Phenol Coefficient Research Articles

Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants: Current Practices and Future Perspective in Infection Control: Review Article

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are one of the most tangled difficulties in advanced clinical practices. These infections lead to financial implications and have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. It is very difficult to eradicate the HAIs however both disinfection and sterilization account for the best measure to control HAIs. Of all the disinfectants in use, one of the chemical disinfectants which seem to be user-friendly, non-corrosive, and used extensively are Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants. To improve the efficacy of these disinfectants and tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (concerning QACs), from time to time newer QACs disinfectants were introduced which are termed as first, second, third, fourth, and fifth-generation QACs disinfectants. Manufacturers of these newer generations QACs disinfectants claim these compounds as high-level, broad-spectrum disinfectants while leading healthcare agencies like the Centre for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) mention QACs as mild disinfectants and not sporicidal. Sadly, the antimicrobial efficacy of QACs has been largely assessed using old methods like phenol coefficient methods & suspension methods, and not using an internationally standardized method. These loopholes raise a lot of queries about the true efficacies of the QACs and thus, increase the chances of the development of resistant HAIs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better and standardized methods to study the efficacy of different generation QACs. The present review discusses the status of currently available methods and gaps in the literature that would be useful to highlight the potential use of QACs for infection control and prevention in better ways.

اختبار التأثير التثبيطي لمركب Tricin ضد بعض البكتريا التي تنتقل عن طريق الاغذية وتقدير المعامل الفينولي له

The inhibitory effect of the hot aqueous extract of commercial jasmine rice bran (HAE) and the purified tricin compound on the growth of some food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and compared with phenol coefficient using several dilutions of water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1, 1:100, 1:120 and 1:150). and water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1 and 1:100),at the same concentration, sterilized with microbial filters .Tricin purified showed higher efficiency then the aqueous extract HAE against growth of gram-positive and negative bacteria. The highest significant inhibition activity of purified Tricin compound was at P≤0.05 effect against B. subtilis , B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibitory diameter of 29, 27.5 and 27.5 mm respectively. White the aqueous extract HAE had loupe effectiveness than it against the same bacteria with a diameter of inhibition7,8.5 and 10.5 mm respectively After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the last reading was the highest inhibition activity of the extract HAE. As for the results of the susceptibility of tricin as an antiseptic towards Gram-negative bacteria S. typhi and Gram-positive S. aureus compared to phenol using several dilutions of each, high dilutions had a clear inhibition in the growth of S. aureus and S. typhi bacterial isolates, especially when compared with phenol when The higher dilution (1:100) showed bacterial growth, while we did not find growth for these isolates at the same dilution coefficient of tricin for periods (5, 10, and 15) min After incubation at 37°C for 48 h. S. typhi was less sensitive than S. aureus towards phenol and tricin.

Microbial disinfection and safety applications of ozone generators: bactericidal effect

Ozone generator is one of the promising novel disinfectant technology that have recently been proposed as the alternative to conventional decontamination methods such as heat and chemical sanitizers. The objective of this research was to examine various properties of ozone generator to ensure safety and to further proper hygiene practical guideline. The tests are performed by evaluated the propertiesof chemical and microbiological on bacteria that cause clinically important pathogens at different times and cytotoxicity to Cellosaurus cell line OUMS-36 fibroblasts. Moreover, the efficacy of sterilization techniques (soaking, and spraying) of this disinfectants was compared as well. The results showed that ozone-sprayed water, ozone treated water, and ozone treated air has an ability to kill all bacteria within 1-3, 15-20 and 3-5 minutes respectively. Toxicity test and Phenol coefficient of ozone-treated water showed that it is low toxicity level and showed 0.125 times to phenol. Moreover, the use of immersion technique on smooth surface object were found to be more effective for cleaning contaminated than spraying and fabrics, which take only 15-20 minutes to disinfect. In summary, ozone generator is effective in disinfecting surfaces of objects and safe for cleaning surfaces, and other equipment. This research contributes to increasing confidence in safety and as a guideline to carry out for the better and suitable hygiene in the future.

Coefficient Test of Antimicrobial Phenol Combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes Extract In Vitro as Alternative Disinfection Candidates

Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes are weeds that often pollute water areas. These two contain various active compounds that act as antimicrobials, which have the potential as disinfection agents to prevent the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. An antimicrobial substance is said to be effective as a good disinfectant if it has a phenol coefficient value equal to or more than the 5% phenol comparison substance. The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of a combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts as a disinfection candidate through the phenol coefficient test. This in vitro experimental study was carried out using a dilution technique. The combination treatment of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts and 5% phenol was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and also Candida albicans yeast. Observations on the test media suspension tubes that were clear or did not show the growth of the test microbes for a period of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. The phenol coefficient value of the combination treatment of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts was ≥1 with 5% phenol as comparison. Higher coefficient values were obtained for Staphylococcus aureus, equivalent values of 5% phenol were found for E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and C.albicans; whereas in S.typhi the value is <1. The combination treatment of E.crassipes and P.stratiotes extracts resulted in a phenol coefficient value equivalent to that of 5% phenol comparator, for several tested bacteria and yeasts. So it has effectiveness as a preparation for disinfection. The combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts has antimicrobial effectiveness and can be developed as an alternative disinfection candidate.

Antiseptic activity assay of ethanolic extract of Aceh’s rambutan rind (Nephelium lappaceum L.) against Staphylococcus aureus and its formulation as hand sanitizer gel

The hands are one of the most susceptible parts of the human body to bacterial infection. One way to maintain health is to maintain hand hygiene. Ethanolic rambutan rind extract from Aceh province has been studied in order to determine if it can inhibit bacterial growth. This research was conducted to determine the antiseptic activity of the ethanol extract of rambutan rind against Stahpylococcus aureus by determining the phenol coefficient and determining whether the ethanolic extract of Aceh’s rambutan rind can be formulated into a hand sanitizer gel. Antiseptic activity testing was performed using the Rideal-Walker method which was carried out in 5 dilutions (1:100, 1:150, 1:200, 1:250 and 1:300). The absorbance measurement showed that the extract could act as an antiseptic, at a concentration of 1% and at a dilution of 1:200 which has phenol coefficient of 1.67. The ethanolic extract of Aceh’s rambutan rind can be formulated in the form of a hand sanitizer gel using 1% Carbopol as gelling agent. The results showed that the gel was brown with a distinctive menthol odor and changed into a dark brown color after a cycling test. The evaluation results of all formulas appropriated the requirements except for adhesion parameter. The results of the irritation test showed that the volunteers did not experience any signs of irritation. The results of the preference test showed that the respondents liked the shape and aroma parameters but not the color parameter.

Antimicrobial activity and safety applications of electrolyzed water as a microbial disinfectant

One of the promising new disinfectant agents that has recently been suggested as a replacement for traditional decontamination techniques like heat and chemical sanitizers is electrolyzed water. The purpose of this study was to investigate different characteristics of electrolyzed water in order to provide safety and to develop proper sanitation practical guidelines. The tests are carried out by evaluating the chemical, microbiological, and cytotoxicity properties of electrolyzed water. Furthermore, the potency of these disinfectants' sterilization techniques (soaking and spraying) was compared. The findings demonstrate that the electrolyte water has alkaline properties and a shelf life of 7 days. After 1-3 minutes of contact, electrolyzed water has the ability to kill all types of microbes, including bacteria and fungi. The electrolyte water toxicity test and phenol coefficient revealed that it has a low toxicity level and a phenol coefficient of 1-4 to indicator bacteria. Furthermore, immersion techniques up to 3-5 minutes were found to be more effective than spray techniques for surface and/or object disinfection. In conclusion, electrolyte water is impactful at disinfecting surfaces of objects and fabrics while also being safe for cleaning surfaces, clothing, and other equipment. This experiment leads to enhanced safety confidence and serves as a guideline for future better and more appropriate hygiene.

A SERIES OF SIMPLE DECONTAMINATION METHODS OF BACTERIAL FLORA FOUND ON MUSICAL WIND INSTRUMENTS

Objective: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of cleaning techniques using hot water treatment soap containing 2% triclosan and chemical antiseptics in reducing the bacterial contamination observed on shared musical wind instruments.
 Methods: The trumpet, mellophone, trombone, and tuba were evaluated in this study. To count the initial bacterial colonies on the instrument, the total amount of bacteria adhered to it was extracted using the swab procedure. The mouthpieces were immersed in hot water at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 min and then were soaked in soap that contained 2% triclosan to achieve the effect of decontamination. Then the survival colonies were counted. As a series of decontamination technique, this study also examined the disinfection ability of phenol, chloroxylenol, povidone-iodine, and 70% alcohol utilizing the Rideal Walker method.
 Results: When compared to liquid soap (50.30-91.67%), the cleaning procedure that uses immersion in hot water of 100 °C for 5 min greatly lowers the quantity of bacteria (91.85-99.91%). However, due to their huge surface area, tuba mouthpieces were the most straightforward to sterilize using both techniques. The highest phenol coefficient value was shown by chloroxylenol; however, all tested disinfectants showed stronger antibacterial activity than 1% phenol.
 Conclusion: The mouthpieces of shared wind instruments can be cleaned quickly, easily, and effectively by immersing them in hot water at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 min. However, chloroxylenol has the strongest ability to eradicate bacteria from the instrument's mouthpiece.

Bacteriostatic efficacy of commonly used detergents against carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli from food contact surfaces ISSN Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Carbapenemase-producing (CPEC) has been an issue of public health concern due to high resistance to major antibiotics. This pathogen can be acquired through the consumption of contaminated foods. The use of detergents for the control of pathogens in food contact surfaces is commonly practiced by most food vendors. This study is aimed at assessing the efficacy of some commonly used detergents against CPEC from food contact surfaces in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 924 swab samples from food contact surfaces (246 each from plates, cups and spoons and 186 from tabletops) in various food vending outlets were screened for phenotypic identification of CPEC using Imipenem (30µg) and Meropenem (10µg) antibiotics susceptibility disk diffusion method. Tubes of varying concentrations of test detergents (1:140, 1:160, 1:180, 1:200 and 1:220) were seeded against phenol as standard with varying concentrations of 1:50, 1:60, 1:70 1:80 and 1:90. Hawkers outlets had highest CPEC isolation frequencies among swab samples and isolates with values of 3.33% and 7.70% respectively while cups and spoons surfaces had highest samples (1.63%) and isolates (7.69%) frequencies respectively. Overall CPEC isolation frequencies were 1.30% and 6.00% among the screened samples and isolates respectively. Though there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the frequency values among the vending outlets, the contact surfaces had no significant difference at p>0.05. Highest phenol coefficient value of 2.6 was obtained for MFD while SLD and LPD had 2.3 and 1.7 respectively. The difference in the phenol coefficient values among the detergents were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). All detergents used in this study were effective against CPEC isolated from the food contact surfaces. Using locally produced detergents in appropriate concentrations especially for low-income earners is quite promising and is a good alternative to other branded detergents.

Бактерицидна ефективність, фенольний коефіцієнт і білковий індекс дезінфікуючого засобу Біолайд за впливу на Escherichia coli

Goal. To study the bactericidal activity, and bacteriostatic properties, to select the most optimal bactericidal effective concentrations of the new disinfectant (DI) Biolaid for its effect against the test culture of Escherichia coli ATSS 25922 in different time exposures, and to determine its phenolic coefficient and protein index. Methods. Microscopic, cultural, biochemical, statistical. Results. The results of the research on the properties of the new DI Biolaid are presented, the main components of which are components that after a certain time break down into safe water, oxygen, and lactic acid. The bactericidal efficiency was experimentally investigated of the working solutions 0.1; 0.2; 0.25; 0.5; 1.5; 4, and 10% concentrations and optimal concentrations of Biolaid working solutions were selected according to their influence during 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. A test was conducted to identify the bacteriostatic properties of DI Biolaid, and the analysis of the results of which proved their absence. The results of experiments on the study of the phenolic coefficient are presented, which indicate the greater efficiency of DI Biolaid compared to the standard phenol solution. The indicators of the protein index of DI Biolaid were established, which indicated a decrease in the effectiveness of this agent due to protein contamination. Conclusions. It was found that 0.25% and higher concentrations of the working solutions of the new DI Biolaid provided complete neutralization of the test culture E. coli ATSS 25922 after exposure for 30 minutes, and 0.1% and higher concentrations after exposure for 60 minutes without the manifestation of bacteriostatic properties. The phenol coefficient of the new DI Biolaid was 7.95 times higher than the bactericidal activity of the standard phenol solutions. Protein contamination can reduce the bactericidal efficiency of the new DI Biolaid by 2.07 times.

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BETEL (Piper battle L.) AND BASIL (Ocimum sanctum L.) LEAVES INFUSION AS ANTISEPTIC PREPARATIONS AGAINST SOME BACTERIA IN VITRO

Betel leaves (Piper battle L.) and basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.) are parts of the plant that can be made as antiseptic preparations because they contain antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Antiseptic activity can be observed based on its effect in inhibiting the colonization of standard test bacteria of the laboratory, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi as well as the magnitude of the phenol coefficient value. The study aimed to analyze the infusion activity of betel and basil leaves as antiseptic preparations against some test bacteria. This study in vitro used a posttest-only control group design. The infusion treatment of betel and basil leaves is tested in the form of a single preparation and a combination with concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% (w/v). The results showed there was a difference in the infusion activity of betel leaves and basil leaves in a single stock and a combination of the number of bacterial colonies tested; the effect of the treatment produces a small number of bacterial colonies in Gram-positive bacteria; 100% combination treatment (b/v) provides an inhibitory effect that is not significantly different from 70% alcohol control against all test bacteria except S.typhi: and obtained the phenol coefficient value from the combination treatment of betel and basil leaves infusion higher against Gram-positive bacteria. The conclusion of this study, the combination of betel and basil leaves infusion has antibacterial activity as an antiseptic preparation that can inhibit the growth of some test bacteria.
 
 Keywords: antiseptic preparations, infusion leaves, Piper battle L, Ocimum sanctum L, number of colonies, phenol coefficient

Utilization of Hibiscus Leaves Extract as an Environmentally Friendly Detergent Active Ingredients

Detergent is an ingredient used to maintain cleanliness. In the manufacture of detergents, an active ingredient in the form of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate) surfactant is often added to kill bacteria. In addition to using synthetic materials, natural ingredients can also be used that can act as antibacterial. One of the natural ingredients with antibacterial activity is hibiscus leaves (Hibiscus tilianceus L). The use of hibiscus leaf extract as a substitute for LAS surfactants aims to reduce the impact of environmental pollution The purpose of this research was to find the right formula in the manufacture of liquid detergent made from hibiscus leaf extract and determine its quality based on SNI 06-0475-1996. The research method used is experimental research that produces qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data include phytochemical tests, organoleptic tests, hard water emulsion stability tests, and cleaning power tests. The resulting quantitative data includes the characteristics of the liquid detergent produced based on testing pH, specific gravity, antimicrobial test, phenol coefficient, and levels of active substances. Based on the study, results showed that hibiscus leaf extract contained secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, triterpenoid/steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. The antibacterial test showed that hibiscus leaf liquid detergent had antibacterial activity 1.67 times more effective than phenol. The product test results show that the liquid detergent of hibiscus leaves has the quality according to SNI 06-0475-1996.Keywords: Hibiscus Leaf Extract; Eco-Friendly Detergent; Hibiscus leaves; Surfactant; LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)

Phenol Coefficient Test Combination Infusion of Cananga odorata – Averrhoa bilimbi L. Against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi in Vitro

Cananga odorata (kenanga) flowers and Averrhoa bilimbi L. (belimbing wuluh) fruit are plant parts that contain relatively the same antibacterial compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Both of these plants can be developed as an alternative natural antiseptic preparation, which is made in the form of a combination infusion. The effectiveness of an antiseptic preparation is measured by the coefficient value of the phenol antiseptic substance compared to 5% phenol against several standard test bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 based on the in vitro phenol coefficient test. The phenol coefficient test method was carried out conventionally. The coefficient value close to 1 can be said that the antiseptic preparation has good activity and is equivalent to the phenol coefficient value as a comparison. The results showed that the mean coefficient of the phenol coefficient of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit was 0.91 against S. aureus and 0.83 against S. typhi. The conclusion of this study, the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus obtained a higher phenol coefficient value than Salmonella typhi.

ALCOHOL-BASED ANTISEPTIC SOLUTIONS ARE INEFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING PATHOGENIC FUNGI

Introduction: Breaking the chain of transmission of infection using an antiseptic solution is an easy, inexpensive and effective method. The incidence of fungal infection is one of the global health problems that lead to severe complications even death, especially in patients with immunosuppressed or immunocompromised conditions and is reported to be increasing. Although alcohol-based antiseptic solutions are frequently used to prevent transmission of pathogenic organisms, these methods are rarely evaluated. Aim: Determine the susceptibility of three pathogenic fungi against alcohol-based antiseptic solutions with and without hydrogen peroxide addition. Methods: To determine the inhibition of the antiseptic solution against fungi, the Kirby & Bauer test disc diffusion method was used. After the petri dishes were incubated at 37° C for 24 hours, the diameter of the inhibition zones were measured using a caliper. The phenol coefficient test was carried out to compare the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent in this case alcohol-based antiseptic solutions against phenol. The phenol coefficient was applied as a test against Salmonella typhi, with a minimum score of 1, using the method according to SNI 1842: 2019. Result: The inhibition zone on Candida albicans ATCC 102231, Aspergillus niger, and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 14116 for solution A contains ethanol 80% v / v, glycerin 8% v / v, sterile water add 100% and solution B contains ethanol 80% v / v, H2O2 0.15% v / v, glycerin 8% v / v, add 100 sterile water % all were less than 6 mm which were classified as resistant. The result of the phenol coefficient test for solution A and B were 0.3 and 0.4 , which less than 1, indicated the antiseptic solutions were less effective than phenol. Conclusion: Antiseptic ethanol solution and a combination of ethanol + H2O2 were ineffective inhibits of pathogenic fungal growth. Further studies are needed to form a more potent antiseptic solution in order to improve management of fungal infections prevention.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effectiveness of Some Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Application of disinfectants and antiseptics continue to be an essential part of infection control practices; as such there is the need for constant evaluation of their effectiveness. The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial effectiveness of some brands of disinfectants and antiseptics against some bacterial isolates. Two disinfectants-D1 (Sodium hypochlorite 3.85%) and D2 (7% Tar acid, phenol, 2% cresylic creosote) and two antiseptics-A1 (Chloroxyenol B.Pc 48%nw/v, oleumpiniaromgticum 8.3%w/w) and A2 (Dichlorometaxylenol, IPA, terpinol) were selected and their efficacies against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli were determined using agar disk diffusion methods. The potency of the disinfectants was further evaluated against phenol to establish the phenol coefficient (Pc). The result revealed that both the disinfectants and the antiseptics inhibited the different test organisms at various concentrations producing higher inhibition zones at higher concentrations (P=0.001) that differ significantly with the type of agent used (P=0.007).Both agents produces higher inhibitions zones against S. aureus, Klebsiella spp, E. coli and the least inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa. At 100% concentration, D1 produces the highest inhibition zone of 21mm against E. coli, while A1produces the highest inhibition zones of 17mm against E. coli, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. The result indicated that both disinfectants (D1 and D2) are more effective than phenol and that D1 is more effective than D2 with Pc coefficient of 3.0 and 2.0 against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively compared to D2 with a Pc of 2.0 and 1.05 against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The study identifies that both disinfectants and antiseptics especially D1 and A1 were effective against the test isolates except P. aeruginosa which was less susceptible.

IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED ESSENTIAL OILS

Antifungal activity of seven essential oils was studied primarily against C. albicans and E. floccosum. Four essential oils viz. turmeric, palmarosa, lemongrass and citronella, that revealed better antifungal activities during screening, were characterized further. Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) and phenol coefficient values of the oils ranged between 0.97 to 62.5 µl/ml and 0125 to 0.75 respectively. The oils retained the antifungal activities when treated at high temperature (1000 C for 1h) and pressure (autoclaved), indicating presence of thermostable and barostable active components in them. The oils also resisted sonication (33,000Hz for 30min) and revealed antifungal activities against the two pathogens. Immediate killing of E. floccosum, is attributable to an irreversible damage to the cells. Antifungal activity of these oils as recorded during the study, could be attributable to the membrane inhibition mechanism and was observed to be fungicidal in nature.

Formulation of Silver Nanoparticles Liquid Hand Wash with Polyvinyl Alcohol as Stabilizer

According to Global Burden of Disease reported on 2019, about 1.53 million deaths caused by infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea. Triclosan is one of the active ingredient commonly used in antibacterial soap as one way to prevent the spread of infectious disease.. However, bacteria resistance against triclosan has been reported. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) is an alternative antibacterial that potential to be used in liquid hand wash. However AgNp tend to aggregate during storage, thus stabilizer is needed This study aims to synthesize AgNP, formulate the liquid hand wash contain AgNP with polyvinil alcohol as stabilizer, and evaluate its effectiveness against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella thypi. AgNP was prepared using the chemical reduction method between silver nitrate and sodium borohydride, followed by its characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, TEM, PSA, and AAS. The physical characteristic of AgNp-liquid hand wash were also evaluated. Further, the antibacterial activity of AgNP-handwash was evaluated by phenol coefficient method. The peak of UV absorption spectrum of colloidal was found at 404.2 nm indicated the presence of AgNP. Ag content in AgNP colloidal was 38.405 mg/Kg ± 0,008. The spherical shape of AgNP was observed. The AgNP size was 65.1 nm with polydispersity index value of 0.543, and zeta potential value was -22.25 mV. The obtained AgNP-hand wash met the Indonesian standard criteria and was stable for 28 days. The best phenol coefficient value was obtained at formulation with addition of 30% AgNP (0.1 for S. typhi, 0.4 for E. coli, and 0.01 for S. aureus).

Penyuluhan Pembuatan Disinfectant kepada Karyawan Laundry di Condongcatur Yogyakarta

Various attempts have been made to combine in one composition to kill bacteria and detergents. So antiseptics such as coal tar, phenolic and crystalline preparations, mercury salts, as compounds of chlorides and iodides, arsenic and silver, and essential oils such as resin oil, terpenes, almond oil, and thyme oil. Has been used with soap, with alkaline salts of Long-chain fatty acids. The effective disinfectant is determined based on several parameters, namely: the phenol coefficient of the disinfectant and the water quality results measured from pH, dissolved oxygen (DO, dissolved oxygen), temperature and disinfectant cost. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the four selected disinfectants (Dettol, Izal, Z-Germicide and Jik) was determined using the agar diffusion method (disc paper). The results show that Dettol is most effective against the test organisms compared to other disinfectants. All noted the least antimicrobial activity. The phenol coefficient value also shows that Dettol is better when compared to other tested disinfectants. Disinfectant for external use is required to avoid infection or related disease caused by this test microorganism. This counselling was successful even though it encountered several obstacles during implementation. The steps that need to be done in making a disinfectant are determining the ingredients that are safest for humans but effective in eliminating various types of bacteria and viruses. The second stage is the implementation of activities. Activities carried out jointly by employees according to what has been planned. In the third stage, monitoring and evaluation of activities are carried out. This process is also carried out jointly with employees. Employees who work directly to random consumers will really need special knowledge on how to make disinfectant fluids. Keywords: Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Virus

Uji Aktivitas Antiseptik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper betle Linn.) dalam Obat Kumur terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara in Vitro

Betle leaf (Piper betle Linn.) is very popular in Indonesia. Betle leaf is useful for dental health and frequently used as mouthwash; to eliminate body and mouth odor; treats mouth ulcer, nosebleed, itching, ulceration and vaginal discharge in women. An oral cavity is a place for bacteria. If there is a bacterial immunity reduction, that was originally commensal bacteria can turn into a pathogen that cause infection. One of bacteria that commonly found in the oral cavity is Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria have the ability to occupy and form biofilm on biomaterials that cause resistant to antimicrobials, thus making it difficult to eradicate host that is infected by S. aureus. Previous study reported a multidrug resistant of S. aureus that could cause death, that to overcome it, betle leaves extract ethanol in vitro antiseptic test to S.aureus was conducted. The test was conducted by the phenol coefficient method using S. auereus ATCC 25923 bacteria. Povidone iodine mouthwash that is circulated in the market is used as a comparison. The results showed that mouthwash containing ethanol extract of betle leaf had a phenol coefficient value of 1.87 while povidone iodine mouthwash as a comparison, had a phenol coefficient of 1.0. Mouthwash containing ethanol extract of betle leaf had higher antiseptic effectiveness than the comparative mouthwash.

The potency of commonly used disinfectants on bacteria isolated from in-animate surfaces in the microbiology laboratory, Umaru Musa Yardua university Katsina

Disinfection is the process of removing microorganisms including potentially pathogenic ones from the surface of in-animate objects. The ubiquity of microorganisms has implicated door knobs, human hands, desks surfaces etc. to be reservoirs of microorganisms. This study analyses three (3) samples from five (5) inanimate surfaces of the Microbiology laboratory, three different organisms were isolated and identified using series of biochemical tests, phenol coefficient and surface disinfection test were also carried out. The phenol coefficient test involve exposure of the isolates to different dilution of test disinfectants to determine the highest dilution factor that inhibit microbial growth while surface disinfection test involved the use of soiled slides to test the potency of the test disinfectants on the isolates. The organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp. and E. coli. Klebsiella sp. showed the highest resistance to the test disinfectants than E. coli and S. aureus. The result of this study confirms the contamination of inanimate surfaces with variety of pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus 25%, E. coli 23% and Klebsiella sp. 52%). Disinfectant A had the highest phenol coefficient of 6.0, C had 4.0 and disinfectant B had the lowest phenol coefficient of 3.0. Microorganisms live as transient contaminants in fomites where they constitute a major health hazards as sources of community acquired infections. Therefore, constant and regular disinfection should always be conducted at different concentrations so as to determine the potent concentration against the adhered microorganisms on various surfaces of the laboratory. Keywords : Disinfection, Phenol coefficient, Surface disinfection, Contamination, Inanimate surfaces.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФЕНОЛЬНОГО КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА И БЕЛКОВОГО ИНДЕКСА НОВОГО КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО ДЕЗСРЕДСТВА ГИПОНАТ-БПО

The article presents the results of laboratory experiments on the determination of phenol coefficient and protein index of the composition of disinfectants Hyponate-BPO proposed for using in veterinary practice for disinfection of veterinary objects. The laboratory tests of the new multicomponent drug Hyponate-BPO determined that its solution is more efficient in 4,815 times than phenol solution in relation to E. coli 1257 PCs. It was shown that the effectiveness of the new composition disinfectant Hyponate-BPO in the presence of high-molecular protein decreases 2,13 times. Thus, as a result of the conducted researches, the high efficacy of the drug was established, which indicates the feasibility of conducting further research on the study of Hyponate-BPO disinfectant.