Wine Phenolic Composition Research Articles

Study of the impact of vine cultivation technology on the Feteasca Neagra wine phenolic composition and antioxidant properties.

In this work a comparative assessment was performed on individual and total polyphenols and biochemical properties of some Feteasca Neagra red wines obtained from grapes cultivated with different farming technologies (organic vs. conventional). The effect of a 30% cluster thinning treatment in both organic and conventional vineyard, compared to control plots with no thinning, was also monitored. The wines were obtained during two vintages, one with more favourable climatic conditions and one less favourable, in the period 2010-2019. Our results indicate that by applying a 30% cluster thinning treatment in the vineyard it is possible to increase the concentration of total and individual polyphenols of the resulted Feteasca Neagra wines. Furthermore, the differences observed between the phenolic profiles of wines from conventionally and organically produced grapes showed that organic Feteasca Neagra wines have higher phenolic compounds concentrations and antioxidant properties, with some important individual phenols accumulating in larger quantities than in the case of conventional wines. The beneficial effect of the organic cultivation is more evident in years characterised by less favourable climatic conditions. The statistical analysis tools applied to the analytical data allowed a good discrimination of experimental wine variants according to the vine cultivation technology (organic vs. conventional, with and without cluster thinning) and vintage. Thus, the results indicated that the applied cultivation technologies, especially when both organic cultivation and cluster thinning are combined, can greatly improve the polyphenolic content of Feteasca Neagra wines. The absolute value of the increase in polyphenol concentration was higher in favourable years, but the relative increase, in percentages, as compared to control wines, was higher in less favourable years. The combination of both viticultural practices may be thus exploited in order to obtain wines with higher polyphenolic content, which leads to better structure, better ageing potential, enhanced nutritional and antioxidant properties.

Effect of grape yield and maceration time on phenolic composition of ‘Fetească neagră’ organic wine

The phenolic composition of wine is mostly determined by the accumulation of the phenolic compounds in the grapes, as well as their extraction into wine. To increase their concentration in grapes, yield reduction is usually performed by pruning, while to increase the extraction in wines, the maceration on skins is extended for longer periods of time. The present study focuses on the possibilities to apply both strategies to improve the polyphenol composition of organic red wines of Romanian variety ‘Fetească neagră’, which stands to benefit more from technological interventions than other varieties, which naturally accumulate higher phenol concentrations in the grapes. In the vineyard three experimental pruning variants were made, with 20, 28 and 36 buds/vine, while for wine, maceration was performed for either 8 or 16 days for each grape variant. The phenolic profiles of wines were determined by HPLC methods. The main anthocyanidins, such as malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, peonidin and cyanidin, as well as the acylated and coumaroylated derivatives of malvidin and peonidin were quantitatively determined. Some other phenolic compounds, of various classes, such as gallic, p-benzoic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid, catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol were also determined. The quality of the organic ‘Fetească neagră’ wines depended highly on the vintage, but yield reduction and the extension of skin maceration duration were especially beneficial in the less favourable year, when classical technologies lead to less accumulation of sugars, colour and other polyphenols. Concomitant application of both strategies led to the best results, irrespective of the year.

Characterization of Tempranillo negro (VN21), a high phenolic content grapevine Tempranillo clone, through UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS polyphenol profiling

Grapevine cultivar and clone genotype is an important factor in the phenolic composition of wine. In this study, a new intense dark black berry color variant of Tempranillo, known as Tempranillo negro or VN21, is described. A targeted chromatographic approach based on UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS was used to study the anthocyanins and non-colored phenols of the grape berry (skin and seeds) and wine. RJ43, one of the most cultivated clones in D.O.Ca. Rioja (Spain), was analyzed for comparison. Results suggest that the unique color of the grape skin in Tempranillo negro could be explained by higher concentrations of peonidin and cyanidin derivatives. This genotype accumulated anthocyanins in the seeds. Those differences in the berry were enhanced in the VN21 wines, which displayed notably higher concentrations of anthocyanins, and significantly increased contents of proanthocyanidins and stilbenes. This study exemplifies the application of phenol chromatographic analyses of spontaneous somatic variants to grapevine clonal selection.

Efficiency of carboxymethylcellulose in red wine tartaric stability: Effect on wine phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics and colouring matter stability

In this work, the effect of carboxymethylcellulose structural features on the efficiency to prevent potassium hydrogen tartrate precipitation in red wines and on the phenolic composition, chromatic characteristics and colouring matter stability was studied. The degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose was important for its efficiency in highly unstable wines. Application of carboxymethylcellulose doesn’t result in a significant change in the phenolic, monomeric anthocyanin composition, colour intensity, and chromatic characteristics of red wines. Sensory analysis also showed that carboxymethylcellulose doesn’t have a significant impact on wine sensory attributes. Carboxymethylcellulose doesn’t decrease the colouring matter stability. The use of turbidity for evaluating the colouring matter stability of wines has severe drawbacks as the turbidity value measured might not be related to the amount of suspended material. Therefore, the application of carboxymethylcellulose in red wines is efficient in increasing tartaric stability without impacting on the phenolic composition, sensory characteristics, and colouring matter stability.

Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on wine color and polyphenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by rain scarcity resulting in the frequent use of low quality water for irrigation often containing high concentrations of sulfates and chlorides. This work was undertaken to study the influence of drought and saline irrigation water on the composition of Monastrell wines. The experiment was carried out during three years in a commercial vineyard sited in D.O. Jumilla (SE Spain). Six watering regimes were performed: Rainfed (no irrigation); Control, irrigated throughout the season with good quality water and other four treatments with a combination of two moments of initiation of irrigation (pre- and post-veraison) with two types of salinity water (sulfates and chlorides). The watering regime had more effect on the wine composition than the application of saline irrigation. In general, wines made with grapes from the Rainfed treatment had the highest polyphenols concentration and color intensity. Treatments with post-veraison saline water application improved wine quality with respect to the treatments irrigated during the entire season. Indeed, saline irrigation itself did not influence wine composition, while the watering regime modified wine quality, improving the wine phenolic composition particularly when water is restricted during pre-veraison. In any case, the best wine phenolic and chromatic composition was obtained from the Rainfed vines being the preferred watering management for optimizing wine quality. If saline irrigation has to be applied to improve vine performance, it is preferred to concentrate its application during the post-veraison period.

Limited relationship between temporality of sensory perception and phenolic composition of red wines

In wine, polyphenols are closely associated with astringency, bitterness, color and aroma. Some of these sensory parameters have been reported to be dynamically perceived during wine tasting. In this study, time-dependent sensory methodologies (Temporal Dominance of Sensations or TDS, and Temporal-Check-All-That-Apply or TCATA) were used to characterize wines made from six grape varieties. Sensory analysis was contrasted against the phenolic composition of wines. Temporal sensory methods revealed differences among wines which did not reflect the limited differences observed between wine phenolics. However, some significant associations could be described, namely, detection time of bitterness with concentration of proanthocyanidin polymers, colorimetric variables with content of anthocyanins, and dominance and higher incidence of bitter taste with contents of tyrosol and flavonols. Astringency showed no relationship with any single polyphenol or specific group of polyphenols. It is concluded that, despite the major contribution of polyphenols to wine composition, their unique and independent influence on time associated sensory aspects should be critically scrutinized due to the multifactoriality of elements participating in the perception of a temporary sensation.

Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review.

Wine is one of the most consumed beverages around the world. It is composed of alcohols, sugars, acids, minerals, proteins and other compounds, such as organic acids and volatile and phenolic compounds (also called polyphenols). Polyphenols have been shown to be highly related to both (i) wine quality (color, flavor, and taste) and (ii) health-promoting properties (antioxidant and cardioprotective among others). Polyphenols can be grouped into two big families: (i) Flavonoids, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanols, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, flavanones, flavones and chalcones; and (ii) Non-flavonoids, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. Each group affects in some way the different properties of wine to a greater or a lesser extent. For that reason, the phenolic composition can be managed to obtain singular wines with specific, desirable characteristics. The current review presents a summary of the ways in which the phenolic composition of wine can be modulated, including (a) invariable factors such as variety, field management or climatic conditions; (b) pre-fermentative strategies such as maceration, thermovinification and pulsed electric field; (c) fermentative strategies such as the use of different yeasts and bacteria; and (d) post-fermentative strategies such as maceration, fining agents and aging. Finally, the different extraction methods and analytical techniques used for polyphenol detection and quantification have been also reviewed.

Chemical and Physical Implications of the Use of Alternative Vessels to Oak Barrels during the Production of White Wines.

Recently, the use of alternative vessels to oak barrels during winemaking has become increasingly popular, but little is known about their impact on the chemical composition of the resulting wines. To address this issue, a Sauvignon Blanc wine was elaborated from the same grape juice by using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks, oval-shaped concrete vessels, oval-shaped polyethylene vessels, and clay jars in triplicate. Each vessel was used for alcoholic fermentation and the aging of wines over its own lees. Wines elaborated in concrete vessels showed the highest pH and the lowest titratable acidity, most likely related to the observed release of inorganic compounds from the concrete walls. Little effect of the vessels was seen on the wine color and phenolic composition. Wines elaborated in clay jars showed the highest turbidity and the highest content of soluble polysaccharides, while those made using cylindrical stainless-steel tanks showed the highest content of volatile compounds. Despite the observed differences, all of the vessels tested seem suitable for white wine production since every wine showed chemical features that corresponded with the quality standards of Sauvignon Blanc wines.

Using high-power ultrasounds in red winemaking: Effect of operating conditions on wine physico-chemical and chromatic characteristics

This study presents the application of high-power ultrasounds (US) to crushed grapes using winery-scale equipment and studies, for the first time at this scale, how the frequency of the ultrasounds affects the extraction of phenolic compounds from grapes and the chromatic and physico-chemical characteristics of the finished wines, in an attempt to optimize the maceration process. The results showed how US modified the physical characteristics of the grape skin, facilitating phenolic extraction and improving the wine chromatic characteristics but only produced slight differences in the physico-chemical characteristics of the finished wines. The two different frequencies applied led to some differences in the wine phenolic composition, especially higher tannin extraction at 20 kHz whereas anthocyanin extraction was favoured at 28 kHz. Wines made with sonicated grapes and 72 h of skin maceration time were chromatically very similar to control wines with four more days of skin contact, indicating that this technological process may increase the working capacity of the winery by allowing a reduction of more than 50% in the maceration time.

Ochratoxin A presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine changes antioxidant activity in vitro and oxidative stress markers in vivo

ABSTRACT Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin found in grape products and oxidative stress has been reported as an important mechanism involved in its toxicity, classified as possible carcinogenic to humans. Conversely, phenolics are known bioactive compounds in grapes and display great antioxidant properties. However, the biological effects of the concomitant presence of phenolic compounds and OTA remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of OTA presence in Cabernet Sauvignon wine on antioxidant activity in vitro and on oxidative stress markers in vivo. In addition, the phenolic composition of wine was evaluated by LC-DAD-MS/MS. In vitro assays were based on spectrophotometric methods, while in vivo assays were performed evaluating oxidative stress markers in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an alternative model to animal testing. A total of 23 phenolic compounds were identified in the Cabernet sauvignon red wine, including the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-glicoside and malvidin-3-O-glicoside, the flavonol quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and the phenolic acids caffeic, verbascoside and caftaric. Trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid were the only stilbenes found in the samples. OTA presence in the red wine was accompanied by reduction in GSH content and increase in hydroxyl radical generation in vitro. The presence of OTA in wine also increased lipoperoxidation and induced overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo. This study demonstrates that OTA presence in red wine can reduce its antioxidant potential in vitro and induces oxidative stress in vivo, without affecting the phenolic compounds levels in the samples. Thus, this work provides insights into the negative effects of the presence of OTA in wine, not only by its known toxicity, but also by prejudicing the antioxidant potential of wine. It is important to be aware of these effects when developing a complete description of OTA toxicity in humans.

Impact of Grapevine Red Blotch Disease on Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Wine Composition and Sensory Attributes

Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is a recently identified viral disease that affects grapevines. GRBD has been shown to impact grapevine physiology and grape composition by altering specific ripening events. However, no studies have been reported on the impact of GRBD on wine composition and its sensory attributes. This study evaluated the impact of GRBD on wine primary and secondary metabolites, in addition to its sensory properties, when making wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes during two seasons. Wines made with GRBD-impacted fruit were lower in ethanol content when compared to wines made with grapes from healthy grapevines. This was attributed to the lower total soluble sugar (TSS) levels of diseased grapes due to delayed ripening at harvest. GRBD impacted wine phenolic composition by decreasing anthocyanin concentrations and increasing flavonol concentrations in some instances. Additionally, proanthocyanidin concentrations were also consistently higher in GRBD wines compared to wines made from healthy fruit. Descriptive analysis demonstrated that GRBD can impact wine style by altering aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. However, the extent of GRBD impact on wine composition and sensory properties were site and season dependent.

Liquid chromatographic methods coupled to chemometrics: a short review to present the key workflow for the investigation of wine phenolic composition as it is affected by environmental factors.

The guarantee of wine authenticity arises great concern because of its nutritional and economic importance. Phenolic fingerprints have been used as a source of chemical information for various authentication issues, including botanical and geographical origin, as well as vintage age. The local environment affects wine production and especially its phenolic metabolites. Integrated analytical methodologies combined with chemometrics can be applied in wine fingerprinting studies for the determination and establishment of phenolic markers that contain comprehensive and standardized information about the wine profile and how it can be affected by various environmental factors. This review summarizes all the recent trends in the generation of chemometric models that have been developed for treating chromatographic data and have been used for the investigation of critical wine authenticity issues, revealing phenolic markers responsible for the botanical, geographical, and vintage age classification of wines. Overall, the current review suggests that chromatographic methodologies are promising and powerful techniques that can be used for the accurate determination of phenolic compounds in difficult matrices like wine, highlighting the advantages of the applications of supervised chemometric tools over unsupervised for the construction of prediction models that have been successfully used for the classification based on their territorial and botanical origin.

Impact of oenological antioxidant substances on the formation of 1-hydroxyethyl radical and phenolic composition in SO2 free red wines.

Different natural substances, chitosan, inactive dry yeasts and freeze-dried aqueous extracts from two wine industry by-products (stems and shoots) were used in red winemaking as possible alternatives to SO2 . The resistance to oxidation of wines was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance. The phenolic composition of wines was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation] assays and spectrophotometric measurements of color were compared. The wines elaborated with chitosan and inactive dry yeast presented greater capacity to inhibit the formation of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical compared to the wines elaborated with stem or shoot extracts. The total content of anthocyanins was higher in the wines elaborated with SO2 ; however, the concentration of flavan-3-ols was higher in the wines with chitosan. In addition, the wines with chitosan and inactive dry yeast presented the highest % polymerization. Wines elaborated with stem extract had a lower concentration of flavonols and stilbenes. Chitosan and inactive dry yeast, which are used as an alternative to SO2 in winemaking, allow the control of the formation of 1-HER in red wines. Wines with stem and shoot extracts showed a lower resistance to oxidation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Elicitors: a strategy to improve phenolic composition in wines

Elicitors: a strategy to improve phenolic composition in wines

Phenolic composition of wine from 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes subjected to leaf removal at different timing in Southern Brazil

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenolic composition of wine from 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera) grapes subjected to leaf removal management at different timing, in a high-altitude region. The experiment was carried out in the 2015 and 2016 vintages, in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Joaquim, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The treatments consisted of different periods of leaf removal in the clusters, at five phenological stages ‒ full bloom, buckshot berries, pea-sized berries, veraison, and 15 days after veraison ‒, and of a control without leaf removal. At harvest, 50 kg of each treatment were collected for winemaking. The contents of gallic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol were evaluated. The results showed the importance of leaf removal before veraison, to obtain wine with a higher concentration of phenolic compounds, which favors wine quality. The leaf removal management promotes the increase of gallic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, quercetin, and kaempferol in wine. The early leaf removal before veraison results in increases in vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, quercetin, and kaempferol. The wine made from grapes not subjected to leaf removal shows higher values of catechin and rutin.

Crop level vs. leaf removal: Effects on Istrian Malvasia wine aroma and phenolic acids composition

The impact of crop level and leaf removal on Istrian Malvasia (Vitis vinifera L.) white wine aroma and phenolic acids composition was studied over two vine-growing seasons. Two crop levels were combined with leaf removal or untreated control in two-factorial design. Crop level showed limited impact on aroma compounds in wine and the concentration of some esters was increased by higher crop level. In contrast, leaf removal increased the concentration of several aroma compounds and especially monoterpenes and esters. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acids in wine was enhanced only by leaf removal, while no consistent impact of the investigated factors on hydroxybenzoic acids was observed. The obtained results suggest that in cases where environmental conditions are not limiting, increasing the crop level under adequate microclimate in fruit zone has no detrimental effects on white wine aroma and hydroxycinnamic acids composition, potentially leading to economically more sustainable grape production.

INVESTIGATION ON 'FREISA' RED GRAPE VARIETY: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPES FROM FIVE PIEDMONT GROWING AREAS AND OF THE PRODUCED WINES

This study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of ‘‘Freisa’’ red winegrapes from five growing areas at three ripeness degrees. Wines were produced with grapes from each growing area. Results highlighted that “Freisa” grapes have relatively hard skins (break force>0.8N), medium anthocyanin content (>800mg/kg grapes), and high flavanol content (PRO>2500, FVA>1200mg/kg grapes). Skin thickness, total anthocyanin and flavanol contents were significantly influenced by environmental conditions and ripeness. Grapes from Monferrato area showed the thickest skins and highest contents of anthocyanins but also of seed flavanols. Coherently, wine color characteristics and phenolic composition depended on growing area.

Effect of size, seasoning and toasting level of Quercus pyrenaica Willd. wood on wine phenolic composition during maturation process with micro-oxygenation

Seasoning and toasting treatments carried out in cooperage influence the chemical composition of the oak, and these treatments affect different oak species in different ways. For this reason, numerous studies have focused on the evaluation of both the oak wood materials and the resulting aged wines in order to optimize the different cooperage processes. Seasoning involves immobilizing the wood for long periods of time, leading to an increase in the price of the final product. When using alternative products instead of barrels, in addition to the seasoning and toasting of the wood, the size of the wood pieces is a determining factor in the characteristics of the final wine. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the polyphenolic composition of the same red wine aged with different alternative products and a small amount of oxygen for 120 days. Specifically, the effect of 2 types of seasoning and 3 types of toasting of chips and staves made from the wood of Q. pyrenaica Willd. was studied. The results showed that the size of the alternative product was the factor that determines the phenolic composition of the wines over the entire ageing process, independent of the seasoning or toasting method carried out on the wood.

Impact of the contact time of different oak wood chips on red wine phenolic composition evolution after bottling

The main object of the present work was to evaluate the potential influence of the oak wood chips-wines contact time (30 and 60 days) on the evolution of the red wine phenolic composition during storage in bottle. Thus, global phenolic composition, color parameters, and individual anthocyanins of bottled red wines that had previously been in contact with oak wood chips during different times were analyzed. The results obtained demonstrates that in general, after 6 months of bottle storage, red wines with a previous oak wood chips contact time showed a more evident decrease on anthocyanin content, independently of the oak wood chips species used and toasting level. This tendency was also confirmed by the decrease in the values obtained for color intensity anda∗(redness) CIELab coordinate value. However, a positive impact of oak wood chips contact time on wine hue color andb∗(yellowness) CIELab coordinate values, was detected. Thus, after 6 months of bottle storage, red wines that were in a previous contact with oak wood chips (particularly during 60 aging days), exhibited lower color hue andb∗values compared with control wine (without any oak wood chips contact).

Comparison of high pressure treatment with conventional red wine aging processes: impact on phenolic composition

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) applied to wine in flexible plastic bottles has been studied as an enological practice for red wine aging, due to the oxidative reactions that can be promoted by this technology. To evaluate the effect of HHP on wine phenolic composition, a red wine treated with HHP was compared with different conventional wine aging processes, such as the use of wood and microoxygenation. The wine was pressurized at 500 MPa for 5 min at 20 °C and the same wine was also stored in oak barrels and treated with oak chips with or without microoxygenation. For comparison of the HHP effect, all wines were stored in polyethylene bottles. After 5 months, the monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonols content of pressurized wines were lower in comparison with the other wine treatments. Nevertheless, pressurized wines showed a similar degree of tannin polymerization, pyranoanthocyanins content, and percentage of prodelphinidins in relation to the wine treated with microoxygenation and oak chips. HHP, possible by promoting a higher diffusion of oxygen into the wine, has the potential to be a novel oenological practice, producing red wines with a polymeric phenolic composition similar to those treated with wood aging processes.