Phenolic Content Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Mace)

Mace, also known as the flower of nutmeg, belongs to the family Myristicaceae. Traditionally, mace is known to be anti-fungal, antidepressant, aphrodisiac, digestive and carminative agent. The active components present in mace are responsible for its antioxidant properties. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, carbohydrates as well as proteins and amino acids. The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of mace was 238.52 (mg Gallic acid equivalents per gram weight). The DPPH scavenging activity was 85.2% at 500μg/ml concentration, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The present study evaluates the quantitative phytochemicals, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts of Mace, so that it can be used as complete functional food.

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Date-Pits of Seven Algerian Date Palm Fruit Varieties

The total phenolic content of methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts of pits from seven Algerian palm date (Phœnix dactylifera L.) fruit varieties was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Their respective antioxidant activities were evaluated by the DPPH· and the Co(II)-EDTA luminol chemiluminescence tests and their phenolic profile was established by LC-DAD-MS (ESI− and ESI+). The total phenolic content of the methanolic extracts ranged from 27.2 to 38.5 mg of caffeic acid equivalents CAE/100 g fresh weight, while the ethyl acetate extracts gave contents ranging from 22.8 to 42.6 mg CAE/100 g fresh weight. The antiradical and the hydroxyl scavenging activities of the methanolic extracts were much higher than those of the ethyl acetate extracts. The different varieties that were studied did not show any major difference in their phenolic profile. Indeed, all the varieties contained mainly catechin or epi catechin derivatives, sinapic, cinnamic, and coumaric acid derivatives. However, it should be noted that, unexpectedly, a glycosylated aurone was tentatively identified in the Tazizaout variety. Further investigations are required to characterise the non-identified flavonoids.

Hairy roots of Dracocephalum moldavica: rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant potential

Hairy roots of Dracocephalum moldavica L. were induced using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. Transformed roots were obtained from shoot explants with low transformation frequency of up to 3 %. The effects of different liquid media: Murashige and Skoog (MS), Gamborg et al. (B5) and Woody Plant (WP) with full- and half-strength (½MS, ½B5, ½WP), on biomass accumulation and rosmarinic acid (RA) content were investigated. The hairy roots were cultured in photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark) and darkness. Biomass of D. moldavica hairy roots was the highest (7.23 g flask−1 of fresh weight and 0.89 g flask−1 of dry weight) in the cultures grown in WP medium under periodic light. Ultra performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the highest RA content (78 mg g−1 dry wt) in roots cultured in ½B5 medium under photoperiod conditions. It was about tenfold higher compared to roots of field-grown mother plants. Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of D. moldavica hairy roots cultured in ½B5 and WP media under photoperiod and darkness and roots of field grown plants were compared. All extracts were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and phosphomolybdenum reduction assays. Total phenolic contents were estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The methanolic extract of D. moldavica hairy roots grown in ½B5 medium under photoperiod possessed the strongest effects on reducing Mo and DPPH radical scavenging. The activities were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than those of methanolic extract of roots of intact plants grown in the field. The most active methanolic extract of hairy roots was characterized by the highest level of rosmarinic acid and total content of phenolic compounds.

Evaluation of total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical screening of different extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi (fruits)

The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening, the free radical scavenging activity and to determine the total phenolic content of methanolic extract and different solvent soluble fractions of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (Oxalidiaceae) fruits. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by analyzing the bleaching rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, which results were expressed in gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g of sample). The phytochemical screening revealed the potent source of different phytochemical constituents on different extractives including, phenol, flavonoid, tannin that are responsible for antioxidant action. In the determination of total phenolic content, different extractives showed a significant content of phenolic compounds ranging from 50.23-68.67 mg of GAE/g of extractive. The plant sample displayed significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest IC50 value in crude methanolic extract (30.365 ?g/ml) followed by chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, pet-ether and aqueous soluble fractions having value of 32.852 ?g/ml, 36.708 ?g/ml, 50.35 ?g/ml, and 79.918 ?g/ml, respectively as opposed to that of the scavenging effects of BHT of 19.656 ?g/ml.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i4.14058 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, March 2013, 2(4): 92-96

A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Morus alba L. (Moraceae)

BackgroundAntioxidants play an important role to protect damage caused by oxidative stress (OS). Plants having phenolic contents are reported to possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant properties and phenolic contents (total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthrocyanidins) of methanolic extracts from Morus alba (locally named as Tut and commonly known as white mulberry) stem barks (TSB), root bark (TRB), leaves (TL) and fruits (TF) to make a statistical correlation between phenolic contents and antioxidant potential.MethodsThe antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of methanolic extractives were evaluated by in vitro standard method using spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activities were determined by total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay methods.ResultsAmong the extracts, TSB showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by TRB, TF and TL. Based on DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, the TSB extract was the most effective one with IC50 37.75 and 58.90 μg/mL, followed by TRB, TF and TL with IC50 40.20 and 102.03; 175.01 and 114.63 and 220.23 and 234.63 μg/mL, respectively. The TSB extract had the most potent inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation with IC50 145.31 μg/mL. In addition, the reducing capacity on ferrous ion was in the following order: TSB > TRB > TL > TF. The content of phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins of TSB was found to be higher than other extractives.ConclusionThe results indicate high correlation and regression (p-value <0 .001) between phenolic contents and antioxidant potentials of the extracts, hence the Tut plant could serve as effective free radical inhibitor or scavenger which may be a good candidate for pharmaceutical plant-based products. However, further exploration is necessary for effective use in both modern and traditional system of medicines.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT, ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY AND FREE RADICALSCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF MOMORDICA DIOICA ROXB.EX WILD. &amp; MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. (CUCURBITACEAE)

The fruits of Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Wild. &amp; Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) are used as vegetable in India. The fruits are used in the management of diabetes and other diseases. Since these effects may be correlated with the presence of anti-oxidant compounds, methanol and 70% acetone extracts of these plants were evaluated and compared for their total phenolic content, anti-oxidant activity and radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic content of methanol extract of both fruits was found to be relatively higher than acetone extract. The anti-oxidant potential of the extracts were assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as reducing power assay, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, OH radical scavenging capacities, peroxidation inhibiting activity through linoleic acid emulsion system and anti-hemolytic assay. Though all the extracts exhibited dose dependent reducing power activity, acetone extracts of the samples were found to have more hydrogen donating ability.

Bioactive Compounds, RP-HPLC Analysis of Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Some Portuguese Shrub Species Extracts

In the ecosystem of Serra Da Estrela, some plant species have the potential to be used as raw material for extraction of bioactive products. The goal of this work was to determine the phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid contents of the methanolic extracts of some shrubs (Echinospartum ibericum, Pterospartum tridentatum, Juniperus communis, Ruscus aculeatus, Rubus ulmifolius, Hakea sericea, Cytisus multiflorus, Crataegus monogyna, Erica arborea and Ipomoea acuminata), and then to correlate the phenolic compounds and flavonoids with the antioxidant activity of each extract. The Folin-Ciocalteu's method was used for the determination of total phenols, and tannins were then precipitated with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP); a colorimetric method with aluminum chloride was used for the determination of flavonoids, and a Dragendorff's reagent method was used for total alkaloid estimation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and beta-carotene bleaching tests were used to assess the antioxidant activity of extracts. The identification of phenolic compounds present in extracts was performed using RP-HPLC. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity index and total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was observed. The RP-HPLC procedure showed that the most common compounds were ferulic and ellagic acids and quercetin. Most of the studied shrubs have significant antioxidant properties that are probably due to the existence of phenolic compounds in the extracts. It is noteworthy to emphasize that for Echinospartum ibericum, Hakea sericea and Ipomoea acuminata, to the best of our knowledge, no phytochemical studies have been undertaken nor their use in traditional medicine been described.

Screening of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Algeria

The phenolic contents of methanolic extracts from five varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Algeria, Deglet Nour (DN), Degla Baidha (DB), Ghars (Gh), Tamjhourt (Tam), and Tafezauine (Taf) were measured in this work. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were also evaluated. Total phenolic content ranged from 41.80 to 84.73 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g and the total flavonoid content varied from 7.52 to 14.10 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts were evaluated in vitro using scavenging assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical ion (ABTS+) and potassium ferricyanide complex as reducing power assay. Effective scavenging concentration (IC50) on DPPH radical ranged from 10.83 to 21.27 mg/l, the IC50 values decreased in the order DN > Gh > Tam > DB > Taf. ABTS radical cation scavenging activity (trolox equivalent 1.66–3.35 mM), the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values decreased in the order of DN > Gh > DB > Tam > Taf. In the potassium ferricyanide complex assay, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts ranged between 2.06 and 4.21 mM ascorbic acid equivalents and the ascorbic acid equivalents antioxidant capacity values of the extracts decreased in the order Gh > Tam > DB > DN > Taf. These results suggest that all date varieties constitute a good source of natural antioxidants and could potentially be considered as a functional food.

Heavy Metals Bounding Ability of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel in Model System

Pomegranate fruit is an important sources of natural phenolic compounds. In this study, the influence of pomegranate fruit peel on binding of some heavy metals were established by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Also, the total phenolic content of methanol extract of pomegranate fruit peel was determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Amounts of 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 40, and 60 g of ground peel were used in this experiment. After pomegranate samples were weighed, they were added into 500 ml baker. Each sample was treated by several solutions contained the heavy metal elements at different concentrations. The heavy metal contents in the solutions prepared with ground material were decreased with increasing of ground material. At the same time, the bounding rate of heavy metals increased with the increase of ground peel amounts. Lead (Pb) with 99.2% rate for solution obtained from 20 g ground sample was the highest bound element. It can be observed from these results that the amount of metal ions bound by the ground material differed from on fraction to others.

Antioxidant Capacity and Antimutagenicity of Thermal Processed Thai Foods

Ten different foods containing local Thai vegetables were selected to study their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. The antioxidant capacity, antimutagenicity, and total phenolic content of methanol extracts obtained from cooked food samples exhibited a wide variation ranging from 24-140 mg vitamin C equivalent/100 g, 53-93% and 35-125 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g. The three foods highest in antioxidant capacity were Kaeng Hoi Bai Chaplu (wild betal curry), Phat Sator (stir-fried petai beans), and Kaeng Pa Gai (mixed vegetables curry). The foods that exhibited an antimutagenicity greater than 85% were Tomkathi Saibua (water lily stalk curry), Kaeng Pa Gai, Kaeng Taipla (southern curry), and Kaeng Lueang Khun (giant taro stem curry). Next, aiming to develop retort pouch food products, the effect of sterilization heat (121°C) on four selected foods was studied. Antioxidant capacity, antimutagenicity, and total phenolic content increased by 0-120%, 13-40%, and 6-54% after sterilization, respectively.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of methanol extracts of Ixora coccinea

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae) flower, leaf and stem.Materials and methods: The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and xanthine oxidase inhibition assay were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract. The IC50 values were calculated for the DPPH and xanthine oxidase assays in order to evaluate the antioxidant efficiency of each of the I. coccinea extracts. The phenol contents were also determined.Results: I. coccinea flowers revealed the best antioxidant property, presenting much lower IC50 value (6.6 mg/mL for DPPH assay). The flower extract showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared to the other extracts. Furthermore, the highest phenolic content (polyphenols) was found in the flower extract (210.55 ± 6.31 µg GAE/mg extract). Moreover, I. coccinea extracts scavenged the superoxide radical generated by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. The xanthine oxidase inhibition activity was in the order of allopurinol > leaf > flower > stem with the percentage of inhibition ranged from 39.7% to 77.3% for the plant parts investigated. The highest phenolic contents (polyphenols) were found in the flower extracts (210.55 ± 6.31 µg GAE/mg extract).Conclusions: I. coccinea could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Methanolic Extracts from Male Inflorescence of Salix aegyptiaca Grown in Iran.

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of the methanolic extracts from male inflorescence of Salix aegyptiaca L. grown in Iran. The methanolic extract (ME) and its three fractions including water (WF), butanol (BF) and chloroform (CF) were prepared and then their antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic contents, were evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Among the different fractions of methanol extract, BF indicated the most antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 27.7 μg/mL and total phenols of 313.8 ppm, which is comparable with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (IC50 = 26.5μg/mL). The antioxidant activities of the other fractions decreased in the order of ME >WF > CF. The potent antioxidant activity of S. aegyptiaca supported its possible use as a natural antioxidant in food industries and other pharmaceutical preparations.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Agaricus brasiliensis ( Agaricus blazei Murril) in two stages of maturity

The antioxidant capability and total phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of Agaricus brasiliensis in two stages of maturity, young (YB) and mature (MB), were evaluated in this work. Four complementary assays, reducing power, radical scavenging capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and chelating ability for ferrous ions were used to screen the antioxidant properties of extracts. Minor differences in the composition of phenolic compounds were detected, but the extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, except for the chelating ability for ferrous ions, higher in MB than in YB. Our results support the use of both young and mature fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei as sources of antioxidant compounds.

복분자 추출물을 첨가한 돈육패티의 항산화 활성평가

This study was performed to investigate the physicochemical properties and antioxidative activities of water or methanol extracts of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus), and pork patties containing bokbunja extract at various levels. The total phenolic content of methanol extract (6.76 g/100 g, dry base) was higher than that of water extract (3.38 g/100 g, dry base). In addition, methanol extract had higher 1,1`-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than water extract at low concentrations (0.025-0.1%). However, no significant differences were found at high concentrations (0.2% or higher) (p>0.05). The DPPH radical scavenging activities of methanol and water extracts were 76.97% and 74.87% at 0.2% level, respectively. The lightness and yellowness values of pork patties containing Bokbunja extract decreased with increasing concentrations. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in pork patties with Bokbunja extract were lower than that of the control (p

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of emblica fruit ( Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in China

The phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of emblica ( Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit from six regions in China were measured in this work. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were also evaluated. Total phenolic content was ranged from 81.5 to 120.9 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and the flavonoid content was varied from 20.3 to 38.7 mg quecetin equivalents (QE)/g, while proanthocyanidin content was ranged from 3.7 to 18.7 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g. Among all the methanolic extracts analyzed, the Huizhou sample exhibited a significantly higher phenolic content than other samples ( P<0.05). The antioxidant activities were evaluated by in vitro experiments using scavenging assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, chelating ability of ferrous ion, reducing power, and inhibition capability of Fe (II)-induced lipid peroxidation, respectively. The Huizhou sample was found to have the strongest antioxidant activities in scavenging DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and had the highest reducing power, while the Chuxiong sample showed the best performance in chelating iron and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the Chuxiong sample exhibited a stronger inhibition activity of the hydroxyl radicals compared with other samples. The high correlation coefficient was existed between the phenolic content and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, but no significant correlation was found between the former and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extracts of emblica fruit from some selected regions exhibited stronger antioxidant activities compared to those of the commercial compounds (quercetin and BHA). It might be considered as a potential plant source of antioxidants.

Antioxidant potency of cumin varieties—cumin, black cumin and bitter cumin—on antioxidant systems

Cumin is one of the commonly used spices in food preparations. It is also used in traditional medicine as a stimulant, a carminative and an astringent. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant activity of three commercially available cumin varieties, viz., cumin (Cuminum cyminum), black cumin (Nigella sativa) and bitter cumin (C. nigrum). The antioxidant capacity of cumin varieties was tested on Fe2+ ascorbate induced rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, soybean lipoxygenase dependent lipid peroxidation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of cumin varieties ranged from 4.1 to 53.6 mg g−1 dry weight. Methanolic extracts of all the three varieties of cumin showed higher antioxidant activity compared with that of the aqueous extract. Among the cumin varieties, bitter cumin showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by cumin and black cumin in different antioxidant systems. IC50 values of the methanolic extract of bitter cumin were found to be 0.32, 0.1 and 0.07 mg dry weight of cumin seeds on the lipoxygenase dependent lipid peroxidation system, the DPPH radical scavenging system and the rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation system, respectively. The data also show that cumin is a potent antioxidant capable of scavenging hydroxy, peroxy and DPPH free radicals and thus inhibits radical-mediated lipid peroxidation. The high antioxidant activity of bitter cumin can be correlated to the high phenolic content among the three cumin varieties. Thus, bitter cumin with a high phenolic content and good antioxidant activity can be supplemented for both nutritional purposes and preservation of foods.