 %) was obtained at 6.25 kV/cm of PEF and the sonication time of 60 min. As the PEF intensity and sonication time rose, the total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric-reducing power (RP) of the extracts increased. The PEF intensity of 2.70 kV/cm and sonication time of 45.83 min were the optimum extraction conditions resulting in the highest extraction efficiency, TPC, and RP. Then, this optimum extract was loaded into nanoliposomes. At higher extract levels, the encapsulation efficiency lowered, while the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the nanoliposomal samples elevated. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the successful encapsulation of yarrow extract into nanoliposomal carriers; the sample containing the extract had the highest enthalpy (3600 J/g) and nanoliposomes loaded with yarrow antioxidant extract (0.11 mL/mg) was the optimum sample. Finally, the sesame oil containing 500 ppm free and nanoliposome extract, as well as the sample with 200 ppm BHT were evaluated for oxidative stability. The highest oxidation stability (14.21 h) belonged to the oil containing nanoliposomal yarrow phenolic extract.

Obtaining phenolic-rich extracts from tree nut shells biomass by room temperature green extraction: Molecular insights and attribution analysis

The recycling of tree nut shells biomass (TNSB), a million-tons level inedible food waste, toward food and drug applications should be one of the most promising valorization pathways. However, therein biggest opportunity and challenge is to fully dig for treasure such as its own high-value biomacromolecules and natural active ingredients. This study completed a food and drug grade extraction by using five TNSB sample (i.e., walnut shell, hazelnut shell, macadamia shell, pin nut shell, and pistachio shell), two green solvents (water and ethanol), and cleaner room temperature green extraction (RTGE) technology; and revealed the molecular basis of the raw materials and their extracts through systematic and in-depth molecular analysis. The results showed that TNSB have extremely high lignin content, and their extracts (whether water or ethanol) are rich in phenolic compounds, which results in the latters having extremely strong antioxidant activities (comparable to vitamin C) and α-amylase inhibitory activities (comparable to acarbose). More specifically, walnut shell has the highest ever lignin content of 57% in all reported biomass. The water extract of walnut shell has more excellent properties, such as 147.65 mg/g of total reducing sugars (TRS), 60.49% of total phenolic content (TPC), 0.24 mg/mL of IC50, DPPH, 0.08 mg/mL of IC50, ABTS, and 13.44% of α-amylase inhibitory activity. Further molecular information shows that these reducing sugars are glucose, fructose, arabinose and fucose, and these phenolic compounds include phenol, vanillin, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, and (trans)catechin. These results demonstrate fully that TNSB will become the preferred feedstock species for lignin-first biorefinery in the future, and walnut shell is undoubtedly the best one. Furthermore, TNSB-based RTGE extracts have the potential to be developed into natural antioxidants, preservatives, diabetes-therapeutic pharmaceutical preparations, nutraceutical and functional foods. In addition, we also used XLSTAT software to conduct a systematic attribution analysis, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), revealing the inner relationship between the multifactors including TRS, TPC, DPPH, ABTS and α-amylase inhibitory activity among TNSB species.

Semi-quantitative analysis on sea buckthorn phenolic-rich extract coating bone-like open porous NiTi-based alloy

This study investigates the feasibility of coating Ni–Ti alloy with sea buckthorn extract via a hydrothermal method for targeted delivery of beneficial phenolic compounds to bone tissue. The qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and tannins in sea buckthorn extract, supporting its osteogenic potential. The microhardness of the NiTi alloy substrate was suitable for biomedical applications, and successful coating was achieved without compromising its properties. NiTi alloy samples were coated with 18.1, 20.1, and 12.4 mg of extract, respectively. Comprehensive evaluations confirmed the successful integration of the extract onto the alloy's surface. The coated system exhibited sustained release properties over five days, with the highest release occurring on the first day (on average 32.1 % for the first peak and 72.1 % for the second peak), as determined by HPLC analysis. The findings demonstrate the potential of this novel approach in developing dual-functionality implants for bone health promotion. Overall, this study underscores the promising potential of Ni–Ti alloy coated with sea buckthorn extract as a targeted drug delivery system for bone tissue.

The possible effect of crude phenolic-rich extract from mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on infertility induced by streptozotocin in rats fed a high-fat diet as a model of type 2 diabetes

BackgroundPhenolic compounds (PC) are found in various foods that are part of the human diet, such as mushrooms. The identification of PC is crucial due to their bioactive properties and their role in disease prevention. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the phenolic component extract (PCE) derived from the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. The extract was separated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC). The PCE was then tested on diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Also, this study was an attempt to treat infertility caused by type 2 diabetes in male rats.MethodsStreptozotocin (STZ) was administered to Wistar rats after a 4-week HFD as a model of type 2 diabetes (D2). Animals were given phenols orally on a high-fat diet for four weeks after being diagnosed with diabetes.ResultsPCE constituents were 48.02% carbohydrates, 21.15% protein, 6.16% fiber, 2.06% fat, and 6.93% ash. The evaluation of the PCE was carried out by assessing its retention rates and subsequently comparing the UV data to standards.Total phenols and flavonoids in the crude extract were 23.04 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 8.14 mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively. Catechin was found as the significant PC (121.53 µg/mL), while gallic acid was the second PC (11.64 µg/ml) in the PCE of mushrooms. PCE showed high radical scavenging activity on DPPH. With dosage and incubation duration in dark-dependent conditions, it was discovered to be 93.23% at a 500 µg/ml concentration after 120 min in the dark. PCE reduces blood glucose levels while elevating insulin levels and antioxidant activity indicators. Our results show that phenols and their bioactive components can change glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic HFD rats (D2).ConclusionsThis study supports PCE's therapeutic potential in treating hyperglycemia, increasing insulin secretion, and addressing diabetes-induced infertility.

Enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Anabasis articulata phenolic-rich extract; in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

The present study aimed at characterizing the phenolic composition of the aqueous extract from Anabasis articulata and its biological properties, in terms of in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects. The phytocomplex was investigated by HPLC-DAD analysis, whereas total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant property of the extract was determined applying four assays (i.e. total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH, and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching). The enzymatic inhibitory function was evaluated against tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase, whereas toxicological and anti-inflammatory aspects through in vivo evaluations. More in detail, twenty-one specific phenolic compounds were successfully detected, identified, and quantified in the plant extract, which showed considerable antioxidant potential. The aqueous preparation also revealed a high anti-tyrosinase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. In particular, an in-silico prediction analysis, by molecular docking approach, was performed to understand which plant metabolite from A. articulata could be potentially responsible for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, favoring the identification of putative new compounds useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. All the present evidence could partially explain and justify the therapeutic efficacy of the Algerian traditional medicine linked to the application of A. articulata aqueous extract.

Extraction of bioactive compounds from pecan nutshell: An added-value and low-cost alternative for an industrial waste

The pecan nutshell [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] (PNS) is a source of bioactives with important beneficial properties for the human health. PNS represents between 40–50 % of total mass of the nut, resulting as waste without any added value for the food industry. Even though a variety of methods were already developed for bioactive extraction from this waste, unconventional methodologies, or those which apart from green chemistry principles, were discarded considering the cost of production, the sustainable development goals of United Nations and the feasibility of real inclusion of the technology in the food chain. Then, to add-value to this waste, a low-cost, green and easy-scalable extraction methodology was developed based on the determination of seven relevant factors by means of a factorial design and a Response Surface Methodology, allowing the extraction of bioactives with antioxidant capacity. The pecan nutshell extract had a high concentration of phenolic compounds (166 mg gallic acid equivalents-GAE/g dry weight-dw), flavonoids (90 mg catechin equivalent-CE/g dw) and condensed tannins (189 mg CE/g dw) −related also to the polymeric color (74.6 %)-, with high antioxidant capacities of ABTS+. radical inhibition (3665 µmol Trolox Equivalent-TE/g dw) and of iron reduction (1305 µmol TE/g dw). Several compounds associated with these determinations were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, such as [Epi]catechin-[Epi]catechin-[Epi]gallocatechin, myricetin, dihydroquercetins, dimers A and B of protoanthocyanidins, ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives. Hence, through the methodology developed here, we obtained a phenolic rich extract with possible benefits for human health, and of high industrial scalability for this co-product transformation.

Inhibition of human starch digesting enzymes and intestinal glucose transport by walnut polyphenols

One approach to controlling type 2 diabetes (T2D) is to lower postprandialglucose spikesby slowing down the digestion of carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose in the small intestine. The consumption of walnuts is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as T2D, suggested to be partly due to the high content of (poly)phenols. This study evaluated, for the first time, the inhibitory effect of a (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract on human carbohydrate digesting enzymes (salivary and pancreatic α-amylases, brush border sucrase-isomaltase) and on glucose transport across fully differentiated human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 monolayers. The walnut extract was rich in multiple (poly)phenols (70 % w/w) as analysed by Folin-Ciocalteau and by LCMS. It exhibited potent inhibition of both human salivary (IC50: 32.2 ± 2.5 µg walnut (poly)phenols (WP)/mL) and pancreatic (IC50: 56.7 ± 1.7 µg WP/mL) α-amylases, with weaker effects on human sucrase (IC50: 990 ± 20 µg WP/mL), maltase (IC50: 1300 ± 80 µg WP/mL), and isomaltase (IC25: 830 ± 60 µg WP/mL) activities. Selected individual walnut (poly)phenols inhibited human salivary α-amylase in the order: 1,3,4,6-tetragalloylglucose > ellagic acid pentoside > 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, with no inhibition by ellagic acid, gallic acid and 4-O-methylgallic acid. The (poly)phenol-rich walnut extract also attenuated (up to 59 %) the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-glucose across differentiated Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayers. This is the first report on the effect of (poly)phenol-rich extracts from any commonly-consumed nut kernel on any human starch-digesting enzyme, and suggests a mechanism through which walnut consumption may lower postprandial glucose spikes and contribute to their proposed health benefits.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial extracts from grape stalks obtained with subcritical water. Potential use in active food packaging development

In order to valorise winemaking grape stalks, subcritical water extraction at 160 and 180 °C has been carried out to obtain phenolic-rich extracts useful for developing active food packaging materials. Red (R) and white (W) varieties (from Requena, Spain) were used, and thus, four kinds of extracts were obtained. These were characterised as to their composition, thermal stability and antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The extracts were incorporated at 6 wt% into polylactic acid (PLA) films and their effect on the optical and barrier properties of the films and their protective effect against sunflower oil oxidation was analysed. Carbohydrates were the major compounds (25–38%) in the extracts that contained 3.5–6.6% of phenolic compounds, the R extracts being the richest, with higher radical scavenging capacity. Every extract exhibited antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, while PLA films with extracts preserved sunflower oil against oxidation.

The Effect of Phenolic-Rich Extracts of Rubus fruticosus, R. ulmifolius and Morus nigra on Oxidative Stress and Caco-2 Inhibition Growth.

Currently, a clear interest has been given to berries due to their richness in active metabolites, including anthocyanins and non-coloured phenolics. Therefore, the main aim of the present work is to investigate the phenolic profile, antioxidant abilities, and antiproliferative effects on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) cells of phenolic-rich extracts from three red fruits highly appreciated by consumers: two species of blackberries (Rubus fruticosus and Rubus ulmifolius) and one species of mulberry (Morus nigra). A total of 19 different phenolics were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn and HPLC-DAD, respectively. Focusing on the biological potential of the phenolic-rich extracts, all of them revealed notable scavenging abilities. Concerning the antiproliferative properties, R. fruticosus presented a cytotoxic selectivity for Caco-2 cells compared to NHDF cells. To deeper explore the biological potential, combinations with positive controls (ascorbic acid and 5-fluorouracil) were also conducted. Finally, the obtained data are another piece of evidence that the combination of phenolic-rich extracts from natural plants with positive controls may reduce clinical therapy costs and the possible toxicity of chemical drugs.

Phenolic-rich extract from Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf cultivated under drought stress conditions modulates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Pers (Crassulaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. There is preclinical and clinical evidence that proves its anti-inflammatory effect. This species is a good source of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, being quercetin 3-O-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (Bp1), the main compound. However, to ensure the reproducibility of raw material as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, it is necessary to standardize the production chain from cultivation to the final product. The aim of this study was to understand whether water stress increases the phenolic content in B. pinnatum leaves and its effect on the modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. B. pinnatum was submitted to drought stress, with daily watering suspended for specified periods: 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days, along with a cyclic regimen involving 10 days of water deprivation followed by 10 days of regular watering for recovery (denoted as T0, T5t, T10t, T20t, T30t, and T10tcyc, respectively). For each water stress treatment (n = 10), there were control plants (n = 10) that received daily watering. After treatment, dry leaf extracts from each sample were prepared. Subsequently, the total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolics (TPC) content were performed using spectrophotometric tests. Ultrafast liquid chromatography was used to quantify the main compound (Bp1) in the extracts. Extracts under different stress conditions showed no signs of cytotoxicity (RAW 264.7 cells) and were able to donate electrons in in vitro assays (CAT, reducing power, and DPPH). Extracts with high TPC (T20t and T30t) in the ear edema model induced by croton oil at a dose of 200 mg/kg orally showed an anti-inflammatory effect when compared to positive control, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, orally). Regarding the Bp1 content, no major differences between the groups were observed. The results demonstrate that water stress is a promising and sustainable strategy for cultivating B. pinnatum to increase the phenolic content and positively modulate its pharmacological effects. Therefore, phenolic-rich extract of B. pinnatum can be obtained with low water resource consumption and it is a good source to use as an active ingredient in herbal medicines or supplements.

Impact of Air-Drying Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Physicochemical Properties, and Bioactive Profile of Ginger.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perishable commodity that requires proper processing to maintain its bioactivity. This study evaluated the effect of different air-drying temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) on ginger's drying kinetics and quality attributes. For an enhanced understanding of the drying kinetics, we employed a detailed approach by combining an existing drying model (namely, Midilli) with the Arrhenius model. This combined model facilitates a thorough analysis of how temperature and time concurrently affect the moisture ratio, offering more profound insights into the drying mechanism. A higher drying rate was achieved at 70 °C, yet elevated drying temperatures could compromise the quality attributes of ginger slices. Ginger slices dried at 50 °C displayed improved physicochemical properties and less color browning. The evaluation of the bioactivity profile of resultant ginger extracts also revealed higher total phenolic contents (1875.87 ± 31.40 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.2 ± 0.9 mg TE/kg) in 50 °C treated ginger samples. Meanwhile, the hydroethanolic mixture (70% ethanol) was also reorganized with better extraction efficiency than water and MWF (a ternary blend of methanol, water, and formic acid) solution. The promising outcomes of this study endorse the influence of drying temperature on the quality characteristics and bioactive profile of ginger and the selection of suitable extraction solvents to acquire phenolic-rich extract.

Investigating the effect of polyphenols from nuts on human carbohydrate digestion in vitro

Recent studies have documented the importance of postprandial hyperglycaemia in the incidence of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of digestive enzymes, including membrane-bound brush-border α-glucosidases, leads to slowed carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and reduced postprandial glycemia. Nuts are widely eaten around the world and have the potential to inhibit α-glucosidases through their content of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. According to our recent systematic review(1), no study has investigated the inhibitory effects of nut extracts on human α-glucosidase activities. Almost all studies in this area have been conducted on yeast α-glucosidase, with only a few using rat α-glucosidase. While there is no sequence homology between yeast and human α-glucosidase, there is 74% to 78% sequence homology between rat and human α-glucosidases(1). The lack of studies on the effect of bioactive compounds from nuts on human α-glucosidases, along with the growing attention to nuts as an important component of a healthy diet with the potential to reduce the risk of chronic diseases(2), highlights the need for research to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nut extracts on human α-glucosidases. The aim of the current study is to explore the inhibitory effect of extracts from nuts on human carbohydrate digestive enzymes. Walnuts and almonds were ground and defatted with hexane, extracted in 80% (v/v) acetone, and further purified using solid-phase extraction to obtain phenolic-rich extracts. The Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used to approximate the polyphenol content of the samples. Following our recently published detailed protocol(3), cell-free extracts from human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells were used as a source of α-glucosidase in enzyme inhibition assays, with sucrose, maltose and isomaltose as substrates and appropriate controls. The assay products were quantified using high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Glucose production in the presence of various concentrations of phenol-rich nut extracts was compared using a one-way ANOVA and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated. The Folin–Ciocalteu data demonstrate that walnut extracts comprise a relatively high polyphenol content, with 18.1 ± 0.23 mg (epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG] equivalent) per gram of fresh weight, while almond extracts contain 0.87 ± 0.03 mg EGCG equivalent/g of fresh weight. The walnut phenolic-rich extract dose-dependently inhibited human intestinal sucrase and maltase activities (both p<0.01), with IC50 values of 1.67 mg/mL and 2.84 mg/mL, respectively. We demonstrate that phenolic-rich walnut extracts can inhibit human α-glucosidases in vitro and therefore walnuts may contribute to slowing carbohydrate digestion in humans. As such, we plan to assess the effects of walnuts on postprandial glycaemia in vivo.

Hypoglycemic activity in vivo and in vitro of the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seed skin (testa) phenolic-rich extracts

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seed, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, exhibits good hypoglycemic activities. However, the bioactive components that are responsible for the biological effects and their underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study aimed to identify the bioactive components of lotus seed skin phenolic-rich extract (LSSE) and investigate their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In vivo study showed that LSSE could significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose levels and the area under the curves with dose-dependent manners in diabetes mellitus mice. And the α-glucosidase activity was decreased by 39.4% after intervention with LSSE. The results also demonstrated that LSSE possessed up to 77.53% rat intestinal maltase inhibitory activity and general sucrase and isomaltase inhibitory activity. A total of 38 phenolic compounds were first quantified in LSSE. Molecular docking analysis further revealed that the bioactive components in LSSE bind with α-glucosidase by hydrogen bonding Van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions. These results indicate the potential use of LSSE for natural hypoglycemic functional foods.

Dehydration of phenolic-rich extract from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel by foam mat drying

Foam mat drying was used for the dehydration of a phenolic-rich rambutan peel extract. Foam products were evaluated for their physicochemical stability during storage. Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of foaming (10% of egg albumin/soy protein/pea protein) and stabilizing agents (0.5% of methylcellulose); storage conditions i.e. type of packages (polyethylene, glass), packaging techniques (modified atmosphere packaging, vacuum) under light or dark at 30 °C on phenolic compositions, antioxidant activity, water activity (aw), and color of foam products during 5 months storage. Foam products produced from egg albumin showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (8.73 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (7.47–9.70 mg TE/g). During storage, TPC, antioxidant activity, and the amount of individual phenolic compounds (geraniin, corilagin, rutin, ellagic acid, and quercetin) mostly decreased independent of the presence of light. Aw in all samples increased from 0.25 to 0.38 - 0.45 (except for the samples in glass packaging); whereas the color of the samples was insignificantly changed for 5 months. Rambutan peel phenolic-rich extract encapsulated within egg albumin can be stored at least 5 months with minimal quality changes and might be used as a food preservative ingredient.

Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of phenolic-rich extract of Commiphora leptophloeos against inflammatory bowel disease: Preclinical evidence

Ethnopharmacology relevanceCommiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillet (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil, popularly known as “imburana”. Homemade leaf decoction and maceration were used to treat general inflammatory problems in the Brazilian Northeast population. Our previous research confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the C. leptophloeos hydroalcoholic leaf extract. Aim of the studyInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut with no ideal treatment to maintain the remissive status. This work aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and physicochemical properties of the C. leptophloeos hydroalcoholic leaf extract and its efficacy in chemopreventive and immunomodulatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease in non-clinical models. Materials and methodsMass spectrometry and physicochemical tests determined the phytochemical profile and physicochemical characteristics of the Commiphora leptophloeos (CL) extract. The chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of CL extract (50 and 125 μg/mL) were evaluated in vitro in the RAW 264.7 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cell assay and in vivo in the model of intestinal inflammation induced by 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) in mice when they were treated with CL extract by intragastric gavage (i.g.) at doses of 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg. ResultsPhytochemical annotation of CL extract showed a complex phenolic composition, characterized as phenolic acids and flavonoids, and satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. In addition, CL extract maintained the viability of RAW macrophages, reduced ROS and NO production, and negatively regulated COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 (p < 0.05). In the intestinal inflammation model, CL extract was able to downregulate NF-κB p65/COX-2, mTOR, iNOS, IL-17, decrease levels of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (p < 0.05). ConclusionBased on these findings, CL extract reduced inflammatory responses by down-regulating pro-inflammatory markers in macrophages induced by LPS and DNBS-induced colitis in mice through NF-κB p65/COX-2 signaling. CL leaf extract requires further investigation as a candidate for treating inflammatory bowel disease.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Waste Valorization: Unveiling the Phenolic Profile and Biological Potential for the Creation of Bioactive Agents through Subcritical Water Extraction.

Onion skin waste (OSW), the primary non-edible byproduct from onion processing, offers a renewable source of bioactive compounds. This study aims to valorize OSW through subcritical water extraction (SWE), aligning with a circular economy and biorefinery principles. SWE was carried out at 145 °C and 50 bar for 50 min in a discontinuous reactor, producing a phenolic-rich extract (32.3 ± 2.6 mg/g) dominated by protocatechuic acid (20.3 ± 2.5 mg/g), quercetin-4'-O-glucoside (7.5 ± 0.2 mg/g), and quercetin (3.2 ± 0.6 mg/g). Additionally, the extract contains sugars (207.1 ± 20.3 mg sucrose-Eq/g), proteins (22.8 ± 1.6 mg BSA-Eq/g), and free amino acids (20.4 ± 1.2 mg arginine-Eq/g). Its phenolic richness determines its scavenging activity against ●NO and O2●- radicals and its α-glucosidase and aldose-reductase inhibition without affecting α-amylase. Notably, the extract demonstrates significant α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 75.6 ± 43.5 µg/mL), surpassing acarbose (IC50 = 129.5 ± 1.0 µg/mL) in both pure enzyme and cell culture tests without showing cytotoxicity to AGS, HepG2, and Caco-2 human cell lines. The extract's bioactivity and nutritional content make it suitable for developing antioxidant and antidiabetic nutraceutical/food components, highlighting SWE's potential for OSW valorization without using organic solvents.

In Vitro Screening and Lipid-Lowering Effect of Prickly Pear (Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Mill.) Fruit Extracts in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes and Mature Adipocytes

Opuntia ficus-indica fruits have been widely used due to their nutritional composition and beneficial effects on health, particularly against chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, among others. In recent years, prickly pear peel and pulp extracts have been characterised, and a high number of bioactive compounds have been identified. This study aimed to analyse the triglyceride-lowering effect of prickly pear peel and pulp extracts obtained from fruits of three varieties (Pelota, Sanguinos, and Colorada) in 3T3-L1 maturing and mature adipocytes. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, peel extracts from Colorada reduced triglyceride accumulation in pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Additionally, at 25 µg/mL, Pelota peel extract decreased triglyceride content in mature adipocytes. Moreover, maturing pre-adipocytes treated with 50 and 25 µg/mL of Sanguinos pulp extract showed a reduction of triglyceride accumulation. In addition, the lipid-lowering effect of the main individual betalain and phenolic compounds standards were assayed. Piscidic acid and isorhamnetin glycoside (IG2), found in Colorada peel extract, were identified as the bioactive compounds that could contribute more notably to the triglyceride-lowering effect of the extract. Thus, the betalain and phenolic-rich extracts from Opuntia ficus indica fruits may serve as an effective tool in obesity management.

Study of the stability of hydroelectrolytic sports beverages enriched with phenolic extract from jaboticaba peel or blueberry pulp

This study evaluated the impact of light exposure and storage conditions on sports beverages enriched with phenolic extracts from jaboticaba peel and blueberry pulp over a period of 91 days. The analysis encompassed various parameters, including microbial assessments, phenolic content, anthocyanin concentrations, color coordinates, and the stability of anthocyanin compounds. The results indicated that the applied heat treatment effectively maintained the beverages' microbiological safety, with the phenolic-rich extracts showcasing antimicrobial properties. Both beverages exhibited stability in total phenolic content. However, anthocyanin concentrations experienced significant reductions, although certain stabilizing factors, such as interactions between anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, contributed to color preservation. The study highlights the complexities of anthocyanin degradation and its effects on the color, flavor, and antioxidant properties of these enriched sports beverages.