Phenolic Content Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extract of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

In this study, the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Lemon-Scented Eucalyptus) were harvested and collected from Üzümlü neighborhood of Fethiye district of Muğla in 2021. Chemical content analysis of steam distillation and hydrodistillation of essential oils were determined by GC-MS, while phenolic content of methanol extract was determined by HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activities of essential oils and methanol extracts were determined by DPPH radical removal, ABTS cation removal, β-carotene linoleic acid, and CUPRAC activity methods; Anticholinesterase activity against AChE and BChE enzymes was determined by Ellman method; and tyrosinase inhibition associated with melanin hyperpigmentation, α-amylase inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities associated with diabetes were determined as an in vitro. The bioactivities and chemical contents of E. citriodora species, a great value of, Türkiye, were determined, bringing new natural products to organic chemistry. As a result of the study, new bioactive extracts would be obtained and thus, they can effectively reveal the potential of new business opportunities. Since methanol extract is effective against incurable diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes, it will also be possible to develop therapeutics of such diseases by investigating the advanced chemistry and in vivo activities of the extracts with new projects.

Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid content of Ocimum basilicum L. callus cultures obtained by different plant growth regulators

In this study, binary combinations of five plant growth regulators (PGR) were used for the cultivation of Ocimum basilicum L. calluses. Antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents of O. basilicum L. calluses were determined by keeping the concentrations and solvents of PGR constant.The total phenolic content of ethanol extracts of O. basilicum L. calluses was between 1.044 ±0.188 and 0.417 ±0.049 mg of GAE/g; total phenolic content of methanol extracts was between 2.547 ±0.110 and 0.701 ±0.095 mg of GAE/g. The total flavonoid content of ethanol extracts was between 2.058 ±0.122 and 0.446 ±0.063 mg of quercetin/g, whereas the total flavonoid content of methanol extracts was between 3.010 ±0.336 and 0.341 ±0.041 mg of quercetin/g. The antioxidant content of ethanol extracts was between 2.826 ±0.141 and 5.736 ±0.201 mmol/g of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the antioxidant content of methanol extracts was between 4.186 ±0.394 and 1.050 ±0.211 mmol/g of TEAC.

Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Diospyros kaki Leaves

Medicinal plants have a significant contribution of ensuring health and wellbeing of the people throughout the world. From primitive periods, plant leaves, stems, flowers, seeds and roots were used for recovery and protection of various pathologic conditions as well as in beauty formulas, foods preparations and beverages. Therefore, the motive of this work was to determine the phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon; Japan) leaves. The leaves were collected from the Modern Horticulture Centre, Zautola, Fulbagan, Natore, Bangladesh in October, 2021. The leaves were sun dried and crushed into coarse powder and extracted by methanol and ethyl acetate solvent. The phenolic content of methanol extract of Diospyros kaki leaves (DKLM) possessed 5.097 ± 0.245 mg of GAEs/gm of extract which was slightly greater than ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros kaki leaves (DKLEA) 2.226 ± 0.109 mg of GAEs/gm of extract and in case of flavonoid content both of the extracts possessed almost similar quantity. Again, the antioxidant capacity of DKLM was more than DKLEA and also DKLM displayed more reducing power capacity as compared to the DKLEA & it exhibited activity in a concentrated dependent manner. However, the effect of DKLM in DPPH radical scavenging capacity was significantly good as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). So further work is necessary to determine particular bioactive compound, evaluate their chemical characteristics, and pharmacological activities of this fruit. It also necessary to analyze other plant parts of persimmon.

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Sequentially extracted Leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (Rejicho)

BackgroundThough there are reports about V. auriculifera antimicrobial activity, there is not enough information about its activity on some bacterial and fungal species. Besides, there was no quantitative evaluation done for phytochemicals previously. Therefore, the main purpose of this research work is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and quantitative evaluation of the phenol and flavonoid contents of V. auriculifera.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to conduct the antimicrobial and quantitative evaluation of a sequentially extracted leaf of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern.MethodsThe leaves of the plant were cleaned with tap water and air-dried. The grounded leaf product was subsequently extracted by hexane, chloroform, and methanol in maceration flasks. Then the total phenol and total flavonoid content in each extract were determined. Standard strains of bacterial and fungal species were used to assess the antibacterial, and antifungal susceptibility test and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of crude extract.ResultExtraction yield for hexane, chloroform, and methanol was 0.6 ± 0.05%, 1.7 ± 0.02%, and 3.3 ± 0.01% respectively. The total phenolic content of methanol extract was 72.998 ± 0.002 mg GAE /g. The total flavonoid content of hexane and chloroform extracts were 2.59 ± 0.004 mg QE/g and 9.6 ± 0.02 mg QE/g respectively. The antimicrobial activity test showed the chloroform extract was the most active against all test microorganisms.ConclusionThis study has shown the activity of V. auriculifera against selected microorganisms of study. The chloroform extract was the most active as compared to the hexane and methanol extracts.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Piper methysticum

Piper methysticum G. Forst., commonly known as Kava, is a dioecious perennial herb which is traditionally an important medicinal plant. The plant is used to treat fever, respiratory diseases, seizures, and urogenital problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and analgesic potential of methanol extract of Piper methysticum leaf. Phytochemical screenings of the crude extract revealed the occurrence of acidic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, gums, flavonoids, and combined reducing sugars. During antioxidant activity test, the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 42.66 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract and it displayed the IC50 value of 6.59 μg/ml to remove DPPH free radicals as compared to the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (IC50 = 6.38 μg/ml). The extract showed cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with an LC50 of 60.94 μg/ml. Moreover, the test extract was found to be effective for stabilizing erythrocyte membrane against hypotonic solution induced hemolysis. The extract exhibited dose-dependent pain-relieving activity in mice. At doses of 250- and 500-mg/kg body weight, the plant sample revealed 26.9 2% and 37.95 % of reduction in pain sensation induced by acetic acid, respectively when compared to the standard diclofenac-Na (54.81%). The above results suggest that the selected plant extract possesses antioxidant, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and analgesic activities. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 25(1): 73-79, 2022 (January)

METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Jatropha tanjorensis Ellis and Saroja POSSESS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS WITH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY

The body during normal metabolic function produces free radicals which are highly reactive species. Free radicals could also be introduced into the body from the environment. The oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species can result in DNA mutation, membrane protein damage and cell membrane disintegration. The present study assayed the preliminary phytochemicals, total phenolics and total flavonoids and free radicals scavenging ability of methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf. Standard methods for determining phytochemicals, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxidation scavenging activity were employed. The phytochemical screening result revealed the presences of phenols, flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, tannins, terpernoids and steroids. The total phenolic content of methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf measured by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 11.35±0.82mgGAE/g. The flavonoid content of the plant sample calculated as Quercetin equivalent was 15.91±1.60mgQCE/g. GC-MS results revealed relevant pharmacological bioactive compounds. The antioxidative activity of the plant’s extract correlated with total phenolic content. The radical scavenging activity showed a dose dependent increase in the reducing power. The minimum NO inhibitory activity was 8.88±0.63 at 200µg/ml and the maximum activity was 32.70±2.71 at 800µg/ml. The minimum percentage H2O2 radical inhibitory activity was 8.30±0.88 at 200µg/ml and a maximum activity was 22.80±2.28 at 800µg/ml. There was also an increase scavenging effect of lipid peroxide radical in concentration dependent manner. The results of this study indicate that the leaf of Jatropha tanjorensis possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitor

Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Hamadan Propolis as a Potential Anticancer Agent

: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and anticancer activity of Hamadan propolis essential oil and methanolic extract on HCT116 cell line. The anticancer activity of propolis methanolic extract and essential oil was evaluated by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) test on the colorectal HCT116 cell line. The essential oil of Hamadan propolis was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total flavonoid and phenolic content of methanolic extract were assessed using the aluminum chloride colorimetric procedures and Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) assay, respectively. The results of MTT assay confirmed the anticancer properties of Hamadan propolis essential oil and methanolic extract on the HCT116 cell line. Moreover, 30 compounds were characterized from Hamadan propolis essential oil, the main compounds of which included β-udesmol (25.7%), α-udesmol (20.4%), α-copaen-11-ol (13.7%), and γ-udesmol (10.1%). In addition, the total flavonoid content and total phenolic content of the methanolic extract were 14.12 mg/g and 32.01 mg/g dry weight, respectively. In summary, the most important constituents of Hamadan propolis essential oil were β-u desmol, α-eudesmol, α-copaen, and γ-u desmol. Despite the cytotoxic effects of Hamadan propolis methanolic extract and essential oil on HCT116, further evaluation of anticancer effects of the most important constituents of propolis methanolic extract and essential oil is recommended.

Hypericum triquetrifolium and H. neurocalycinum as Sources of Antioxidants and Multi-Target Bioactive Compounds: A Comprehensive Characterization Combining In Vitro Bioassays and Integrated NMR and LC-MS Characterization by Using a Multivariate Approach.

Hypericum triquetrifolium and H. neurocalycinum were evaluated for their phytochemical content and in vitro bioactivity. NMR analyses were performed on the methanol extract of the aerial parts of H. triquetrifolium to establish the main classes of phytoconstituents. Then, LC-DAD-MSn analyses were performed in order to compare the composition of aerial parts and roots extracts of both Hypericum species, obtained using either methanol or water as solvents. Results, processed using multivariate data analysis, showed a significantly higher phenolic content of methanol extracts compared to water extracts, while minor qualitative differences were observed between the two. Distinctive flavonoid and PAC patterns were observed for H. triquetrifolium and H. neurocalycinum, and specific compounds were exclusively detected in one or the other species. Specifically, the phloroglucinols 7-epiclusianone, hyperfirin and hyperforin were present only in H. neurocalycinum, while hyperforin was detected only in H. triquetrifolium. Extracts were assayed using different in vitro tests to evaluate their antioxidant properties and their inhibitory activity against several enzymes, showing significant antioxidant and metal chelating activities. Furthermore, inhibitory properties against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and tyrosinase were observed. Multivariate approaches were used to correlate biological data with the phytochemical composition of the different extracts. The results, showing positive correlations between specific chemical constituents and the measured bioactivities, represent preliminary data that could guide future studies aimed at isolating bioactive constituents from H. neurocalycinum and H. triquetrifolium for further pharmacological evaluations.

Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity of Talaromyces funiculosus Strains

Microscopic fungi synthesize a wide range of phenolic compounds that play an important role in cell wall formation, as well as perform signaling and protective functions. One of the important functions of phenolic compounds, primarily polyphenols, is antioxidant activity. The most active polyphenols are flavonoids, their synthesis in microscopic fungi has not been studied enough. The aim of the study was to determine the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of Talaromyces funiculosus strains isolated from different econiches. Methods. 20 strains of the microscopic fungus T. funiculosus – 10 endophytes and 10 saprotrophs were used in the experiments. Cultivation of filamentous fungi was performed under submerged conditions with shaking at 210–230 rpm in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 ml of Czapek liquid medium at a temperature 26±2°C for 6 days. The biomass of the strains was filtered, dried at 70°C and extracted with 95% methanol (1:50 w/v). The total phenols content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent by the method of Arora, Chandra (2010) with some modifications and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dry weight mycelium. Flavonoids in each extract were determined spectrophotometrically with AlCl3 and expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents (QE) per g of dry weight mycelium. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was measured as radical scavenging activity by the percentage inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Results. The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of T. funiculosus strains ranged from 0.12±0.007 to 1.97±0.150 mg GAE/g. The highest level of phenolic compounds was found for saprotroph UCM F-16790 (1.97±0.150) and endophyte UCM F-16795 (1.71±0.137 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content in methanolic extracts of the studied strains varied in the range of 0.02±0.001–0.39±0.041 mg QE/g. All studied strains of T. funiculosus showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, which was 12.19±2.34–60.37±7.24% inhibition. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the total phenols and flavonoids content (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r=0.92); between antioxidant activity, phenols (r=0.82) and flavonoids (r=0.81) content in methanol extracts of T. funiculosus strains. The total content of phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant activity did not depend on the trophic group of the studied strains. The moderate correlation between flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of endophytic T. funiculosus strains (r=0.46) may be related to their ability to synthesize a wider range of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Conclusions. The studied T. funiculosus strains have the ability to synthesize phenolic compounds and flavonoids in different concentrations. Correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. The reason for phenomenon of moderate correlation (r=0.46) between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in endophytic strains may be the synthesis of other compounds by individual strains. The determination of individual components synthesized by the most active strains is of scientific interest for further study. T. funiculosus UСM F-16795 and UСM F-16790 strains had a quite high level of phenols and flavonoids. Obtained data may be promising for the search for phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties to increase plant resistance to negative impacts of environmental stress factors.

Immunomodulatory and antineoplastic efficacy of common spices and their connection with phenolic antioxidants

Background: Spices have generally offered a conventional way to avert and heal various communicable and non-communicable diseases due to their efficacy and safety and their noteworthy contribution towards understanding targeted drug action and drug delivery systems. Hence, the current investigation is designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory and antineoplastic efficacy of 15 spices that connect with the flavonoid and total polyphenol ingredients. This study includes the 15 adopted spices and their total flavonoid and polyphenol contents, cell viability assay (MTT), immunomodulatory efficacy (NO, TNF-α), and antineoplastic efficacy (using six cancer cell lines).Methods: The quantification of the flavonoid and phenolic content of methanolic extracts of 15 spices was performed by colorimetric assay. The immunomodulatory efficacy was studied according to their capacity to prevent NO and TNF-α synthesis in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cell viability was observed using MTT colorimetric assay. Antineoplastic efficacy was determined with six cancer cell lines, namely liver (HepG2), colon (HT29), breast (MCF7), pancreas (MIA PaCa2), lung (A549) and blood (Raji). Results: The outcome of significant immunomodulatory efficacy of the spices was noted in the following sequences: Acorus calamus L.(Inhibition of NO-49.32 ± 4.29 µg/mL and TNF-α 96.35 ± 8.23 µg/mL)> Alpinia galanga Wild (Inhibition of NO-55.69 ± 5.89µg/mL and TNF-α 102.36 ± 8.96 µg/mL)> Armoracia rusticana Gaerth (Inhibition of NO-82.44 ± 5.98 µg/mL and TNF-α 115.69 ± 7.59)> Capparis spinosa L. (Inhibition of NO-127.59 ± 5.68 µg/mL and TNF-α 123.58 ± 8.56 µg/mL) > Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (Inhibition of NO-169.89 ± 6.89 µg/mL and TNF-α 144.59 ± 7.89 µg/mL). The remaining spices considerably inhibited the generation of NO and TNF-α. All spices studied exhibited highly significant antineoplastic effects against all six cell lines. Noteworthy biological activities were observed in A. calamus, A. galanga, A. rusticana, C. spinose, and A. melegueta which have bulk quantities of polyphenols.Conclusion: Based on the present findings, spices are possible candidates for novel antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic agents.Keywords: Spices; cancer cell lines; immunomodulatory; antineoplastic; total polyphenol contents

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anti-diarrheal and Analgesic Activities of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and analgesic activities of methanol extract of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel buds growing in Bangladesh. The total phenolic content of methanol extract of D. malabarica and its Kupchan fractions was determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE). In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the aqueous soluble fraction of the methanol extract of D. malabarica revealed maximum free radical scavenging activity having IC50 value of 6.17 μg/ml. In antimicrobial assay, all the test samples displayed prominent antimicrobial activity against the test organisms under in vitro conditions. Among these, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction was found to exhibit the highest activity against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi, and Candida albicans with the zone of inhibition as 32, 30, 28 and 30 mm, respectively. In evaluation of antidiarrheal activity, the D. malabarica extracts showed significant anti-diarrheal potential in a dose dependent manner. During the evaluation of analgesic activity by radiant heat tail-flick method, the plant extract at 400 mg/kg b.w. exhibited highest elongation (373.04%) as compared to morphine (472.48%). On the other hand, in acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract at 200- and 400-mg/kg b.w. showed 61.11 and 66.67% inhibition of writhing in mice model, respectively as compared to 68.06% inhibition produced by the standard diclofenac-Na. The findings of this study justify some of the traditional uses of D. malabarica and reveal the bioactivity of the plants. Further studies are required to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds.
 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 27-33, 2019

EFEKTIFITAS PEMANFAATAN POTENSI SENYAWA FENOLIK KUBIS UNGU (Brassica Oleraceae var.carpitata. L) SECARA INSTRUMEN UV-VIS

Cabbage Purple (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) is one of the genus Brasica genus that is widely available in Indonesia. Purple cabbage has many benefits because it has many content, among others, vitamins A, B, C and E, mineral potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and iron, sulforafan and contain anthocyanin. The purpose of this study was to perform and determine the total phenolic content of purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea var, capitata L.). The method used in qualitative analysis is through color reaction by using specific reagent, while for quantitative analysis done by UV-Vis spectrofotometry method. For antioxidant activity test through absorbance analysis of acid error and sample absorbance from observation result on UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of this study contain phenolic compounds, as for the total phenolic content of methanol extracts that the purple cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar, capitata L.) Amounted to 1.9873 mgGAE/g extract.

Identification of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and anti-cancer effects of the extract obtained from the shoots of Ornithogalum narbonenseL.

This study aimed to examine the anti-cancer and antioxidant properties and identify the phenolic content of methanolic extract obtained from the shoots of the Ornithogalum narbonense L. (OR) species, which is used for folk-medicine and food in the Sanliurfa region of Turkey. The antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated using total phenolics, flavonoids, ABTS and CUPRAC methods. Phenolic component analysis of the plant extract was performed by LC-MS/MS. The anti-cancer property of OR extract was investigated on human colon (DLD-1), endometrium (ECC-1) cancer cells and embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Cytotoxic effects were defined with MTT, apoptotic activity with DNA fragmentation ELISA and AO/EB fluorescent staining, the genotoxic effect with the comet assay and the intracellular oxidative status with TAS and TOS methods. As a result of the study, it was determined that OR extract showed an antioxidant effect, and as a result of the content analysis made with LC-MS/MS, phenolic components were determined, the most abundant being cosmosiin, followed by cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and quinic acid. OR extract showed cytotoxic activity on DLD-1 and ECC-1 cancer cells, while the cytotoxic effect on HEK-293 cells was determined to be low. It was determined that through OR extract, by increasing the intracellular amount of free radicals on cancer cells, led to DNA damage, which consequently led to apoptosis of the cancer cells.

Phytochemistry and total phenolic content of methanol extract of Pometia pinata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. fruit flesh from Papua, Indonesia

Phytochemistry and total phenolic content of methanol extract of Pometia pinata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. fruit flesh from Papua, Indonesia

RP-HPLC/MS/MS Analysis of the Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia L. Species.

The identification and quantification of the phenolic contents of methanolic extracts of three Salvia L. species namely S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed, S. aethiopis L., and S. microstegia Boiss. and Bal. were evaluated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, UV adsorption, and mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of these species, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing assay (CUPRAC) and ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing assay (FRAP) were performed to screen the reducing capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed for evaluation of the radical scavenging activity for both solvents. In further investigation, the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species were tested using the disc diffusion method against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative microbial species, as well as three fungi species. The results showed that there is a total of 18 detectable phenols, the most abundant of which was kaempferol in S. microstegia and rosmarinic acids in S. brachyantha and S aethiopis. The other major phenols were found to be apigenin, luteolin, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid. All species tested showed moderate and lower antioxidant activity than standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extracts of Salvia species revealed a wide range of antimicrobial activity. S. brachyantha and S. microstegia showed the highest antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, whereas S. aethiopis was more effective on Y. lipolytica. None of the extracts showed anti-fungal activity against S. cerevisiae. Thus these species could be valuable due to their bioactive compounds.

Bioactivity of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Flowers and Leaves of Salvia sclarea L. from Central Iran

This study reports the essential oils chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of the leaves and flowers of Salvia sclarea. GC and GC-MS analysis of the plant essential oils led to the identification of 34 components making 99.99% of its oils. The main constituents of the essential oils were germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol and limonene constituting 54.28–65.92% of the oils. Total phenolic contents of methanol extracts of flowers and leaves, as Gallic acid equivalents, were 116.22 and 106.72 μg/mg respectively. The extracts from the flowers and leaves showed moderate to good antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test (IC50= 73.00 and 81.33 μg/mg respectively) and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay (inhibition percentages=40.25% and 47.58% respectively), but the essential oils showed low antioxidant activity in these tests. On the other hand, essential oils and extracts of the plants showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms.

Essential oil constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Lavandula stricta Delile growing wild in southern Iran

Lavandula stricta belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an endemic medicinal plant in southern Iran. Essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from two different populations of L. stricta were studied for the first time. A GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil isolated from the aerial part of L. stricta identified 31 constituents; the major constituents were α-pinene (58.34–63.52%), linalool (8.85–9.36%), 3-methyl butyl 2-methyl butanoate (7.45–7.70%), sabinene (2.84–3.56%), limonene (2.87–3.21%) and myrcene (2.25%). The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract and essential oil were determined with the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 61.05 to 64.45 mg GAE/g dry weight, and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 334.11 to 395.23 μg/mL in methanolic extracts and 420–475 μg/mL in essential oil.

Anti-oxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Methanolic Extract of Cleome viscosa L. Whole Plant and its Derived Fractions

Aim: The aim of this work is to evaluate the in ‐vitro antioxidant activity as well as estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid content of methanolic extract and fractions of Cleome viscosa L. Study Design: Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of Cleome viscosa L. Methodology: Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract (MCV) and derived hexane (HCV) and ethyl acetate (ECV) fractions of Cleome viscosa L. was performed by DPPH radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and phosphomolybdate assay. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminum chloride methods respectively. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest total phenolic content (77.33±4.21 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract (r 2 =0.9646)) and total flavonoid content (71.677±8.125 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of extract (r 2 =0.9449)). In the DPPH radical scavenging test, the IC 50 value of MCV, ECV and HCV was 0.91, 0.34 and 1.06 mg/mL, respectively also showing ethyl acetate

PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA JACQ. AND CRATAEGUS MACROCARPA HEGETSCHW. LEAVES AND FRUITS EXTRACTS

UDK: 547.56:582.711.714
 582.711.714:581.45/.47
 Phenolic contents of methanolic extracts prepared from leaves and fruits of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Crataegus macrocarpa Hegetschw. were determined. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The results showed that leaves were richer in the content of phenols (59.23 - 91.91 GAE g-1), flavonoids (2.38 - 4.08 mg QE g-1 and 5.24 - 8.9 mg RE g-1) , phenolic acids (33.40 - 68.98 CAE g-1) and proanthocyanidins (26.15 - 48.60 CE g-1) while in fruits anthocyanins dominateted (0.43 - 0.80 CG g-1). Leaves also had higher antioxidant capacity than fruits for both species. Generelly, C. monogyna fruits had higher content of anthocyanins. Total phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins were highly corelated with DPPH (r2 = 0.8703 - 0.9618), ABTS (r2 = 0.7833 - 0.9443) and FRAP (r2 = 0.903 - 0.9695) assay. The results suggests that these compounds were the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity in leaves and fruits extracts of both species.
 Higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant capacity were determined for C. x macrocarpa samples. Therefore, C. x macrocarpa leaves and fruits are valuble source of antioxidant polyphenols with high potential for use in preparation of different natural health products.

Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Mace)

Mace, also known as the flower of nutmeg, belongs to the family Myristicaceae. Traditionally, mace is known to be anti-fungal, antidepressant, aphrodisiac, digestive and carminative agent. The active components present in mace are responsible for its antioxidant properties. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, carbohydrates as well as proteins and amino acids. The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of mace was 238.52 (mg Gallic acid equivalents per gram weight). The DPPH scavenging activity was 85.2% at 500μg/ml concentration, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The present study evaluates the quantitative phytochemicals, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts of Mace, so that it can be used as complete functional food.