Phenolic Acid Profiles Research Articles

Phenolic Acid Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Romanian Wild-Grown Acer spp. (Sapindaceae)

This study investigated, for the first time, the phenolic acid profile along with the in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of leaves and fruits from five Romanian wild-grown Acer spp. (Sapindaceae): A. campestre L., A. monspessulanum L., A. platanoides L., A. pseudoplatanus L., and A. tataricum L. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry (HPLC/UV/MS) was employed to identify and quantify key phenolic acids, including gallic, caffeic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acids. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 61.48 ± 3.76 to 512.8 ± 20.54 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL. Antioxidant activities, assessed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging capacities for A. tataricum fruits, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 10.88 ± 3.39 µg/mL and 10.39 ± 2.86 µg/mL, respectively. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay revealed the highest reducing power for A. tataricum fruits (1158 ± 48.98 µmol Fe2+/L) and leaves (1119 ± 164.6 µmol Fe2+/L). AChE inhibition was only found in A. tataricum, with an IC50 of 7.91 ± 7.50 mg/mL for leaves and 15.95 ± 8.52 mg/mL for fruits. These results highlight A. tataricum as a promising source of natural antioxidants and neuroprotective agents.

Decolorizing of seaweed extract by electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove biological and chemical contaminants, but the process has the potential to be used in clarifying plant extracts for the isolation and identification of secondary metabolites. Seaweed extracts contain copious amounts of chlorophyll and other pigments that obscure the characterization of secondary metabolites such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In place of conventional methods that utilize solvents, EC can potentially be applied to clarify and fractionate extracts. In this research, an EC duration of 30 min (22 V, 0.3–0.5A) with aluminum electrodes resulted in a significant decrease, about 76%, of chlorophyll and 70% of carotenoids from seaweed extract measured at 666 nm and 410 nm. The decrease in extract green and yellow color intensity also mirrored a decrease in total phenolic content (TPC) of the extract from 54 ± 1.55 mg GAE/g DW to 3.2 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW after 30 min of EC. However, the phenolic acid profile of the extract after electrocoagulation via HPLC-RP indicated the removal of an interference probably caused by polymeric compounds from the extract, thus leaving the simple phenolic acids in solution for detection. The major phenolic acids detected in seaweed crude extract were p-coumaric, o-coumaric, ferulic and syringic acid. Flavonoids detected included catechin, epicatechin, quercetin-3-glucoside and rutin. The results of this study show the potential of replacing conventional plant extract purification methods with a green method that requires no additional solvent.Graphical

Impact of lipids removal on the color, cooking characteristics, textural properties, and UHPLC‐QToF‐IMS‐based metabolites of Indian brown rice using supercritical carbon dioxide

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe study investigated the effect of lipid extraction by using the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) process from brown rice (BR) of different Indian rice varieties (PB386, PB3, PB1121, PB1637, PR122, PR123, PR129, and PR113). BR was evaluated for color, pasting, cooking, and textural properties. UHPLC‐QToF‐IMS analysis was also carried out to make a comparison in fatty, phenolic, and amino acid profiles between BR of different varieties.FindingsDefatted BR (DBR) from all varieties exhibited increased L* (Lightness) while lower a* (redness to greenness) and b* (yellowness to blueness) than BR. Cooking time and hardness decreased, and water uptake increased in both types of DBR. Defatting of BR increased peak viscosity while it decreased pasting temperature in all the varieties. Fatty acids and phenolic acids compounds decreased while minor increases in amino acids were observed on defatting in all the varieties.ConclusionTherefore, sCO2 extraction was observed as a promising alternative to conventional methods like polishing to enhance the organoleptic and nutritional quality of the rice.

The metabolic profiles of phenolic acids and aromatic amino acids in the Orobanche crenata parasite and its host faba bean at different infestation stages

Orobanche crenata is a root holoparasite that depends on its host for nutritional requirements. The shikimate pathway that metabolizes about 30% of the assimilated carbon in photosynthetic plants plays a role in host-parasite relationships. Aromatic amino acids (AAAs) and phenolic acids are derived from the shikimate pathway and serve as precursors of a wide number of primary and secondary metabolites. The effects of the O. crenata parasite on the phenolic acid and AAA profiles of two faba bean varieties and the differences of these compounds between the host organs and attached parasite at infestation stages were studied. Hosts and attached parasites were collected and divided, depending on the stage of parasite development, into four stages. The results revealed that phenolic acids and free AAAs tended to increase in parasitized roots compared to those of healthy roots, and the greatest increase in phenolic contents occurred at the first infestation stage. Syringic acid was observed to be unique to the parasite. Profiles of phenolic acids and AAAs were changed during the developmental stages of the parasite and differed from those of its host. Caffeic in the parasite reached more than 100 times that in Nubaria 4 host roots at the fourth infestation stage. Free phenylalanine in the parasite ranged between 2.2 and 5.5 times its level in host roots at all infestation stages. This study provides much evidence that indicates O. crenata is able to self-regulate its phenolic and AAA metabolites during its developmental stages, which differ from those of its host.

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal transcriptional regulatory network for phenolic acid biosynthesis in potato tubers

The phenolic acid profile and concentration in potatoes signify their nutritional significance and functional value. In this study, a total of 398 metabolites, including 52 phenolic acids, were identified from three colored potato clones at three developmental stages using widely targeted metabolomics. Red and purple-fleshed potatoes exhibit higher levels of most phenolic acids compared to yellow-fleshed potatoes, particularly notable in their chlorogenic acid content. We concentrated on the distribution of differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) among these clones, pinpointing the ERF (ethylene response factor), bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), and MYB (myeloblastosis) as the predominant TFs via RNA-Seq analysis. Based on integrated transcriptomic and widely targeted metabolomic analysis, 23 pathway genes that might be involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acid were identified. Furthermore, three central modules and several hub genes, encompassing 7 TFs, were identified. Notably, bHLH1 was identified as a key transcriptional regulator within this network, specifically activating the transcription of StCCoAOMT, a key enzyme catalyzing the methylation of caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of phenolic acid biosynthesis in potatoes and potentially advances the development of functional food products derived from these potatoes.

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant Activities, LCMS Profiles of Mespilus germanica Leaf Extract and Effects on mRNA Transcription Levels of Apoptotic, Autophagic, and Necrotic Genes in MCF7 and A549 Cancer Cell Lines.

Cancer, defined by the continuous, uncontrollable proliferation of cells in the human body, is a disease with a rapidly increasing incidence and mortality rate. Scientists are looking for novel ways to cure and prevent this sneaky disease because of the toxicity of contemporary chemotherapy and the cancer cells' resilience to anticancer drugs. Determining the effect of herbal medicines, which do not have as harmful side effects as synthetic drugs, on cancer cell lines is an essential preliminary study in the production of effective drugs against cancer. In this study, the phenolic acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity of the medicinal plant Mespilus germanica (MG) leaf extract were determined, and its effects on the expression of some apoptotic, necrotic, and autophagic pathway genes of MCF7 (Human breast cancer line) and A549 (Human lung cancer line) and healthy HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells were investigated for the first time. The LCMS device detected many important phenolic compounds previously reported to act against cancer cells in Mespilus germanica leaf extract. DPPH and total phenolic content showed high antioxidant capacity. The cytotoxicity of MG was determined by the MTT method. The levels of mRNA transcription for Atg5, Atg3, Rıpk1, Bcl2, Bax, Apaf1, Caspase-8, Caspase-7, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9, as well as the expression patterns of the DNA damage markers P53 and Parp-1 genes, were assessed. MG leaf extract did not cause significant toxicity against healthy HDF cells. However, it had a cytotoxic effect on A549 and MCF7 cancer cell lines, increasing the transcription levels of essential genes involved in cell death mechanisms. This research is the first to analyze the phenolic components and antioxidant capabilities of leaf extracts from Mespilus germanica. Additionally, it investigates the impact of these extracts on crucial genes involved in cell death pathways of A549 lung cancer, MCF7 breast cancer, and non-cancerous HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells.

Phenolic, amino acids, and fatty acids profiles and the nutritional properties in the fresh and dried fruits of black rosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia L.)

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the raw materials of plants as a source of biologically active substances. Black rosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia L.) fruits could be a good resource for potential functional components in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Also, drying can influence the composition of heat-sensitive phytochemicals. However, less attention is given to comparing black rosehip bioactive compounds particularly compositions of fatty acid, amino acids, and phenolic content in fresh and dried fruits. So in this study, the amino acid constituents (by amino acid analyzer), fatty acids (by GC–MS), mineral elements (by atomic absorption spectrometer), antioxidant (by DPPH) and phenolic compounds (by HPLC) present in fresh and dried fruits of black rosehip naturally grown in Iran were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that dried fruits had a lower level moisture by 51.55%, and a higher level of total phenolic compounds and total sugar by 786.20 mg GAE/100 g and 15.77 g/100 g, respectively. Chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were the major phenolic compounds (109.3 mg/g). Whilst, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and arachidic acid (85.34%) were the most dominant fatty acids. The most dominant amino acids were glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and arginine (29.41 g/100 g). Also, Fe and Mn as micro-elements were the most dominant elements. In general, the results illustrated the potentials and differences of black rosehip fruits grown in the Arasbaran region as promising resources for food sources, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and breeding programs. Also, these findings confirm that black rosehip fruits contain significant amounts of secondary metabolites that may positively affect human health.

Obtaining and characterization of natural extracts from mango (Mangifera Indica) peel and its effect on the rheological behavior in new mango kernel starch hydrogels

Hydrogels based on natural polymers have aroused interest from the scientific community. The aim of this investigation was to obtain natural extracts from mango peels and to evaluate their addition (1, 3, and 5%) on the rheological behavior of mango starch hydrogels. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and phenolic acid profile of the natural extracts were evaluated. The viscoelastic and thixotropic behavior of hydrogels with the addition of natural extracts was evaluated. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the extracts increased significantly (p<0.05) with the variation of the ethanol-water ratio; the phenolic acid profile showed the contain of p-coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, chlorogenic acids, epicatechein, catechin, querecetin, and mangiferin. The viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels showed that the storage modulus G′ is larger than the loss modulus G′′ indicating a viscoelastic solid behavior. The addition of extract improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels. 1% of the extracts increase viscoelastic and thixotropic properties, while concentrations of 3 to 5% decreased. The recovery percentage (%Re) decreases at concentrations from 0% to 1% of natural extracts, however, at concentrations from 3% to 5% increased.

Assessing Antioxidant Properties, Phenolic Compound Profiles, Organic Acids, and Sugars in Conventional Apple Cultivars (Malus domestica): A Chemometric Approach.

This study analyzed the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, and antioxidant activity in different conventional apple cultivars (Malus domestica) from the Serbian market. Polyphenol profiles, sugars, and organic acid contents were analyzed by HPLC, and antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH and FRAP. Notable findings included variations in phenolic compound presence, with certain compounds detected only in specific cultivars. 'Red Jonaprince' exhibited the highest arbutin (0.86 mg/kg FW) and quercetin-3-rhamnoside content (22.90 mg/kg FW), while 'Idared' stood out for its gallic acid content (0.22 mg/kg FW) and 'Granny Smith' for its catechin levels (21.19 mg/kg FW). Additionally, malic acid dominated among organic acids, with 'Granny Smith' showing the highest content (6958.48 mg/kg FW). Fructose was the predominant sugar across all cultivars. Chemometric analysis revealed distinct groupings based on phenolic and organic acid profiles, with 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious' exhibiting unique characteristics. Artificial neural network modeling effectively predicted antioxidant activity based on the input parameters. Global sensitivity analysis highlighted the significant influence of certain phenolic compounds and organic acids on antioxidant activity.

Exploring the impact of fermentation on bioactive compounds in two different types of carrot pomace

This study assessed the fermentation process of black and orange-colored carrot pomaces utilizing three varieties of lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The fermentation process influenced the titratable acidity and lactic acid production, with L. plantarum resulting in the highest increases, particularly noticeable in orange-colored carrot pomace (OCP). Initially, citric acid levels increased, while ascorbic acid levels decreased in all cultures. Black carrot pomace (BCP) fermented by L. casei exhibited the highest phenolic content (611.42 mg GAE/100 g dw) and antioxidant activity on day 3. The total phenolic content of OCP was the highest on day 3 with both L. casei and L. plantarum. The phenolic acid profiles varied by carrot type, with BCP being rich in neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, and OCP in gallic and p-coumaric acids. High anthocyanin content was found in OCP, especially cyanidin derivatives, peaking with L. casei. Similarly, OCP showed increased levels of both α-carotene and β-carotene on day 3 with L. casei. Carotenoid analysis revealed that BCP contained only α-carotene, with the highest level observed after 4 days of fermentation with L. plantarum. This study demonstrates that selective fermentation with lactic acid bacteria can alter the phytochemical profile of carrot pomaces, potentially enhancing the nutritional quality in various food applications.

Changes in the Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Yerba Mate Depending on the Brewing Conditions.

Yerba Mate drink made from dried and crushed leaves and twigs of Paraguayan holly (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), which is a valuable source of bioactive substances, in particular antioxidants. The available literature lacks data on changes in the content and profile of bioactive compounds such as tannins, caffeine, the phenolic acid profile of flavonoids and carotenoids, as well as total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in Yerba Mate infusions depending on different brewing conditions, and how different brewing conditions affect the physicochemical properties of these infusions. Therefore, this study evaluated the physicochemical properties of dried and Yerba Mate infusions prepared via single and double brewing processes at 70 °C and 100 °C. The organoleptic evaluation, as well as the instrumental color measurement, showed significant changes in the total color difference (ΔE) and the L*a*b* chromatic coordinates of dried Yerba Mate samples and their infusions. Moreover, the research showed higher contents of tannins (mean 1.36 ± 0.14 g/100 g d.m.), caffeine (mean 17.79 ± 3.49 mg/g d.m.), carotenoids (mean 12.90 ± 0.44 μg/g d.m.), phenolic acids (mean 69.97 ± 7.10 mg/g d.m.), flavonoids (mean 5.47 ± 1.78 mg/g d.m.), total polyphenols (mean 55.26 ± 8.51 mg GAE/g d.m.), and antioxidant activity (mean 2031.98 ± 146.47 μM TEAC/g d.m.) in single-brewed Yerba Mate infusions compared to double-brewed (0.77 ± 0.12 g/100 g d.m., 14.28 ± 5.80 mg/g d.m., 12.67 ± 0.62 μg/g d.m., 57.75 ± 8.73 mg/g d.m., 3.64 ± 0.76 mg/g d.m., 33.44 ± 6.48 mg GAE/g d.m. and 1683.09 ± 155.34 μM TEAC/g d.m., respectively). In addition, infusions prepared at a lower temperature (70 °C) were characterized by a higher content of total polyphenols and higher antioxidant activity, in contrast to the tannin and carotenoid contents, the levels of which were higher at 100 °C than at 70 °C. Considering the high amount of bioactive ingredients, in particular antioxidants, and a wide range of health benefits, it is worth including Yerba Mate in the daily diet.

Time maters: Exploring the dynamics of bioactive compounds content, bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity during Lupinus angustifolius germination

Germination is a process that enhances the content of health-promoting secondary metabolites. However, the bioaccessibility of these compounds depends on their stability and solubility throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The study aimed to explore how germination time influences the content and bioaccessibility of γ-aminobutyric acid and polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) sprouts during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Gamma-aminobutyric acid showed a decrease following gastrointestinal digestion (GID) whereas phenolic acids and flavonoids exhibited bioaccessibilities of up to 82.56 and 114.20%, respectively. Although the digestion process affected the profile of phenolic acids and flavonoids, certain isoflavonoids identified in 7-day sprouts (G7) showed resistance to GID. Germination not only favored antioxidant activity but also resulted in germinated samples exhibiting greater antioxidant properties than ungerminated counter parts after GID. Intestinal digests from G7 did not show cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and notably, they showed an outstanding ability to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species. This suggests potential benefit in mitigating oxidative stress. These findings contribute to understand the dynamic interplay between bioprocessing and digestion in modulating the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in lupin, thereby impacting health.

Techno-functional characteristics, mineral composition and antioxidant potential of dietary fiber extracted by sonication from different oat cultivars (Avena sativa)

Metabolic disorders including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease etc. are the major threats to public health and economy. Management and prevention of alarmingly increased aforementioned disorders has attracted researchers to explore their natural remedies. The objective of this study was to explore ultrasonically extracted dietary fibers from indigenous oat cultivars (SGD2011, Avon, SGD81, PD2LV65, and S2000) for their techno-functional characteristics, mineral composition and phytochemicals. These characteristics will find the way to ultimately use oats in food and feed industries to address consumer demand. Extraction of dietary fibers from oat cultivars was optimized by response surface methodology. These cultivars varied significantly (p < 0.05) for oil holding capacity, water saturation and water holding capacity. The SGD81 cultivar showed the highest oil holding capacity, water holding capacity and water saturation due to its highest fraction of dietary fiber. The highest values of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, total flavonol contents, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and anthocyanins were shown by SGD81, and SGD2011. All cultivars varied significantly (p < 0.05) with respect to phytochemical quantification. The cultivars SGD81 and SGD2011 showed the best phenolic acid profile and can be effectively used as source of nutraceutical. Beyond well-established nutritional properties of oat, these may also contribute dietary fibers for their nutraceutical properties. This approach can protect people from metabolic disorders. Moreover, extraction of dietary fibers through sonication can be considered an eco-friendly strategy.

Production and biochemical characterization of freeze-dried blueberry juice from enzymatically processed berries

Production of freeze-dried juice semi-finished products is a promising direction in the technology of processing blueberries. This direction allows complex problem solving regarding seasonality of berry processing with optimization of logistics costs, extension of the geography of sources of raw material supply while preserving high sensory properties of a freeze-dried product. The main advantages of such a product are characteristics determining properties of fresh berries, including taste, color, aroma, nutritional and biological value. The aim of the study was the development of technological solutions to produce freeze-dried blueberry juice from enzymatically processed blueberry pulp, as well as determination of its biochemical characteristics. Chemical (titrimetric and gravimetric) methods and modern physico-chemical methods (HPLC, atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods) were used in the work. As a result of the performed investigations, parameters have been determined for the process of freeze-drying of native blueberry juice: freeze-drying temperature of –23 ±2 °С and pressure of 70–80 Pa, secondary drying at a temperature of 38–40 °С. Duration of the freeze-drying process was 16 hours until reaching the final moisture of 4%. It is shown that freeze-dried juice preserves all quality attributes of the native juice: taste, color and aroma. The native and freeze-dried blueberry juice was characterized by the chemical composition. The profile of flavonoids, anthocyans, phenolic and organic acids, composition of sugars, vitamins and minerals were studied. It has been established that the chosen parameters of freeze-drying ensure preservation of biologically active and minor substances at a level of no less than 77% of the initial content in the native juice. High preservation was demonstrated for quercetin and resveratrol. Losses were 9.6% for epicatechin, 13.7–23.0% for phenolic acids, and 14–22% for vitamins. As a result of juice processing by freeze-drying, an increase was noticed for the content of delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside by 20–35%. The proportion of cyanidin-3-galactoside + delphinidin-3-arabinoside decreased by 65% and that of delphinidin-3-galactoside by 2.85 times. A decrease in the content of macro-elements (up to 6.0%) was established in the freeze-dried juice; more noticeable losses were recorded for micro-elements (up to 14.8%). The results obtained show prospects of using the technology and chosen regimes of freeze-drying in production of freezedried blueberry juice. This technology combines a possibility of producing a manufacturable berry ingredient with maximum preservation of natural biologically active and minor components of berries for using in products of healthy nutrition.

Unveiling the distribution of free and bound phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins in pigmented and non-pigmented rice genotypes.

The total phenolic content, phenolic acid profile, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of the whole-grain and bran portion of sixteen distinct rice genotypes that correspond to three distinct pericarp bran colors-black, red, and non-pigmented (NP)-were examined. Ten free and bound phenolic acids, as well as two flavonoids, were analyzed using HPLC-PDA. The flavonoids included kaempferol and catechin hydrate, and the free phenolic acids included gallic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid. Trans-ferulic acid (207.39 mg/kg), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (94.36 mg/kg), and p-coumaric acid (59.75 mg/kg) were the principal bound phenolic acids in pigmented rice genotypes, whereas in NP genotypes they were trans-ferulic acid (95.61 mg/kg) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (58.32 mg/kg). The main free phenolic acid was syringic acid (120.43 mg/kg) in all genotypes. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was also detected in NP genotypes, mainly in the bound form (4.88 mg/kg). NP genotypes Basmati 386 and Punjab Basmati 7 also displayed high content of bran flavonoids (1001 and 1028 mg CE/100g). The bound form of phenolics had significant DPPH and ABTS + activity. This study found wide diversity in the phenolic acid profile, total phenolic constituents, and antioxidant activity in the bran and whole grain of pigmented and NP rice. The individual phenolic acids in free and bound forms in different fractions of the grain were found to exert their antioxidant activity differently. The results obtained will provide new opportunities to improve the nutritional quality of rice with enhanced levels of phytochemicals in the ongoing breeding programs. Black rice bran contains a high level of phytochemicals and thus has a potent pharmaceutical role. This information would enhance the use of whole-grain and bran of pigmented rice in food product development by food technologists. Further studies may be focused on clinical trials with respect to cancer and diabetes.

Investigation the biological activities and the metabolite profiles of endophytic fungi isolated from Gundelia tournefortii L.

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that are considered as a potential source of natural compounds, and can be applied in various industries. The aims of this research were molecular identification of endophytic fungi isolated from the Gundelia tournefortii stems, and investigation their biological activities as well as phenolic and fatty acid profile. Surface sterilized stems of G. tournefortii were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) to isolate the fungal endophytes. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB method, and PCR amplification was performed by ITS 1 and ITS 4 as primers. The enzyme production of endophytic fungi was determined based on the formation of a clear zone that appeared around the colonies of fungus. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the amount of free radicals DPPH. Also, the total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured obtained by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Moreover, the separation and identification of phenolic acids and fatty acids were done by HPLC and GC, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was done based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, and five isolates were identified as following: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, and Mucor circinelloides. Evaluation of the enzymatic properties showed that P. gabrum (31 ± 1.9 mm), and A. niger (23 ± 1.7) had more ability for producing pectinase and cellulase. The anti-oxidant activity of isolates showed that A. alternata extract (IC50 = 471 ± 29 µg/mL) had the highest anti-oxidant properties, followed by A. tenuissima extract (IC50 = 512 ± 19 µg/mL). Also, the extract of A. alternata had the greatest amount of total phenols and flavonoids contents (8.2 ± 0.4 mg GAL/g and 2.3 ± 0.3 mg QE/g, respectively). The quantification analysis of phenolic acid showed that rosmarinic acid, para-coumaric acid, and meta-coumaric acid (42.02 ± 1.31, 7.53 ± 0.19, 5.41 ± 0.21 mg/g, respectively) were the main phenolic acids in the studied fungi. The analysis of fatty acids confirmed that, in all fungi, the main fatty acids were stearic acid (27.9–35.2%), oleic acid (11.3–17.3%), palmitic acid (16.9–23.2%), linoleic acid (5.8–11.6%), and caprylic acid (6.3–10.9%). Our finding showed that endophytic fungi are a source of bioactive compounds, which could be used in various industries. This is the first report of endophytic fungi associated with G. tournefortii, which provides knowledge on their future use on biotechnological processes.

A comprehensive characterization of phenolics, amino acids and other minor bioactives of selected honeys and identification of botanical origin markers

Phenolic and amino acid profiles along with organic acid, vitamin and mineral contents, major and minor sugars and enzyme activities of selected honey samples collected in North America were analyzed using different methods and potential markers of their botanical origin were identified. Among the 29 detected phenolic compounds, and some were found to be a good chemical markers to distinguish a genuine honey given its propolis origin. Quantitative data and principal component analysis showed that hesperidin, caffeic acid/isoferulic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid/p-coumaric acid have the most positive relationship to the orange, alfalfa, and buckwheat honey, respectively, indicating their potential roles as chemical markers of these floral honeys. Free amino acid profiles were similar in all other honeys except buckwheat which not only had significantly higher branched-chain amino acids but was the only floral honey that contained L-norvaline that was identified for the first time. The enzyme activities and the major and rare sugar composition helped explain the presence of the various organic acids in the honeys. Compositional data of these bioactives and other nutrients will not only serve as database information for honey derived from North America but also provide insightful knowledge for the underlining potential health benefits.

Chromatographic analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the herb Ocimum sanctum L.

The genus Basil (Ocimum L.), which belongs to the Mint (Lamiaceae Martinov) family, includes more than 70 species and several subspecies of herbaceous plants and subshrubs. In wild nature, they are common on almost all continents in tropical and subtropical regions, less often in temperate climates. Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) is most often used in folk medicine of various countries. The medicinal properties of this plant are determined mainly by the essential oil and polyphenols. As it is known, the chemical composition of plant raw materials can vary significantly depending on genetic characteristics (subspecies, chemotype) as well as on soil and climatic conditions during its cultivation.&#x0D; This study aimed to determine the chromatographic profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the Ocimum sanctum herb during its cultivation in the conditions of the Ternopil Region (Ukraine). The aerial part of the studied plant was harvested at the beginning of flowering in the summer of 2023. The dried raw material was crushed and sifted through a sieve. The chromatographic profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an Agilent Technologies 1200 chromatograph. The raw material was extracted using 80% methanol in an ultrasonic bath. Identification and quantitative analysis were carried out using solutions of standard samples of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Calibration was carried out by the method of external standards.&#x0D; It was revealed that the Ocimum sanctum herb contains eight phenolic acids, among which hydroxycinnamic rosmarinic acid (10 453.48 μg/g) dominated. In general, the content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the raw material of the studied species was significantly higher than that of hydroxybenzoic acids. Among the six identified flavonoids, the highest content was determined for the flavanone neohesperidin (11 720.79 μg/g); the content of other flavonoids, in particular, flavonol derivatives (quercetin, rutin, quercetin-3-O-glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-glycoside) and flavone (luteolin) was significantly lower.&#x0D; Considering the significant therapeutic potential of the predominant phenolic compounds, the planning of further pharmacological studies of phytosubstances based on the raw material of the studied species deserves attention.

Exploring gender-based diversity for phenolic and organic acid profiles in the genetic resource of betel vine (Piper betle L.) from India as revealed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03907-2.

Membrane-Based Preparation Process and Antioxidant and Anti-AGEs Activities of a Novel Propolis Ultrafiltrate.

Propolis is one functional supplement with hundreds of years of usage. However, it's rarely consumed directly for its resinous property. Herein, a pre-treated process which can remove the impurity while preserve its bioactivities is needed to maximise its therapeutic opportunities. In the present study, a membrane-based ultrafiltration process was developed on a KM1812-NF experimental instrument. Using Brazilian green propolis as testing material, all experimental steps and parameters were sequentially optimized. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to fit the process. As a result, the optimum solvent was 60 % ethanol adjusted to pH 8-9, while the optimum MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) value of membrane was 30 KDa. The membrane filtration dynamic model fitted with the function y=(ax+b)/(1+cx+dx2 ). The resulting propolis ultrafiltrate from Brazilian green propolis, termed P30K, contains the similar profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids as raw propolis. Meanwhile, the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value of P30K is 11429.45±1557.58 μM TE/g and the IC50 value of inhibition of fluorescent AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation is 0.064 mg/mL. Our work provides an innovative alternative process for extraction of active compounds from propolis and reveals P30K as an efficient therapeutic antioxidant.