Phenolic Acids In Fruits Research Articles

Morphological and biochemical diversity in Rosa species

The Rosa L. is one of the widely grown plants in the world and its flowers and fruits has been used in different parts of the world for centuries. Wild grown Rosa plants is one of the most important element of the natural landscape and used as rootstock for roses for centuries as well. In this study the main flower, shrub and fruit characteristics of a large number of Rosa canina L. and Rosa dumalis Bechst. genotypes naturally found in Ardahan province of Turkey has been studied. All plants found very health conditions and indicated their strong defense mechanism of the genera to harsh abiotic and biotic conditions. The majority of genotypes had attractive flowers. The genotypes exhibited fruit mass between 2.81 g to 4.60 g. SSC (soluble solid content), vitamin C, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and total anthocyanin content of the genotypes ranged from 15.8–20.6%, 502–714 mg per 100 g FW (fresh weight), 405–507 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g FW, 1.02–2.00 mg per g FW, 8.40–13.30 mg per g FW and 4.35–6.98 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per liter, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined between 22.3–30.9 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per g fresh weight. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acids in fruits of Rosa ecotypes. Our results indicated promising perspectives for usage of R. canina and R. dumalis fresh fruits studied with considerable levels of bioactive compounds.

Modulation of Light and Nitrogen for Quality-Traits Improvement: A Case Study of Altino Sweet Pepper

Local varieties are known to cope more efficiently with stressful and/or low-input conditions than cultivated ones by activating secondary metabolisms and, hence, are supposed to have higher nutraceutical potential. In this work, we investigate the effects of N and light, supplied at optimal and sub-optimal levels, on the fruit yield and quality of a local ecotype of sweet pepper, Altino, grown in the Abruzzo Region (Southern Italy). In 2017, two open-field experiments were carried out, comparing increasing N rates (0, 100 and 200 kg N ha−1, 0_N, 100_N and 200_N, respectively) and different percentages of shading and/or manipulations of the transmitted solar radiation, obtained through photoselective nets (red net, RN; black net, BN; unshaded Control). Both N and light were preconditions to obtain stable yields in terms of both fruit number and fruit weights. However, BN significantly reduced the number of sunscalded fruits (0.39 vs. 3.38 and 2.59 fruit plant−1 for BN, Control and RN, respectively), leading to lower waste. N deficiency favoured higher total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents in ripened fruits; on the other hand, shading significantly reduced TPC (−12.4%) in immature and TFC (−18.2%) in red fruits. The variations in nutraceuticals were also evaluated in terms of the variations of the single phenolic acids in fruits during ripening; the most interesting results were associated with light treatments. Further research should be directed to the in-depth study of nutrition regimes, in combination with other photoselective nets applications (i.e., pearl nets), that could be suitable for the Altino genotype to enhance the yield and nutraceutical potentials of its fruits.

Simultaneous extraction of five phenolic acids in fruits using ultrasound assisted aqueous two phase system based on polyethylene glycol-ionic liquid-sodium carbonate

ABSTRACT Polyethylene glycol bis (methylimidazolium) ditetrachloroferrate was synthesized and used as adjuvant in aqueous two-phase system based on polymer-salt for the extraction of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system was consisted by polyethylene glycol 600 and sodium carbonate and ionic liquid as adjuvant. Polymer-ionic liquid-salt-based aqueous two-phase system was optimized with parameters including amount of ionic liquid and polymer, type and amount of salt, extraction time, extraction temperature, and pH of phenolic acid solution. The optimal conditions were defined as follows: 5% (v/v) ionic liquid, 0.7 g polyethylene glycol 600, 0.5 g sodium carbonate, 20 min extraction time, 40°C extraction temperature, and sample solution at pH 5. The satisfactory method was successfully implemented for the extraction and determination of phenolic acids in grape, apple, banana, and pear samples with recoveries in the range of 84.30–100.00%.

Some Pomological Properties of Promising Seed Propagated Walnut Genotypes from Inner Turkey

In this study, fruits from seed propagated walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees were collected two consecutive years in harvest seasons in Yozgat province in Turkey. Considering two years results, promising five genotypes were determined as cultivar candidate. In the promising genotypes, nut weight ranged from 12.55 (Y11) to 15.08 g (Y15), kernel weight ranged from 5.23 (Y11) to 7.34 g (Y15) and kernel ratio varied between 41.67 (Y11) to 50.84% (Y1), respectively. Linoleic acid was the only polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic, palmitoleic and gondoic acids determined as major monounsaturated acids ranged from 30.36 to 48.43%, 0.05 to 0.14% and 0.22 to 0.29%, respectively. Propylparaben was the major phenolic acid among the determined phenolic acids in fruits of all five promising genotypes and Y16 had the highest amount of propylparaben (128.08 mg per kg) in its kernel. Malic and tartaric acid were the major organic acids in walnut kernels ranged from 47.88 to 78.51 mg per 100 g and 30.27 to 49.60 mg per 100 g, respectively. L-ascorbic acid was the another organic acids in walnut kernels ranged from 10.71 to 19.71 mg per 100 g. Citric acid was non-determined in kernels of Y1, Y14 and Y15 but determined at kernels of Y11 and Y16 as 4.51 and 7.55 mg per 100 g, respectively. It was determined that the oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic and fumaric acid contents varied between 8.39-12.08 mg per 100 g, 6.02-9.19 mg per 100 g, 2.86-5.32 mg per 100 g, 0.26-3.00 mg per 100 g and 0.26-0.58 mg per 100 g, respectively.
 
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 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
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Phytochemical Investigations of Laurel Fruits (Laurus nobilis)

Bay laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen tree. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition (polyphenols, essential oil [EO], lipid fraction, cellulose, and protein content) of laurel fruits collected from Greece (Mount Athos) and Georgia (the village of Meria), and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of laurel fruit EOs. The major phenolic acids in the fruits from Greece were p-coumaric acid (free 261.6 µg/g) and vanillic acid (free 253.1 µg/g and conjugated 925.8 µg/g). The major phenolic acids in fruits from Georgia were vanillic acid (free 105.6 µg/g and caffeic acid [conjugated 439.2 µg/g], and syringic acid [conjugated 390.7 µg/g]). The laurel fruit EOs from Greece (1.4% content) and Georgia (1.6%) had distinct composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the dominant group of compounds in the EOs, with 49.7% in the EO from Greece and 68.7% in the EO from Georgia. The major constituents of the fruit EO from Greece were 1,8-cineole (18.2%), α-phellandrene (15.0 %), β-pinene (9.4%), and α -pinene (9.1%), whereas the ones from Georgia were trans-β-ocimene (59.4%) and 1,8-cineole (7.6%). Laurel fruit EO from Greece and Georgia demonstrated low to moderate antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms and the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. The main fatty acids (FAs) in the lipid fractions were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic; there were differences in FA composition between the shells and the seeds of the fruits from the two countries. γ-Тocopherol predominated in the tocopherol fraction of the lipids from fruits shells and seeds from Greece (65.3% and 54.4%, respectively), whereas β-tocopherol predominated in fruits shells and seeds from Georgia (93.7% and 45.6%, respectively). Currently underutilized, the laurel fruits from both Greece and Georgia contain various valuable compounds that may potentially be used for perfumery, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.

TDDFT calculations and photoacoustic spectroscopy experiments used to identify phenolic acid functional biomolecules in Brazilian tropical fruits in natura

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic transitions have been widely used to determine molecular structures. The excitation wavelengths and oscillator strengths obtained with the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP in conjunction with the ADZP basis set are employed to simulate the UV–Vis spectra of eight phenolic acids. Experimental and theoretical UV–Vis spectra reported previously in the literature are compared with our results. The fast, sensitive and non-destructive technique of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is used to determine the UV–Vis spectra of four Brazilian tropical fresh fruits in natura. Then, the PAS along with the TDDFT results are for the first time used to investigate and identify the presence of phenolic acids in the fruits studied in this work. This theoretical method with this experimental technique show to be a powerful and cheap tool to detect the existence of phenolic acids in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and grains. Comparison with high performance liquid chromatography results, when available, is also carried out.

Evaluation of quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) using high performance thin layer chromatography.

Evaluation of quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) using high performance thin layer chromatography.

Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Acids and Their Metabolites: Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties of the Sulfate Derivatives of Ferulic and Caffeic Acids and of the Acyl Glucuronide of Ferulic Acid

The main metabolites of caffeic and ferulic acids (ferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate, caffeic acid-4'-O-sulfate, and caffeic acid-3'-O-sulfate), the most representative phenolic acids in fruits and vegetables, and the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid were synthesized, purified, and tested for their antioxidant activity in comparison with those of their parent compounds and other related phenolics. Both the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging method were used. Ferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate and ferulic acid-4'-O-glucuronide exhibited very low antioxidant activity, while the monosulfate derivatives of caffeic acid were 4-fold less efficient as the antioxidant than caffeic acid. The acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid showed strong antioxidant action. The antioxidant activity of caffeic acid-3'-O-glucuronide and caffeic acid-4'-O-glucuronide was also studied. Our results demonstrate that some of the products of phenolic acid metabolism still retain strong antioxidant properties. Moreover, we first demonstrate the ex vivo synthesis of the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid by mouse liver microsomes, in addition to the phenyl glucuronide.

Simultaneous determination of anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolic acids in fruits, kernels and liqueur of Prunus mahaleb L

In the fresh tissues of Prunus mahaleb L., three classes of phenolics were characterised: phenolic acid derivatives (main compound being o-coumaric acid glucoside), quercetin glycosides, and anthocyanins (cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-xylosyl-rutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside). Coumarin was also identified. The kernels showed a high content of coumarin (0.87mgg−1) which is the main class of metabolites in this sample, but present in pitted berries as well (0.63mgg−1). Flavonoids are mainly concentrated in the skin and pulp (0.55mgg−1). In ‘Mirinello di Torremaggiore’ liqueur, produced from P. mahaleb L. in accordance with traditional procedures, anthocyanins make up 16.5%, phenolic acids 43.3%, coumarin 36.2% and flavonoids 4% of total compounds. Anthocyanins are the main class in solid residues from liqueur production (70%). These findings point out that solid residues of P. mahaleb can be considered an interesting and innovative source of appreciable amounts of cyanidin glycosides (3.3mgg−1).

Development of a rapid isocratic reverse phase -ultra fast liquid chromatographic method for determination of phenolic acids in fruits

Some low molecular weight phenolic acids namely gallic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, vanilic and ferulic, are well-known in their health-promoting properties. Isocratic Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatographic methods (UFLC-DAD) for detecting these compounds are advantageous, due to their simplicity and economy of time and solvent usage. This paper aimed at the development of a rapid and comprehensive isocratic UFLC-DAD method for analysis of phenolic acids in Brazilian fruits mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) and umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda). Mobile phase compositions (different solvents A – Dihydrogen potassium phosphate, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid and different percentage of solvent B –8; 10 e 12% of acetonitrile) were combined with flow rates (0.4; 0.5 and 0.6 mL/min) in a statistical factorial design. Among the combinations tried, the trichloracetic acid was found to be the best solvent „A“ and 8–10% of acetonitrile as the best solvent B, and flow rate of about 0.6 mL/min as the best range of flow. Method presented limits on detection ranging from 0.014 to 0.094µg and higher recovery percentages were observed to extraction with methanol-acetone (69.51 to 72.59 for protocatechuic acid and 69.58 to 126.31 for the chlorogenic acid). Chlorogenic acid concentrations in mangaba samples (62.93µg/g) were higher than in umbu samples (8.49µg/g). Linearity of detector responses (represented by the linear regression coefficient of plots), was higher than 0.999 for all phenolic acids. These results permitted to develop a rapid and practical method for phenolic acids determination in the tropical fruits of umbu and mangaba.

Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and early markers of tumor promotion by caffeic acid in Fe-NTA exposed kidneys of Wistar rats

Iron nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), a chief environmental pollutant, is known for its extensive toxic manifestations on renal system. In the present study, caffeic acid, one of the most frequently occurring phenolic acids in fruits, grains, and dietary supplements was evaluated for its shielding effect against the Fe-NTA-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and pathological damage in kidney. Fe-NTA was administered (9 mg Fe/kg body weight) intraperitoneally to the Wistar male rats on 20th day while caffeic acid was administered orally (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) before administration of Fe-NTA. The intraperitoneal administration of Fe-NTA-enhanced lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase, and hydrogen peroxide generation with reduction in renal glutathione content, antioxidant enzymes, viz., catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. A sharp elevation in the levels of myloperoxidase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine has also been observed. Tumor promotion markers viz., ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and [(3)H] thymidine incorporation into renal DNA were also significantly increased. Treatment of rats orally with caffeic acid (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a significant decrease in xanthine oxidase (P < 0.001), lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (P < 0.01), and H(2)O(2) (P < 0.01). There was significant recovery of renal glutathione content (P < 0.001) and antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.001). There was also a reversal in the enhancement of renal ODC activity, DNA synthesis, BUN, and serum creatinine (P < 0.001). All these changes were supported by histological observations. The results indicate that caffeic acid may be beneficial in ameliorating the Fe-NTA-induced oxidative damage and tumor promotion in the kidney of rats.

Phenolic acids in fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum-Antioxidant activity

Phenolic acids in fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum-Antioxidant activity

Efficacy of caffeic acid in preventing nickel induced oxidative damage in liver of rats

Nickel (Ni), a major environmental pollutant, is known for its wide toxic manifestations. In the present study caffeic acid (CA), one of the most commonly occurring phenolic acids in fruits, grains and dietary supplements, was evaluated for its protective effect against the Ni induced oxidative damage in liver. In this investigation, Ni (20 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally for 20 days to induce toxicity. CA was administered orally (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight) for 20 days with intraperitoneal administration of Ni. Ni induced liver damage was clearly shown by the increased activities of serum hepatic enzymes namely aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation indices (thiobarbituric reactive acid substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides). The toxic effect of Ni was also indicated by significantly decreased levels of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E). CA administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight significantly reversed the activities of hepatic marker enzymes to their near normal levels when compared with other two doses. In addition, CA significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and restored the levels of antioxidant defense in the liver. All these changes were supported by histological observations. The results indicate that CA may be beneficial in ameliorating the Ni induced oxidative damage in the liver of rats.

Analysis of phenolic acids in fruits by HPLC with monolithic columns

Reversed-phase HPLC was optimised for simultaneous determination of several derivatives of benzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids (so-called phenolic acids) in plums using a commercially available monolithic column. Mobile phase pH and concentration of organic modifier (methanol and acetonitrile) were tested in order to obtain the best resolution. Satisfactory separation was achieved in gradient mode with a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 2.2 (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B). The limits of detection for a UV detector ranged between 0.098 and 2.04 microg/mL for vanillic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, respectively. The developed method was used for monitoring the content of polyphenolic acids in plums during their ripening process. The presence of these constituents was confirmed by checking their MS spectra.

Single‐drop microextraction followed by in‐syringe derivatization and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometric detection for determination of organic acids in fruits and fruit juices

A simple analytical procedure based on single-drop microextraction combined with in-syringe derivatization and GC-MS was developed for determination of some phenolic acids in fruits and fruit juices. Cinnamic acid, o-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were used as model compounds. The analytes were extracted from a 3-mL sample solution using 2.5 microL of hexyl acetate. The extracted phenolic acids were derivatized inside the syringe barrel using 0.7 microL of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide before injection into the GC-MS. The influence of derivatization conditions on the yield of in-syringe silylation was studied. Experimental SDME parameters such as selection of organic solvent, solvent volume, extraction time, extraction temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the solution on the extraction performance were studied. The method provided fairly good precision for all compounds (2.4-11.9%). Detection limits were found to be between 0.6 and 164 ng/mL within an extraction time of 20 min in the GC-MS full scan mode.