Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Exogenous addition of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid in immobilized cell cultures of Thevetia peruviana: effect on the biomass, phenolic compounds and cardiac glycosides production

Thevetia peruviana is an ornamental shrub with ethnobotanical uses related to secondary metabolites, including cardiac glycosides (CG), phenolic compounds (PC), and flavonoids (Fv). Known for its cardiac, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, this study aimed to culture T. peruviana cells immobilized in calcium alginate and evaluate the effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) on biomass and metabolite production. Immobilization was performed with 3% (w/v) sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl₂ in Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. Cultures were maintained for 20 days, reaching a maximum biomass concentration of 7.45 ± 0.49 g DW/L on day 10, compared to 13.92 ± 0.34 g DW/L in free cell cultures. Immobilization reduced biomass concentration but increased the production of secondary metabolites at 10–11 days. This suggests that the alginate matrix acts as an abiotic stress factor, directing carbon consumption and energy flow toward the biosynthesis of PC, Fv, and CG. Additionally, treatment with SA (300 µM) and MeJA (3 µM) during the exponential phase increased metabolite secretion at 48–72 h post-elicitation. SA-treated cultures showed PC, Fv, and CG levels 2.24, 1.66, and 1.37 times higher than controls, respectively, while MeJA increased these levels by 1.24, 1.83, and 1.25 times. Exogenous SA and MeJA stimulate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in calcium alginate-immobilized T. peruviana cells; and facilitate the diffusion of metabolites into the extracellular medium. However, further studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.Graphical abstract

Evaluating the antidiabetic and antioxidative efficacy of binahong leaf extract (ble): a pre-clinical study

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with oxidative stress, leading to various complications. Natural plant extracts, rich in bioactive compounds, have been explored for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Binahong leaf extract (BLE) in managing diabetes and oxidative stress. The hypoglycemic effect of BLE was evaluated in a 30-day study, where diabetic-induced rats were treated with varying doses of BLE (100, 150, and 300 mg/kg). The effects on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and catalase) were measured and compared to normal and diabetic controls. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of BLE were also quantified to correlate with the observed effects. BLE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels, with the highest dose restoring levels close to normal. Significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, along with an increase in HDL cholesterol at the highest dose. BLE also significantly increased the activities of SOD, GPx, and catalase, indicating enhanced antioxidative defenses. The presence of high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in BLE correlated with the observed biological activities. The findings suggest that BLE possesses considerable antidiabetic and antioxidative properties, likely due to its rich content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The extract demonstrates potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing diabetes and associated oxidative stress. However, further clinical studies are warranted to confirm these effects in human populations and to establish comprehensive safety and efficacy profiles.

Sweetening with Agavins: Its Impact on Sensory Acceptability, Physicochemical Properties, Phenolic Composition and Nutraceutical Potential of Oak Iced Tea.

Oak infusions enriched with agavins may offer nutraceutical benefits in the development of iced teas. This study evaluated infusions of Quercus sideroxyla and Quercus eduardii leaves formulated with different concentrations of agavins (0, 2, 6, and 10%), analyzing their physicochemical and sensory properties, chemical stability, and antioxidant capacity. The incorporation of agavins resulted in substantial modifications to physicochemical parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids, thereby enhancing product stability and consistency. Notable distinctions were observed between the two species with respect to their acidogenic response and soluble solid concentration. Interactions between agavins and phenolic compounds, as discerned by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and FT-IR, exerted a significant influence on bioactivity of the phenolic constituents, thereby affecting the nutraceutical potential of the infusions. These interactions, facilitated by hydrogen bonds, led to reduction in phenolic acids, such as quinic acid (↓ 43%), and alteration in antioxidant capacity at high concentrations of agavins. The findings underscore the significance of meticulously designing balanced formulations that optimize chemical stability, functionality, and sensory acceptance, thereby ensuring the quality of the final product.

Boswellia sacra in South Arabian Peninsula: A Review

Boswellia sacra, belonging to the genus Boswellia (family: Burseraceae), is a natural source of fragrant resin known as frankincense (Luban), which has held significant economic, medicinal, and religious importance since ancient Yemeni civilization. Predominantly distributed in the South Arabian Peninsula, frankincense resin contains diverse chemical compounds, including terpenoids, essential oils, gum acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, and aldehydes, each contributing to its medicinal, therapeutic, and aromatic properties. The aromatic oleo-gum-resin from B. sacra is renowned for its use in traditional medicine to treat gastric disorders, hepatic ailments, and more. Additionally, frankincense finds applications in the cosmetic, perfume, beverage, and food industries due to its rich bioactive compounds, particularly boswellic acids and their derivatives. Although several studies have explored the constituents and pharmacological activities of frankincense, comprehensive research consolidating the valuable information on B. sacra is scarce. This review highlights the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of B. sacra, with a focus on its description, distribution, biochemical composition, and biological activities within the Arabian Peninsula. The aim is to provide a holistic understanding of B. sacra’s potential therapeutic applications and pharmacological properties.

Comparative analysis of polysaccharides of Rosa × damascena Mill. buds and flower petals

The aim. The aim of the work was a comparative study of polysaccharides of Rosa × damascena buds and flower petals after obtaining essential oils. Materials and methods. The water distillation technique was used to determine the essential oils (EO) content in buds and flower petals of R. × damascena. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and pectins (PC) from buds and flower petals of R. ×damascena was obtained using the fractionation method after EO were isolated. Free and bound monosaccharides in WSPS from R. × damascena buds and flower petals were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Agilent 6890N / 5973 inert gas chromato-mass spectrometric system (Agilent Technologies, USA) was used for the chromatographic separation with HP-5ms capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm, Agilent Technologies, USA). The filtrates obtained after WSPS precipitation of buds and flower petals were analyzed by chemical reactions. Results. The results showed that the EO concentration in buds and flower petals of R. × damascena was 0.033 ± 0.005 % and 0.015 ± 0.002 %, respectively. The WSPS content was 10.33 ± 0.31 % in buds and 9.69 ± 0.25 % in flower petals. In addition, the PC content in buds was 4.35 ± 0.14 % and in flower petals 7.88 ± 0.15 %. GC/MS analysis revealed that WSPS from buds of R. × damascena composed of monosaccharides arabinose, fucose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and inositol. WSPS of R. damascena flower petals consist of arabinose, fucose, glucose, galactose, and inositol. Glucose is present in a higher amount. Analysis of the filtrate of buds and flower petals obtained after WSPS precipitation by chemical reactions shows the presence of flavonoids, tannins and triterpene saponins. Conclusions. The total content of WSPS in flower buds did not significantly exceed the content of these compounds in flower petals of R. × damascena. The PC content in flower buds was significantly lower (4.35±0.14 %) than in flower petals (7.88±0.15 %). It can be assumed that WSPS and PCS could be responsible for the high swelling index. The study of WSPS by GC/MS indicates the predominance of glucose and galactose in both types of raw materials, as well as differences in the qualitative and quantitative content of monosaccharides in the composition of WSPS of flower buds and flower petals. The study of the filtrate of flower buds and petals of R. × damascena, obtained after precipitating WSPS by chemical reactions, indicates the presence of phenolic compounds and triterpene saponins. The results obtained indicate the possibility of obtaining WSPS, PC, and an extract rich in phenolic compounds and triterpene saponins after extraction of EO from buds and flower petals of R. × damascena by hydrodistillation

Bioinputs from Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae): Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities.

By-products of fruit processing may contain bioactive compounds with potential application as bioinputs. This study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from the by-products of Eugenia dysenterica DC (Myrtaceae) fruit to obtain bioinputs with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities. The fruit by-products (seeds and peels) were subjected to UAE optimization using the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. Two optimal conditions were defined: 1-plant material/solvent ratio of 0.01 g/mL, time of 40 min, and ethanol content of 30%; 2-0.19 g/mL, 39 min, and 46%. The bioinputs (liquid extract-LQE; lyophilized extract-LYE), obtained under the optimal conditions, were tested for antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). LQE: 1633.13 µM Trolox/g, 1633.60 µM FeSO4/g and 73.35 g sample/g DPPH; LYE: 1379.75 µM Trolox/g, 1692.09 µM FeSO4/g and 83.35 g sample/g DPPH. For antimicrobial activity, both extracts presented MBC < 62.5 mg/mL and MIC and MBC of 2.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. LQE presented antibiofilm action for S. coagulase (50 mg/mL) and Streptococcus spp. (12.5 mg/mL); LYE for P. aeruginosa (50 mg/mL; 12.5 mg/mL), E. coli (25 mg/mL). The bioinputs obtained by UAE under optimized conditions for phenolic compounds present antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities.

Development of a Nutraceutical Tablet for prevention of thrombocytopenia

The growing prevalence of thrombocytopenia has created a critical need for safe, effective, and affordable treatment alternatives. Thrombocytopenia, characterized by a decreased platelet count, can result from various causes, including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow dysfunction. It increases the risk of severe bleeding, delayed wound healing, and immune system compromise. Medicinal plants have been widely used in traditional medicine systems for managing various health disorders. Among them, Carica Papaya (papaya) and Murrayakoenigii (curry leaves) have gained attention for their significant pharmacological properties. Papaya leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and papain enzymes, which have been reported to enhance platelet production, support immune function, and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, Murrayakoenigii is known for its anti-diabetic effects, primarily due to its rich content of carbazole alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which help regulate blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce oxidative stress. This study focuses on formulating a nutraceutical tablet incorporating standardized extracts of Carica Papaya and Murrayakoenigii to offer a natural and effective approach to managing thrombocytopenia and diabetes. The formulation process includes the selection of optimal extraction methods, standardization of bioactive compounds, and evaluation of tablet stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The goal is to develop a plant-based nutraceutical that can serve as a complementary or alternative therapy, minimizing reliance on synthetic drugs.

Improving the Bioactivities of Apricot Kernels Through Fermentation: Investigating the Relationship Between Bioactivities, Polyphenols, and Amino Acids Through the Random Forest Regression XAI Approach.

Apricot kernels are known for being a rich source of oil, protein, and bioactive compounds. This study focused on enhancing the bioactivities of apricot kernels through fermentation. Additionally, this study explored the correlations between polyphenols, amino acids, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content (TPC). The findings indicated that apricot kernels fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exhibited increased antioxidant activity, as assessed by the FRAP and CUPRAC methods, and an increased TPC compared to naturally fermented samples. The CUPRAC activity increased significantly from 1.03 to 1.82 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of sample on day 7, and the FRAP activity increased from 4.9 to 12.2 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of sample on day 3 of fermentation. Moreover, the TPC significantly increased from 1.67 to 7.58 mg of gallic acid per gram of sample on day 9 of fermentation. The results further demonstrated that, during the fermentation process, the concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid increased from 0.52 µg/g on day 0 to 5.3 µg/g on day 9. The DL-3-phenyllactic acid content demonstrated a significant increase from 0.42 µg/g on day 0 to 99.62 µg/g on day 5, while the benzoic acid content exhibited a notable increase from 45.33 µg/g to 138.13 µg/g over the fermentation period, with peak levels being observed on day 5. Similarly, most amino acids demonstrated a rise in concentration as the fermentation progressed, peaking on the ninth day. This study further employed random forest regression as a form of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to explore the relationships between phenolic compounds, amino acids, and antioxidant activities. Amino acids like L-cystine and L-anserine were found to positively impact FRAP values, while L-histidine and 1-methyl-L-histidine contributed to the CUPRAC antioxidant activity. Notably, hydroxybenzoic acid emerged as a key contributor to both the FRAP value and TPC, highlighting its significance in improving the overall antioxidant capacity of apricot kernels. These findings indicate that, under optimised fermentation conditions, apricot kernels hold promise as functional food ingredients due to the beneficial antioxidant properties observed in this study.

In Silico and in Vitro Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activity of Vigna Mungo Seed Extract

Vigna mungo is a legume which provide significant amount of nutrients. Vigna mungo is one of the important pulse crop in India. It is rich in protein content and traditionally used for treating various disease conditions. The present investigation is conducted to evaluate the potential of Vigna mungo seeds against hyperlipidemia. These compounds were analysed for its activity by molecular docking. The ethanolic extract of both seeds were subjected to qualitative analysis to determine the presence of phytochemicals followed by TLC and HPTLC analysis for the identification of bio constituents. Total phenolic content(TPC) and Total flavonoid content(TFC) of the seed extracts was determined. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH assay method and IC50 value was determined. In vitro antihyperlipidemic activity using lipid peroxidation assay method was performed. Ethanolic extract of Vigna mungo seed extracts show the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, proteins and terpenoids. Keywords: Vigna mungo, HPTLC, In-silico, Docking, Lipid peroxidation.

Botanical Origin, Phytochemical Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Bee Pollen from the Mila Region, Algeria

Bee pollen is a complex mixture of floral pollen, and nectar fused substances from bee saliva. It is well known for its high content of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and phenolic compounds, among various other physiologically active components. Its composition varies significantly depending on its botanical sources and environmental conditions. This study investigates the relationship between the botanical origins, chemical compositions, and antioxidant activities of 15 bee pollen samples collected from different areas in the Mila region of northeastern Algeria. The botanical origins were identified using a palynological method, categorizing 11 samples as monofloral and the rest as polyfloral. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured, and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). HPLC analysis was conducted to measure 17 phenolic compounds. The data indicated that the total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 7.72 ± 0.29 to 23.49 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g and from 1.48 ± 0.00 to 5.57 ± 0.27 mg QE/g of pollen, respectively. The variations in the concentration of bioactive compounds among samples led to significant differences in their antioxidant activities: DPPH (IC50: 1.12 ± 0.15 to 0.21 ± 0.00 mg/mL), FRAP (EC50: 0.06 ± 0.00 to 0.29 ± 0.00 mg/mL), and TAC (262.17 ± 3.41 to 677.14 ± 12.81 EAA mg/100 g of bee pollen), with the most active samples being monofloral types from Cistus type and Brassica type. A strong correlation was observed between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. Among the 17 tested compounds, only coumaric acid, rutin, myricetin, naringenin, resveratrol, and kaempferol were detected. In conclusion, both monofloral and polyfloral bee pollen samples represent a rich source of polyphenols with significant antioxidant potential.

GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LAI (DURIO KUTEJENSIS) LEAVES INFUSION WATER AND ITS INHIBITION ACTIVITY AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPLICATION

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have piqued the interest of researchers due to their antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which are helpful in wastewater treatment applications. Green synthesis was selected because it is simple, quick, inexpensive, low in energy, and environmentally friendly. Many leaves have been studied in research, but the Lai leaves (Durio kutejensis), a plant endemic to Kalimantan, has yet to be studied. The leaves contain phenolic compounds, which act as reducing agents and stabilizers during the synthesis of AgNP. The success of AgNP formation is dependent on several process parameters, including pH and temperature. In brief, a 2:1 (v/v) ratio of AgNO3 [0.001M] and Lai leaves infusion water was used in the synthesis. The pH levels were set to 5, 8, and 11, and the temperatures were set to room temperature and 80 °C. UV-Vis and a particle size analyzer (PSA) will be used to characterize the synthesized result. In an alkaline environment, the UV-Vis spectrum shows the peak in all samples. In addition, the highest temperature produced the highest peak at 413-415 nm wavelength, indicating the formation of AgNP. The PSA revealed that all samples produced a homogeneous size because they had a polydispersity index of less than 0.5 with nanoparticle sizes ranging from 1 to 18 nm. In addition, the FTIR analysis of Lai leaves revealed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, which play a role in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles. Subsequently, the antibacterial properties of AgNP were also investigated using the well-diffusion antibacterial test, which was observed every 24 hours for three days. The optimum zone of inhibition was yielded at alkaline and room temperature due to its nano-sized particles. Therefore, green synthesis using Lai leaves is the potential to produce AgNP with suitable antibacterial activities

Advanced Solubilization of Brazilian Cerrado Byproduct Extracts Using Green Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and NaDESs for Enhanced Antioxidant Potentials

This study explores the development and characterization of lipid nanostructures (NLCs) containing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) derived from taperebá peel extract (Spondias mombin), a by-product rich in bioactive phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid and quercetin. The taperebá extract exhibited a high polyphenol content (2623 mg GAE/L) and notable antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by DPPH (258 mM TEAC/100 mL) and ABTS (495 mM TEAC/100 mL) assays. NLCs were developed using NaDESs to enhance the stability and bioavailability of the antioxidant compounds. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the formation of stable, nanometric, and monodispersed formulations with efficient encapsulation. Biological evaluation of the NLC-TAP-NaDES formulation demonstrated its remarkable capacity to mitigate oxidative stress in cells subjected to H2O2-induced ROS generation. Fluorescence imaging revealed a significant reduction in intracellular ROS levels in treated cells compared to untreated controls, confirming the antioxidant efficacy of the formulation. This outcome underscores the synergy between NaDESs and NLC systems in protecting and delivering phenolic compounds. This study highlights the potential of utilizing underexplored by-products, such as taperebá peels, to develop sustainable and effective antioxidant delivery systems. The NLC-TAP-NaDES platform combines nanotechnology with green chemistry principles, presenting significant implications for the treatment of oxidative stress-related conditions and broader applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sciences. These findings contribute to advancing sustainable innovations in antioxidant therapies, leveraging the dual benefits of bioeconomy and high-performance nanomaterials.

Variation of Secondary Metabolites, Chlorophyll Contents, and Antioxidant Activity in Six Medicinally Important Plants in Bangladesh

Plant phenolics and flavonoids function as antioxidants that act as scavengers of free radicals in the human body. This study aimed to determine the total phenolics and flavonoids contents, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), free radical scavenging ability, chlorophyll contents, and total amounts of carotenoids of six medicinal plants viz. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob., Origanum vulgare L., and Oxalis debilis Kunth. The results reveal that L. glutinosa has the maximum amount of total phenolic content (TPC) (1.906 mg GAE g-1 FW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (13.933 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), while the lowest TPC (0.2803 mg GAE g-1 FW) was observed in O. vulgare and the least TFC (1.6 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), was observed in A. indica. The leaves of L. glutinosa showed excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 = 6.24 mg mL-1), and G. oppositifolius showed the least antioxidant potential (IC50 =18.423 mg mL-1). Pigment content such as chlorophyll-a was highest in E. prostrata (1.5963 mg g-1), while L. glutinosa has the highest chlorophyll-b (2.176 mg g-1 FW), chlorophyll-(a+b) (3.6157 mg g-1 FW), and carotenoids (1.61 µg 100g-1 FW) content. A strong linear correlation (DPPH, R2 = 0.8688, FRAP, R2 = 0.8595) was found between TPC and antioxidative capability. L. glutinosa contains significant amounts of phenols and flavonoids, which have antioxidant qualities, suggesting the possibility of using this species in phytotherapy and pharmacy.

Screening and Production of Extracellular Fungal Laccase from Peniophora Albobdia by Solid State Fermentation with Agro-industrial Waste

The enzyme Laccase is known to degrade many phenolic, aromatic compounds. The present study describes, fungal fruiting body collected from Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, isolated on 2% Malt Extract Agar and substrate oxidation studies carried out to screen fungi for laccase production by using different laccase substrate. The aim of this study was to extract extracellular laccase from Peniophora albobdia with solid state fermentation by different agro industrial wastes like Tur bagasse, Corn stubs, Soybean bagasse, Groundnut bagasse, sugarcane bagasse, and brewer’s spent grain. A utilization of biomass waste had applied in this research. The enzyme activity unit of the different types of substrates was significantly different. The highest activity unit was obtained by Brewers spent grain than the other substrates. From results it is confirmed that the best substrate for laccase production is brewers spent grain with nutrient addition. The statistical optimization needs to be carried to increase the production of laccase enzyme which will help to bio-eliminate the various industrial phenolic waste compounds.

The Impact of Hypericum perforatum L. as an Organic Free-Radical Scavenger in Biodiesel-Diesel Blends

The extraction of Hypericum perforatum L. (HP) was performed using the Soxhlet extraction method to evaluate its potential as an organic free-radical scavenger in biodiesel-diesel blends. Experimental blends—B100, B20D80, B20D80BHT, and B20D80HP—were prepared, incorporating Hypericum perforatum L. extract at a concentration of 3000 ppm, and compared with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). The antioxidant properties were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. DSC analysis ranked the antioxidant efficiency as D100 &amp;lt; B20D80 &amp;lt; B20D80BHT &amp;lt; B20D80HP, demonstrating the superior stabilization effect of Hypericum perforatum L. extract. TGA and FT-IR results confirmed enhanced thermal stability, while HPLC identified key phenolic compounds such as rutin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol, which contribute to antioxidant activity. DPPH assays further confirmed the extract’s superior free-radical scavenging efficiency compared to BHT. These findings highlight Hypericum perforatum L. as a promising natural antioxidant for improving biodiesel oxidative stability.

Foliar Application of Amino Acids Increases Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Resistance to High-Temperature Stress.

Climate change poses a significant threat to food security, with projections indicating a decline in crop yield due to reduced crop growth in the face of rising temperatures. This study evaluated the effects of L-Isoleucine, L-Methionine, L-Glutamine, L-Tryptophan, and L-Phenylalanine on the morphophysiological parameters, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under high-temperature stress. Ten cultivar varieties of the sweet basil, "Rosie", "Red Opal", "Bordeaux", "Dark Opal", "Red Rubin", "Genovese", "Cinamon", "Italiano Classico", "Marseillais", and "Thai", were grown in a controlled-environment growth chamber. The seedlings with 5-6 true leaves were divided into seven groups: the first group of seedlings had no treatment and was grown under 25/22 °C (day/night) temperature, the second group of seedlings had no treatment and was grown under 35/30 °C (day/night) temperature, and the remaining five groups were sprayed with 100 mg L-1 of L-Isoleucine, L-Methionine, L-Glutamine, L-Tryptophan, or L-Phenylalanine. As our results show, L-Tryptophan increased fresh and dry biomass in green sweet basil, while L-Methionine had the greatest effect on biomass in purple varieties. L-Phenylalanine increased chlorophyll a and b in heat-stressed "Bordeaux" (purple variety) and "Marseillais" (green variety). L-Isoleucine and L-Glutamine increased total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in purple cultivars ("Rosie", "Red Opal", "Dark Opal", and "Red Rubin"), while L-Tryptophan ("Cinamon" and "Italiano Classico") and L-Phenylalanine increased TPCs in "Cinamon", "Marseillais", and "Thai" green cultivars. Antioxidant activity (ABTS) was highest in "Dark Opal" and "Bordeaux" treated with L-Tryptophan or L-Phenylalanine under heat stress, while "Thai" benefited most from L-Isoleucine. The exogenous application of amino acids could serve as a viable solution to alleviate the negative effects of temperature stress on sweet basil and serve as an environmentally friendly agricultural strategy.

Exploring the Impact of Moderate Electric Field Treatment on Grape Juice: Physicochemical Characteristics and Microbial Reduction

ABSTRACTGrape juice, a non‐alcoholic and non‐fermented beverage, is known for its health benefits primarily due to its diverse phenolic compounds. Effective preservation methods are crucial for preventing spoilage by microorganisms and enzymes, ensuring safety, and extending shelf life. A nonthermal technology called Moderate electric field (MEF) treatment presents a promising approach for preserving liquid food quality and safety with slight effects on its functional and sensory attributes. This study investigated the MEF effect on the physicochemical attributes and microbial reduction of grape juice. The MEF reactor, operating at a frequency of 50 Hz, treated raw grape juice at different voltages (125, 150, and 175 V) and times (5, 10, and 15 min) combinations. The results indicated that MEF treatments significantly influenced temperature, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), turbidity, conductivity, color, and microbial reduction in grape juice. Higher voltages and longer treatment times generally resulted in higher temperatures and more pronounced changes in the juice's properties. Specifically, treatment T19 (175 V for 15 min) showed the most significant effects, including increased TSS, turbidity, conductivity, and total color difference, while substantially reducing the microbial count. A maximum log reduction of 3.43 was achieved at 175 V for 15 min. These findings suggest that MEF treatment can effectively enhance grape juice quality and safety while preserving its nutritional and sensory attributes, particularly under specific conditions.

Characterization of the phenolic profile, antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of leaf hydroalcoholic extracts of Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp. luteola (Kralik) maire growing wild in Algeria

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to investigate the phenolic profile and some biological properties of the leaves of Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp. luteola grown wild in Algeria, still unexplored. The leaves were subjected to extraction with 80% MeOH using simple maceration (SM) and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UM) to establish the most efficient conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds. The study of antioxidant potential suggested that SM and UM extracts displayed a superimposable activity both in the DPPH test and in the reducing power assay. On the other hand, in the Fe2+ chelating activity assay, SM was more active than UM. SM extract prevented damage induced by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) being more effective against ROS generated after treatment with Aβ. In addition, SM exhibited later protection against malondialdehyde. In conclusion, it is possible to state that simple maceration represents an effective technique for the recovery of compounds with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties from E. bupleuroides subsp. luteola leaves.

The Potential of Transgenic Hybrid Aspen Plants with a Recombinant Lac Gene from the Fungus Trametes hirsuta to Degrade Trichlorophenol

Objective: Laccases are known to be able to degrade phenolic compounds to simpler components. The main objective of our study was to analyze this property in transgenic aspen plants carrying the laccase gene Lac from Trametes hirsuta which can be potentially used in soil phytoremediation. Methods: We created transgenic aspen plants carrying the laccase gene Lac from Trametes hirsute using the agrobacterial transformation of stem explants with the pBI–Lac vector containing the Lac gene from the white rot fungus T. hirsuta 072 (NCBI GenBank accession number KP027478). Transgenic plants were micropropagated and cultivated in vitro in lines. The degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) by plant roots was analyzed by mass-spectrometry with electron ionization using a gas chromatograph. Results: Although plants have their own laccases, those of fungal origin are more effective. All transgenic plants that expressed the recombinant gene degraded 2,4,6-TCP more effectively than non-transformed plants in the control (the degradation efficiency ranged 92 to 98% versus 82% in non-transformed control). Line 47Lac8 demonstrated a 16% higher efficiency than the non-transformed plants in the control. There was also an inverse relationship between the viability of a transgenic line and its level of expression of the recombinant gene. Thus, line 47Lac4 was not viable under native conditions, probably due to lignin synthesis disruptions during the initiation of secondary tissues. This is confirmed by changes in the expression of native genes of lignin biosynthesis. The rest of the transgenic lines did not differ significantly from control in wood growth and biochemistry. The transgenic plant roots were shown to preserve the ability to express the Lac gene ex vitro. Conclusions: Three transgenic lines (47Lac5, 47Lac8, and 47Lac23) with the Lac gene can be recommended for use in soil phytoremediation.

Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Potential, Cytotoxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activity of &lt;i&gt;Stylosanthes fruticosa&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Extract

Background: Stylosanthes fruticosa is a relatively unexplored fodder shrub from the legume family Fabaceae. Aim: This study focuses on estimating the phenolic content of various solvent-based extracts from S. fruticosa leaves and evaluating their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory potential. Methods: The total phenolic content was estimated using a standard method with gallic acid as the positive control. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was examined using goat liver tissue to assess MDA levels and the in vitro cytotoxicity of S. fruticosa extracts was studied against HepG2 cells by MTT assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts was assessed using RBC membrane stabilization assay. Screening of phytocompounds in the plant extract was done using LC-MS/MS and the identified compounds were subsequently used for in silico docking studies against pro-inflammatory markers IL6 and TNF-α. Results: Among various extracts, ethanol-based extraction showed the highest phenol concentration. The ethanol extract of S. fruticosa exhibited higher antioxidant potential (85%), followed by hexane extract (46%). The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed better lipid peroxidation inhibition than ethanol extract. In vitro cytotoxic studies revealed that ethyl acetate extract showed higher level of toxicity (67.59%) against hepatocarcinoma cells when compared to hexane (41.27%) and ethanol extracts (-0.7%). In the membrane stabilization study the ethyl acetate extract of S. fruticosa was more effective in preventing membrane damage of RBC. Further analysis with LC-MS/MS identified six flavonoid-based phenolic compounds within the ethyl acetate extract, which were docked against TNF-α and IL6 to evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential. Major Findings: Datiscin emerged as a compound with the strongest interactions with both TNF-α and IL6, suggesting it to be a key factor in the anti-inflammatory effects observed in S. fruticosa. These findings offer a basis for further in vivo and molecular mechanistic studies.