Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS SPECTROSCOPY IN CALLUS TISSUES OF CISTANCHE DESERTICOLA Y.C. MA

The aim of this study is to analyze the types of secondary metabolite compounds found in cistanche (Cistanche deserticola) plants. Methanolic extracts of callus tissues and shoots (stolon) of cistanche were obtained by lyophilic drying and grinding to powdered state using 80% methanol. Secondary metabolites within cystanche callus were first identified by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy). The identification results of the methanolic extracts revealed various types of compounds including fatty acids (hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester); phenolic compounds and their derivatives (phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, homovanillyl alcohol, phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy;) sterols (γ-sitosterol); sugars, glycosides and other carbohydrates (ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside, sucrose), glycols and their derivatives (tetraethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monodododecyl ether), etc. Some of the detected compounds may be precursors or by-products of phenylethanoid glycosides biosynthesis. We also found a correlation between callus color and its chemical composition of secondary metabolites. The data can be used for further optimization of C. deserticola cultivation methods to increase the content of target secondary metabolites.

Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (Brassica napus) and Collard (Brassica oleracea) Grown Using Hydroponics

Kale (Brassica napus) and collard (Brassica oleracea) are two leafy greens in the family Brassicaceae. The leaves are rich sources of numerous health-beneficial compounds and are commonly used either fresh or cooked. This study aimed to optimize the nutrient management of kale and collard in hydroponic production for greater yield and crop quality. ‘Red Russian’ kale and ‘Flash F1’ collard were grown for 4 weeks after transplanting in a double polyethylene-plastic-covered greenhouse using a nutrient film technique (NFT) system with 18 channels. Kale and collard were alternately grown in each channel at four different electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 mS·cm−1). Fresh and dry yields of kale increased linearly with increasing EC levels, while those of collard did not increase when EC was higher than 1.8 mS·cm−1. Kale leaves had significantly higher P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B than the collard at all EC levels. Additionally, mineral nutrients (except N and Zn) in leaf tissue were highest at EC 1.5 and EC 1.8 in both the kale and collard. However, the changing trend of the total N and NO3- of the leaves showed a linear trend; these levels were highest under EC 2.1, followed by EC 1.8 and EC 1.5. EC levels also affected phytochemical accumulation in leaf tissue. In general, the kale leaves had significantly higher total anthocyanin, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates but lower total chlorophylls and carotenoids than the collard. In addition, although EC levels affected neither the total chlorophyll or carotenoid content in kale nor glucosinolate content in either kale or collard, other important health-beneficial compounds (especially vitamin C, anthocyanin, and phenolic compounds) in kale and collard leaves reduced with the increasing EC levels. In conclusion, the kale leaf had more nutritional and phytochemical compounds than the collard. An EC level of 1.8 mS·cm−1 was the optimum EC level for the collard, while the kale yielded more at 2.1 mS·cm−1. Further investigations are needed to optimize nitrogen nutrition for hydroponically grown kale.

Physicochemical Characteristics of 'Wushan Plum' Subjected to Three Drying Methods.

In this study, the effects of hot air drying (HAD), freeze-drying (FD), and air-impingement jet drying (JD) on the physicochemical characteristics of 'Wushan plum' were analyzed. The results indicated three drying methods affected the browning, ascorbic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. The ascorbic acid content in HAD, FD, and JD samples was1.75±0.38, 5.88±0.56, and 4.73±0.75 mg/100 g, respectively, and the content of total phenolic compounds was 2.76±0.10, 3.05±0.04, and 2.83±0.24 mg/g, respectively. HAD samples had the lowest antioxidant activities as determined by DPPH·, ABTS+·, and FRAP assays. In addition, 11 phenolic compounds in 'Wushan plum' were quantified by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The results showed that quercetin glycoside was the main compound, and its content was significantly reduced by these three drying methods. In all, this result indicated that JD would be a good choice for dying 'Wushan plum' considering the drying time, drying efficiency, and the integrated quality of the dried sample.

Standard Descriptors and Selected Biomarkers in Assessment of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile Environmental Response

Endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica is highly endangered today as it lives in a narrow infralittoral zone intensely exposed to human impact. P. oceanica beds are especially endangered in the Adriatic Sea as the central and northern Adriatic could be considered as a naturally suboptimal area for P. oceanica growth. In this research, we used some standard descriptors of Posidonia meadows at different locations and depths and determined the biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments, and enzyme activities) in its leaves in order to find possible correlations among the measured parameters and environmental conditions. Photosynthetic pigments were shown to be sensitive biomarkers in the assessment of P. oceanica response to different light conditions, but more research is needed to elucidate the impact of other environmental factors. Overall, the results of this research show that the studied parameters are good bioindicators of a meadow’s environmental state, but it is necessary to analyze a number of diverse indicators together to properly characterize the state of a particular P. oceanica meadow. This approach would be very useful in the determination of P. oceanica conservation status, which is the first step towards improving monitoring protocols and implementing appropriate conservation measures.

Assessment of the germination power and α-amylase activity in the soil rhizospheric compartment amended with olive mill waste waters.

Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) was used in ferti-irrigation due to its high water content, as well as its organic and mineral richness. However, this by-product also contains elevated levels of polyphenols, which may pose phytotoxic risks to soil microbiota and plants over time. To address this concern, we conducted a thorough examination of the phenolic composition of OMWW and the phenolic content of amended soils using HPLC analysis. Additionally, we assessed the residual phytotoxicity of OMWW across various soil rhizospheric layers (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and 60-90 cm). Standard germination tests were performed using soil extracts with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds. We also measured α-amylase activities in the germinated seeds for both species, comparing them to raw OMWW and control soil extracts. HPLC analysis revealed that tyrosol, ferulic acid, and hydroxytyrosol were the predominant phenolic compounds in crude OMWW, while no detectable compounds were found in the soil extracts. Germination tests indicated minimal toxicity in the topsoil amended with OMWW, with a noticeable reduction in residual phytotoxicity at greater depths. These results aligned with the α-amylase activity assessments, which demonstrated significantly higher enzyme activity in the deeper soil layers (30-60 cm and 60-90 cm), with no substantial differences compared to control extracts.

Antioxidant activities of aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts of akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr) stem using the DPPH method

Background: Numerous herbs can be used as natural exogenous antioxidants and clinically proven effective as antioxidants. Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the antioxidant activity of the stems of akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr). Method: This plant was extracted with aqueous solution using the decoction method and 70 % ethanol using the maceration method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the TLC-Bioautography sprayed with DPPH reagent for the qualitative method and microplate assay with DPPH for the quantitative method. This research also identified the total phenol from each extract which was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Result: Based on phytochemical screening, each extract contained flavonoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, terpenoids, and saponins. TLC-bioautography showed flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinones were responsible for antioxidant activity. Quantification of antioxidant activity results of aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts of akar kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr) showed IC50 value at 78.8 ± 1.2 µg/mL and 142.8± 2.9 µg/mL respectively. The content of total phenolic compounds was 80.544 ± 2.6 mg GAE/ g and 52.522 ± 1.9 mg GAE/g. Conclusion: As observed in the study, Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr extracts from both extraction methods possess an antioxidant.

Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) Pod Residue: A Source of Phenolic Compounds as Valuable Biomolecules

This study aimed at investigating the chemical composition and a selected group of bioactivities of jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) pod residue. An aqueous extract (deionized water; AE) and a hydroethanolic extract (ethanol: deionized water, 70:30 v/v; ETOH) were obtained via maceration. Ten phenolic compounds were characterized via LC-DAD-ESI/MSn: seven procyanidins, two quercetin derivatives and one taxifolin derivative, with dimers and trimers of procyanidins being the main components of both extracts. Total phenolic compound levels of 2.42 ± 0.06 and 11 ± 1 mg/g were found in AE and ETOH, respectively; however, only seven compounds were identified in ETOH. The jatoba pod residue extracts showed notable antioxidant activities: ETOH had greater antioxidant potential in the OxHLIA and DPPH assays (IC50 = 25.4 μg/mL and 0.71 μg/mL, respectively); however, EA demonstrated greater potential in the FRAP system (IC50 = 2001.0 µM TE/mg). Only AE showed antiproliferative potential, being effective against cell lines of gastric (GI50 = 35 ± 1 µg/mL) and breast (GI50 = 89 ± 4 µg/mL) adenocarcinomas. Likewise, only AE showed modest anti-inflammatory potential (IC50 = 225 ± 2 µg/mL) in mouse macrophages. Bacteriostatic effects against bacteria were exerted by both extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes (MICs = 2.5 mg/mL) were especially sensitive to the ETOH extract. Taken together, the results suggest potential for jatoba pod residue as a source of molecules with biological activities and with possible industrial applications.

Combining the Powerful Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Pomegranate Waste Extracts with Whey Protein Coating-Forming Ability for Food Preservation Strategies

Different solvents water, ethanol and ethanol/water (6:4 v/v), were compared in the extraction of pomegranate peels and seeds (PPS) in terms of recovery yields, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial action against typical spoilage bacterial and fungal species. The best performing extract (ethanol/water (6:4 v/v) was shown to contain mostly ellagic acid and punicalagin as phenolic compounds (5% overall) and hydrolysable tannins (16% as ellagic acid equivalents) and was able to inhibit the growth of the acidophilic Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris at a concentration as low as 1%. The preservation of the organoleptic profile of A. acidoterrestris-inoculated apple juice with extract at 1% over 20 days was also observed thanks to the complete inhibition of bacterial growth, while the extract at 0.1% warranted a significant (40%) inhibition of the enzymatic browning of apple smoothies over the first 30 min. When incorporated in whey proteins’ isolate (WPI) at 5% w/w, the hydroalcoholic extract conferred well appreciable antioxidant properties to the resulting coating-forming hydrogel, comparable to those expected for the pure extract considering the amount present. The WPI coatings loaded with the hydroalcoholic extract at 5% were able to delay the browning of cut fruit by ca. 33% against a 22% inhibition observed with the sole WPI. In addition, the functionalized coating showed an inhibition of lipid peroxidation of Gouda cheese 2-fold higher with respect to that observed with WPI alone. These results open good perspectives toward sustainable food preservation strategies, highlighting the potential of PPS extract for the implementation of WPI-based active packaging.

Biochemical properties of immobilized horseradish peroxidase on ceramic and its application in removal of azo dye.

In the current work, electrostatic interactions were used to immobilize the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) onto five types of ceramic materials (C) with different concentrations of oxidized metals (C1-C5). The highest immobilization efficiency (70 and 77%) was detected at 6mg C3 and 18 enzyme units. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of C3-HRP confirmed the immobilization of the enzyme. After ten reuses, the reusability analysis showed that (66%) of the C3-HRP enzyme activity was retained. For C3-HRP, the optimum pH and temperature of the soluble enzyme were shifted from 7.0 and 30°C to 6.0 and 50°C. Up to 40°C and 50°C, respectively, the soluble HRP and C3-HRP remained steady. The kinetic analysis revealed that the Km and Vmax of soluble HRP and C3-HRP were, respectively, 5.5mM, 0.66 units, and 8mM, 0.52 units for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 35.5mM, 3.4 units and 40mM, 1.1 units for guaiacol. Compared to soluble-HRP, the C3-HRP exhibited a greater oxidizing affinity toward several phenolic compounds (Guaiacol, o-dianisidine, o-phenylenediamine, pyrogallol, p-aminoantipyrine). In comparison with soluble-HRP, the C3-HRP showed increased stress tolerance with Triton X-100, urea, metals, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The C3-HRP removed methyl orange more effectively compared to soluble-HRP.

Changes in the total phenolic contents, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine of coffee cups regarding different brewing methods

Coffee is among the most popular beverages consumed worldwide due to its taste, flavor, and alertness effects on drinkers. Besides, caffeine and chlorogenic acid are known as featured compounds of coffee, and there are various phenolic compounds, that demonstrate many benefits for human health. However, the concentrations of those compounds ingested into the human body are greatly dependent on how coffee infusions are prepared. The extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in the Arabica and Robusta coffee obtained from the light, medium, and dark roasting levels, using the hot brew (at 50°C and 90°C) and cold brew methods was studied. The total phenolic contents (TPCs) were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, while the first -order derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine the caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Generally, light-roasted Robusta had the highest caffeine (2.10±0.017% w/w), chlorogenic acid (5.63±0.011% w/w), and TPCs (45.5±0.9 mg GAE/g). For brewing experiments, 10 g of coffee was brewed (100 mL of water) for different extraction times. The results show that hot brewing at 90°C was the most efficient method for extracting the TPCs and chlorogenic acid, while cold brewing was better for extracting caffeine. Extraction efficiency increased with longer extraction times, especially for the light roasting level.

Carvacrol alleviates LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes.

Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) may contribute to the poor prognosis of septic patients. Carvacrol (2-methyl-5-isopropyl phenol), a phenolic monoterpene compound extracted from various aromatic plants and fragrance essential oils, has multiple beneficial effects such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These attributes make it potentially useful for treating many diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of CAR on LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction and explore the underlying mechanism. H9c2 cells were stimulated with 10µg/ml LPS for 12h, and c57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10mg/kg LPS to establish a septic-myocardial injury model. Our results showed that CAR could improve cardiac function, significantly reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), decrease oxidative stress, and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in LPS-injured mice. Additionally, CAR significantly downregulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in LPS-injured mice and H9c2 cells. It also inhibited the upregulation of inflammasome components (such as NLRP3, GSDMD, and IL-1β) in H9c2 cells triggered by LPS. Taken together, CAR exhibited potential cardioprotective effects against sepsis, which may be mainly attributed to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Unraveling the metabolic activities of bioactive compounds on cellular models of hepatosteatosis and adipogenesis through docking analysis with PPARs.

Obesity is associated with fatty liver disease. Available therapies show modest efficacy, and nutraceuticals with good effectiveness and safety are largely investigated. We focused on five natural compounds, three plant phenolic compounds (carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, silybin), and two thyroid hormones (T2: 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine; T3: 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine) as comparison, to assess their beneficial effects on two cellular models of hepatosteatosis and adipogenesis. All compounds ameliorated the lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in both models, but with different potencies. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are pivotal controllers of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. For the main isoforms, PPARγ and PPARa, we assessed their possible binding to the compounds by molecular docking calculations, and their expression pattern by real-time PCR. All compounds bind both PPARs with different affinity, while not all compounds affect their expression. The results may clarify the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying the action of the five compounds in the different cell models with possible applications to treat obesity.

In vitro biological activities and phenolic compounds analysis by RP-HPLC-PDA of Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. ssp. coloratus extracts from Western Algeria

In vitro biological activities and phenolic compounds analysis by RP-HPLC-PDA of Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. ssp. coloratus extracts from Western Algeria

Effects of Fermentation Temperatures on the Qualities of Monascus sp. PSRU03 Fermented Soybeans

This research evaluated the effects of fermentation temperatures on the qualities of soybeans fermented with Monascus sp. PSRU03. The conditions included consistent temperatures of 25°C for 20 days, 30°C for 20 days, and a cyclic pattern of 30°C for 4 days followed by 25°C for 16 days. The pigments and antioxidant properties of the fermented soybeans were evaluated. After fermentation, it was observed that the total pigment contents exhibited similarity across all conditions, with values ranging from 31.90 to 35.67 unit/g dry basis. Notably, Monascus sp. PSRU03 produced more yellow pigment than other colors, accounting for approximately 50-53%, which corresponded to a range of 6.94-14.31 unit/g dry basis. This phenomenon is distinctive in that the majority of industrially manufactured Monascus pigments are rich in red pigments. In terms of antioxidant properties, fermentation at 30°C produced the highest total phenolic compounds (6.10 mg GAE/g dry basis). However, DPPH radical-scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were found to be not significantly different (P≥0.05) in all fermentation temperatures. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing industrial fermentation processes and exploring the health benefits of Monascus-fermented soybeans.

Characterization and evaluation of antioxidant potential of onion peel extract of eight differentially pigmented short-day onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties

Outer papery peel of onion bulb is an inevitable bio-waste generated in the course of postharvest handling and processing. Onion peels are rich source of nutraceutically important polyphenolic compounds having many therapeutic potentials. In this study, we characterized onion peel extract (OPE) of eight differentially pigmented short-day onion varieties through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution single stage Orbitrap spectrometry and evaluated the antioxidant potential. A total of 49 phenolic compounds were identified in this study which include 33 anthocyanin, 8 flavanol, 4 flavones, and 1 each of pyranoanthocyanin, chalcone, phenolic acid, and ellagitannins. Anthocyanin was the most abundant polyphenolic compound followed by flavanol in all the varieties. Among anthocyanin, 10 cyanidin, 10 delphinidin, 4 peonidin, 4 petunidin, 3 pelargonidin, and 2 malvidin were identified. Cyanidin-3-(6-malonylglucoside), delphinidin, and delphinidin-3-galactoside were the predominant pigment in dark red varieties (BDR and BRJ), and its abundance suggests a key role in the differential pigmentation pattern of onion peel. Total phenol content (TPC) in peels ranged from 1738.21 to 1757.76 mg GAE/100 g DW in dark red onion, 1306.58 to 1646.73 mg GAE/100 g DW in red onion, and 78.77 to 85.5 mg GAE/100 g DW in white onion varieties. The mean total anthocyanin content was maximum (28.23 mg/100 g DW) in dark red varieties (BDR) and minimum (0.11 mg/100 g DW) in white variety (BSW). Total antioxidant activity ranged from 4.71 to 79.80 μmol/g DW, 22.71 to 286.7 μmol/g DW, and 8.72 to 156.89 μmol/g DW estimated through FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH methods, respectively. In all three methods, it was maximum in dark red var. BDR and minimum in white var. BSU.

Efficient Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds Over Ru-Based Catalyst with Biochar and Al2O3 as Composite Support.

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a common strategy for upgrading lignin-derived phenolic compounds into high-quality liquid fuels, and the support rational design of HDO catalysts is critical to achieve a good reaction performance. This work proposed a novel Ru-based catalyst with biochar and Al2O3 as composite support. The addition of biochar can enlarge the porous structure, and the addition of Al2O3 can enhance the acid property of the support. By regulating the content of biochar and Al2O3 components, Ru/CA-2 catalyst achieved the best HDO performance of lignin-derived phenolic compounds, with the optimal component balance of 50 %C and 50 %Al2O3. This catalyst possesses the high Ru metal dispersion (1.38 nm particle size) to activate the hydrogen source, the moderate acid property to suppress carbon deposition and the abundant oxygen vacancy to promote substrate adsorption at the same time. 99.9 % conversion of guaiacol is obtained at 230 °C, with 99.9 % selectivity towards cyclohexane. Ru/CA-2 catalyst also has a good recyclability, with no obvious activity loss after five runs. Furthermore, in the application of catalytic lignin-oil HDO, the content of hydrocarbons increase from 10.7 % to 95.7 %, showing great potential on the industrial usage.

ANTIOXIDANT, INHIBITION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (SCENT LEAF) METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Bacillus SPP

The study investigates the antioxidant, inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum. GC-MS, qualitative, antioxidant scavenging and antiglycation activities of the extract of Ocimum gratissimum were determined using standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using standard methods. The GC-MS analysis of Ocimum gratissimum leaf revealed the presence of 49 compounds with P –cymene been the most abundant. The phytochemical screening of the extract shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins etc. The in-vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was found to have ?-carotene, lycopene, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities. The extract showed significant inhibitory effects on the formation of compounds containing two carbonyl groups and Advanced Glycated End products formation with IC50 of 75.85 ±4.87 µg/mL. Agar well diffusion assay was characterized by inhibition zones of 21.0 ± 0.30, 19.66 ± 0.20, 33.78± 0.30 and 33.25 ± 0.40 mm for Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp respectively at 250 mg/ml for Ocimum gratissimum and 25 mg/ml for tetracycline solution. The MIC values for E.coli and Bacillus spp were 33.33, 66.67, 0.78 and 0.78 for both extract and tetracycline while their MBC values were 66.67, 133.00, 1.56 and 1.56 respectively. MBC/ MIC values showed that Ocimum gratissimum extract and tetracycline had bactericidal effects. These results indicated that Ocimum gratissimum possesses antioxidant, prevents glycation and has antimicrobial activities.

Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds for Physiological Roles, Plant Species Delimitation, and Medical Benefits: A Promising View

Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds for Physiological Roles, Plant Species Delimitation, and Medical Benefits: A Promising View

GC-MS/HPLC Profiling and Sono-Maceration Mediated Extraction of Osbeckia Parvifolia Polyphenols: In Silico and In Vitro Analysis on Anti-Proliferative Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.

Osbeckia parvifolia, an endemic edible plant of Western Ghats, was investigated in the present study for its polyphenolic compounds, including content, constituents, extraction through an ultrasonic-assisted maceration technique and therapeutic potential in biomedical applications. The methanolic extract (OPM) exhibited an IC50 value of 1.25 μg/mL against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts also strongly inhibited 5-lipoxygenase, especially OPM (84.93 %), which was comparable to standard curcumin. OPM also elicited cytotoxicity in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells (93.80 %), surpassing paclitaxel. Bio-accessibility analysis demonstrated that the release of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential were very high (above 100 %), revealing the possibility of synergistic efficacy of polyphenolic complexes in drug development. Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed 22 bioactive polyphenolic compounds in OPM, such as epicatechin, quercetin, and psoralidin. This was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and High-Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analyses, which revealed a high quantity of catechin (37.45 mg/g). Molecular docking revealed the significant binding affinity of these proteins for the ovarian oncoproteins PI3K (-8.52 kcal/mol) and Casp-8 (-8.41 kcal/mol). Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) profiling indicated the favorable pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, supporting their candidacy in drug formulations against ovarian cancer.

Impact of Grinding Under Different Vacuum Levels on Browning, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Asian Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Niitaka)

Impact of Grinding Under Different Vacuum Levels on Browning, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Asian Pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Niitaka)