Pheasant Research Articles

“Like Cock Pheasants in the Mating Season”: Englishmen in Scope Magazine, 26 August 1966

Since its invention, the camera has been complicit in gendering the western interest in “appearance”. This article examines the coupling of “looking” and masculinity by filling in certain gaps in South Africa’s media history. Scope began in the mid-sixties as a popular newsy or general interest magazine, before evolving into a Playboy-esque men’s magazine in the seventies. I analyze one issue of Scope from 1966, its first year of existence, as a synchronic snapshot of the popular articulation of masculine identity politics at this particular moment of South African history. I argue that at its inception, it was already focused on a male market and on the dual project of visualizing white masculinity and “whitening” the gaze of its readers. As such, it makes sense to examine race as integral to the practices of looking encouraged by Scope but even in a period of high-apartheid, I intend to show that there is no authentic (white) vernacular culture that is untouched by the culture of others, and in this instance, the culture of the Empire.

Shelf-life extension of vacuum-packaged meat from pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) by lactic acid treatment

We investigated the influence of lactic acid treatment of pheasant meat before vacuum-packaged storage of 3, 7, and 10 d at +6°C on microbiota and pH. Breast muscle samples were collected from carcasses of slaughtered as well as from hunted (shot) wild pheasants. Immersion of meat samples in 3% (wt/wt) lactic acid for 60 s effectuated a significant drop in pH of approximately 0.5 to 0.7 units, which remained during the entire storage period. In parallel, total aerobic counts of such treated and stored samples were on an average 1.5 to 1.7 log units lower than in non-acid-treated samples. Similar results were found for Enterobacteriaceae. A significant decrease in pH was measured at d 7 and 10 in the acid-treated samples in comparison with the untreated ones. In summary, the immersion of pheasant breast meat cuts in dilute lactic acid significantly reduced microbiota during vacuum-packed storage, even at slight temperature abuse conditions.

Evaluation of some theoretical Habitat improvement actions in a Mediterranean area through observation of pheasant and red-legged partridge land uses

Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) and Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) have suffered population declines in the last decades. Several researches have suggested that the decline is related to the habitat alterations in agricultural ecosystems caused by intensification of agricultural techniques and land abandonment. We evaluated habitat use and distribution of red-legged partridges pairs and cock pheasants in an estate that can be representative of most of the agricultural Mediterranean areas from 2007 to 2012 with particular attention to the effect of artificial Habitat Improvement Actions (HIAs) and other management options as supplemental feeding and hedgerows maintenance. We compared the habitat use with its availability and we analyzed the spatial distribution by comparing points with pheasant cocks and partridge pairs with random ones. HIAs were used more then their availability by both species and resulted to have an important role in their distribution as well as hedgerows. Feeders resulted to have a strong effect on pheasant distribution, but not on partridges pairs. Our results showed that habitat management could be a fundamental tool for game-birds conservation, however the effectiveness of the employment of artificial feeders need to be better clarified for red-legged partridges.

Biogenic amines in the meat of hunted pheasant and hare during the course of storage

Venison is becoming more and more interesting for consumers. Although treatment procedures of hunted game differ from slaughtered livestock, the hygienic quality of game meat must still be ensured. Potential indicators of meat hygienic quality include the content of biogenic amines. The aim of the present study was to assess the content and changes of biogenic amines in the muscles of selected kinds of small game (common pheasant and brown hare) during storage, and based on the obtained results, to assess the hygienic quality of the meat. Biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, and tryptamine) in the breast and thigh muscles separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography and consequently were detected using tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the determined content of biogenic amines, both pheasant and hare meats complied with values of high quality meat. The sum of biogenic amines did not exceed the value of 5 mg/kg after 7 days at 0 °C or 7 °C in pheasant meat, and after 21 days at 0 °C or after 14 days at 7 °C in brown hare meat. The biogenic amine content and the speed of their formation in venison can be very helpful for the evaluation of both meat hygienic quality and safety of these foods during storage.

Quails, and: Pondering Pheasant

Quails, and: Pondering Pheasant

Meat quality and nutritional composition of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) reared in an extensive system

1. Carcass cuts, chemical composition, colour, textural parameters, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, macro- and micromineral content and sensory properties of breast and drumstick meat from 10 month old common pheasant produced in an extensive rearing system were analysed.2. Breast muscle was characterised by a high concentration of protein (254 g/kg), low content of intramuscular fat (1.3 g/kg), considerable amount of Fe-haeme (4.9 mg/kg) low shear force (1.96 kg/cm2) and hardness (4.07 kg/cm2).3. The main drumstick characteristics were 222 g of protein/kg, 4.0 g of intramuscular fat/g and a significant higher cholesterol concentration compared to that of breast (7.7 vs. 2.9 g/kg).4. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid mean values for both muscle types were approximately 34.5%, 43.3% and 24.2% of total fatty acid methyl esters, respectively, and n-3 content in breast was significantly higher (3.21% vs. 1.65%). Significant differences were found between the three tissues (breast, drumstick and subcutaneous fat).5. Large differences in the amino acid profile between breast and drumstick were detected, especially in the non-essential fraction. The main essential amino acids were lysine and leucine, whereas aspartic and glutamic acids were the most important non-essential amino acids.6. There were significant differences between muscle types in the mineral content with regard to iron, magnesium, sodium and zinc. Pheasant meat is a good nutritional source of iron as 100 g of drumstick may provide 23.6% of the recommended daily amount.

Ecological separation of habitat variables among five rare pheasant species of the Himalayas, India

The study of habitat variables of five rare pheasant species inhabiting the Himalayas, India, was carried out with the aim of evaluating niche overlap levels and explaining ecological separation among these coexisting species. The performed Discriminant Function Analysis revealed that altitude was a decisive discriminant factor in species segregation. The second function described pheasant habitats in terms of vegetation components (a higher percentage of grass cover and low herb density), while the third function represented forested areas varying from open to closed canopy forest with a simultaneous increase in the percentage of shrub cover. The study revealed that all the five pheasant species under study have fitted into a three-dimensional niche space in the habitat. A detailed discussion of each species study is presented. Istirti penkių retų Indijos Himalajuose gyvenancių fazanų rūsių buveinių kintamieji, įvertintas ekologinių nisų persidengimas, pagrįstas sių koegzistuojancių rūsių ekologinis atsk...

Comparative study of fatty acid composition of meat material from various animal species.

Fatty acid composition of lipid components as a part of recipes of meat products has been investigated. Factors influencing the results of analytical determination of individual fatty acids are shown. The main ratios of fatty acid composition describing fats of sheep, sow, boar, cow, turkey, horse, chicken, pheasant, and wild boar are presented, allowing their use in manufacture of modern meat products with variable nutrition value.

Effects of storage temperature on biogenic amine concentrations in meat of uneviscerated pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

The aim of this study was to determine the hygienic quality of the pheasants reared for high-quality meat production by the biogenic amine concentrations in their meat. The content of biogenic amines was measured in the meat of sixty male pheasants killed by pithing and stored uneviscerated for 21 days under different storage temperatures (0 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C). The samples of breast and thigh muscles of pheasant were tested at weekly intervals. Biogenic amines were analysed by reverse phase liquid chromatography and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of biogenic amines (except spermin and spermidin) in thigh muscle were higher than in breast muscle. Highly significant difference (P < 0.01) was found in tyramine (5.80 mg/kg and 1.38 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively), cadaverine (40.80 mg/kg and 14.43 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively), putrescine (13.42 mg/kg and 3.16 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively) and histamine (5.51 mg/kg and 1.70 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively) concentrations after 21 days of storage at 15 °C. This study provides information on the dynamics of biogenic amine formation in pheasant meat during 21 days of storage at different temperatures. Based on our results, we can recommend storing pithed uneviscerated pheasants at 0–7°C for up to 21 days, or at 15 °C for up to 7 days. Concentrations of biogenic amines gained in our study can be helpful in evaluating freshness and hygienic quality of the pheasant game meat.

Changes in biogenic amine concentrations in meat of eviscerated pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) during storage at 7 °C

In our study, we tested biogenic amine concentrations in 20 eviscerated pheasants killed by pithing (the slaughtering technique in which the spinal cord of the animals is severed and their brain is destroyed) and stored at 7 °C for 21 days. Biogenic amine concentrations in breast and thigh muscles were analysed by reverse phase liquid chromatography. In the thigh muscle, the highest increases during the storage time were found in cadaverine (20.17 ± 18.66 mg/kg), putrescine (4.39 ± 4.17 mg/kg) and tyramine (15.20 ± 16.88 mg/kg) concentrations. Changes of biogenic amine concentrations in the breast muscle were minimal during the whole storage time. The concentration of biogenic amines in meat is associated with the presence of contaminating microorganisms. For that reason, biogenic amines are often used as markers of meat spoilage in various livestock species. Based on our results, the biogenic amines cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine may be considered the main indicators of hygienic quality of pheasant meat. We can recommend storing pithed pheasants treated by evisceration no longer than for seven days at 7 °C. After that period, biogenic amine concentrations in meat begin to change. The main significance of this study lies in the extension of the lack information about the content of biogenic amines in the meat of eviscerated pithed pheasant and also about changes of their concentrations during the course of storage.

Differences in the amino acid composition of the breast muscle of wild and farmed pheasants

Numerous studies show the slaughter yield and also basic chemical composition of pheasant meat. The results reveal a higher biological value of the meat of pheasants which were fed naturally, in comparison to the meat of pheasants fed with commercial mixtures. In many countries, the pheasant is selected with the aim of producing high quality meat with very desirable nutritional values. There are only few publications on amino acid composition of pheasant meat. The knowledge of amino acid composition of pheasant meat can be used to determine its potential nutritional value. The amino acid compositions were compared of the meats of wild and farm pheasants. In the study, the following amino acids were determined: Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, Arg. An improved amino acid profile was found in the breast muscle of pheasants kept at the farm in comparison with that of wild pheasants.  

Comparison of different extenders for holding pheasant semen

For the last decades several studies for holding sperm have been done in various fowl species. Consequently different conditions were proposed, changing storage times, temperature, and adapting semen extenders for each situation. However outstanding development has been reached, each species and conditions demand special needs. Our previous studies were mainly conducted on the evaluation of the semen quality parameters in pheasants (Marzoni et al., 2000a,b; Marzoni et al., 2001; Chiarini et al., 2002; Marzoni et al., 2002), thus the present study focused on the use of three different semen extenders to preserve pheasant semen over a 24-hours period........

A Literature Review on the Recipes for Pheasant - Focus on Recipe Books from 1800's to 1990's -

The main purpose of this study was to survey the various kinds of recipes for pheasant found in seventeen Korean cookbooks published from the 1800's to the 1990's. There were 95 pheasant recipes found in the literature which could be classified into three major groups: cooking with moist heat, cooking with dry heat, and other. The three major groups were then broken down into thirteen smaller groups. A detailed look at the frequency of terms in each recipe shows that Gui Sanjeok (grilled Korean shish kebabs) appears 24 times, Guk Tang and Jeongol (soup and stew) 23 times, Kimchi (fermented cabbage) 11 times, Po (jerky) 9 times, Jorim (boiled in soy sauce) 7 times, Jjim (steamed) 6 times, Bokeum (stir-fried) 5 times, Twigim (deep-fried) 3 times, Buchim (fried) 2 times, Jigae jijim (stewed) 2 times, and Jang (paste), Myeon (noodles), Gooum (boiled) and Yeot (Korean hard taffy) 1 time each. The main ingredient is always the pheasant. We investigated the use of the whole pheasant cooked, how to slice and tenderize pheasant meat, use the meat only, or use only certain parts. Depending on the characteristics of cooking recipes, pheasants with thin, soft bones and organs were investigated for cooking. Substituted materials were used for a few of the vegetables, meat, and seafood in the recipes, and seem to go well together. Garnishes used included pine nut powder and fried eggs. Seasoned salt, soy sauce, pepper, sesame, sesame oil, chopped onion, garlic, and ginger were also reported to have been used.

Comparison of nutritional values of pheasant and broiler chicken meats

The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional and dietetic values of the meat of chickens of the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) intensively fattened until 90 days of age to the meat of broiler chickens fattened until 40 days of age. Breast muscles in pheasants contained higher protein content on a dry matter basis (930.57 g·kg-1 in females, 937.23 g·kg-1 in males) and lower fat content (29.58 g·kg-1 in females, 29.92 g·kg-1 in males) as compared to thigh muscles (protein: 781.80 g·kg-1 in females, 810.07 g·kg-1 in males, fat: 163.74 g·kg-1 in females, 140.71 g·kg-1 in males). Breast muscles in both females and males contained less calcium (0.67 g·kg-1 in females, 0.57 g·kg-1 in males) and more phosphorus (10.16 g·kg-1 in females, 9.72 g·kg-1 in males) compared to the thigh muscles in which the mean calcium content was 1.28 g·kg-1 in females and 1.32 g·kg-1 in males, and the mean phosphorus content was 9.31 g·kg-1 in females and 9.23 g·kg-1 in males. Breast and thigh muscles in both female and male pheasants contained higher protein content and lower fat content compared to broiler meat. The calcium content in pheasant meat was lower whereas the phosphorus and magnesium contents were higher compared to broiler meat. Pheasant meat with high content of protein and low fat content is very valuable foodstuff and its dietetic value exceeds that of broiler meat. There is a lack of scientific literature on this subject which has not been studied in detail yet. This study extends the current scope of scientific knowledge in this field.

A Literature Review on the Type of Joseon Dynasty Jwabans

This article examines the types of Jwabans as recorded in 21 old books of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The ingredients used in Jwabans during the Joseon dynasty were root vegetables, sea algae, seeds nuts, bird, meat, and fish. In the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, 10, nine, and 181 kinds of Jwabans were prepared, and two, one, and seven kinds of Jwabans were prepared using root vegetables (根菜類). During the early and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, one and 14 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using sea algae (海藻類), respectively, and four kinds of Jwabans were prepared using seeds nuts during late eras of the Joseon dynasty (種實類). During the early, mid and late eras, one, two, and 17 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using bird (鳥類), three, one, and 47 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using meat (肉類), and one, five, and 81 kinds of Jwabans were prepared using fish (魚類). The frequency of the Jwabans ingredients in order were fish (30.5%), meat (23.5%), pheasant (7%), root vegetables (5%), abalone (全鰒) (5%), laver (海苔) (4%), shellfish (貝類) (3%), fish eggs (魚卵) (2.5%), fleshy prawn (大蝦) (2.5%), sea tangle (昆布) (2%), dried tangle (海草) (1.5%), sparrow meat (雀肉) (1.5%), and etc during the Joseon dynasty. It seems that the appearance and supplementation with different ingredients increased throughout the Joseon dynasty. This may be associated with the commercial industrial development that prevailed during the late Joseon dynasty. Further study will be conducted on recipes and ingredients recorded in these old books to develop a standardized recipe to globalize Jwabans.

Man Killed by Pheasant

Man Killed by Pheasant

Seasonal Changes in the Blood Picture of Adult Pheasants

Summary The present paper reports observations on the changes in the blood picture in 175 healthy adult pheasants in the course of one year, May 1970 to April 1971. The yearly maxima for hemoglobin content (14.4 g.%), red cell count (3,300,000/1 cmm.), MCHC (47.6%) and white cell count all occurred in May. The yearly maximum for the packed cell volume was in April (44.1%), that of MCV in February (156.5 μm.3) and March (156.2 μm.3). The maximum of MCH was observed in June (47.6 pg.), of the relative heterophil count in July (53.7%) and of the relative lymphocyte count in March (80.1%). The lowest hemoglobin amount was in October (7.1 g.%), the lowest red cell count (2,300,000/1 cmm.) in June, the lowest packed cell volume (34.3%) in September, the lowest MCV (117.7 μm.3) in May and the lowest MCHC (19.7%) and MCH (27.3 ng.) in October. The lowest leukocyte count was in January (7,200 1 cmm.), percentage of heterophils in May (15.1%) and percentage of lymphocyte count in July (43.8%). Zusammenfassung Jahreszeitliche Veranderungen des Blutbildes bei erwachsenen Fasanen Es wird uber die jahreszeitlichen Veranderungen des Blutbildes (Mai 1970 bis April 1971) bei 175 gesunden, erwachsenen Fasanen berichtet. Die hochsten Parameter traten in folgenden Monaten auf: Hamoglobin (14,4 g%) Mai, Erythrozytenzahl (3,3 · 106 μl) im Mai, MCHC (47,6%) im Mai, Gesamtleukozytenzahl Mai, Hamatokrit (44,1%) im April, MCV (156,5 μm3) im Februar und Marz, Farbekoeffizient (47,6 pg) im Juni, Heterophile (53,7%) im Juli, Lymphozyten (80,1%) im Marz. Die niedrigsten Parameter traten auf; Hamoglobin (7,1 g%) im Oktober, Erythrozytenzahl (2,3 · 106 μl) im Juni, Hamatokrit (34,3%) im September, MCV (117,7 μm3) im Mai, MCHC (19,7%) im Oktober, Farbekoeffizient (27,3 pg) im Oktober, Gesamtleukozytenzahl (7200/μl) im Januar, Heterophile (15,1%) im Mai, Lymphozyten (43,8% im Juli). Resume Variations saisonnieres de l'image sanguine chez des faisans adultes Les variations saisonnieres (mai 1970 — avril 1971) de l'image sanguine chez 175 faisans adultes et sains sont decrites. Les parametres les plus-eleves sont apparus aux mois suivants: hemoglobine (14,4%) en mai, nombre des erythrocytes 3,3 · 106 μl) en mai, MCHC (47,6%) en mai, nombre total des leucocytes en mai, hematocrite (44,1%) en avril, MCV (156,5 μm3) en fevrier, coefficient pigmentaire (47,6 pg) en juin, heterophiles (53,7%) en juillet, lymphocytes (80,1%) en mars. Les parametres les plus bas sont apparus: hemoglobine (7,1%) en octobre, nombre des erythrocytes (2,3 · 106/μl en juin, hematocrite (34,3%) en septembre, MCV (117,7 μm3) en mai, MCHC (19,7%) en octobre, coefficient pigmentaire (27,3 pg) en octobre, nombre total des leucocytes (7200 μl) en janvier, heterophiles (15,1%) en mai, lymphocytes (43,8%) en juillet. Resumen Modificaciones estacionales del cuadro hematico en faisanes adultos Se informa sobre las modificaciones estacionales del cuadro hematico (Mayo 1970 hasta Abril 1971) en 175 faisanes adultos sanos. Los parametros maximos se registraron en los meses siguientes: contenido de hemoglobina (14,4 g.%) en Mayo, cantidad de eritrocitos (3,3 · 106 μl.) en Mayo, MCHC (47,6%) en Mayo, cantidad de leucocitos totales en Mayo, hematocrito (44,1%) en Abril, MCV (156,5 μm.3) en Febrero y Marzo, coeficiente tintorial (47,6 pg.) en Junio, heterofilos (53,7%) en Julio, linfocitos (80,1%) en Marzo. Los parametros mas bajos aparecieron: contenido de hemoglobina (7,1 g.%) en Octubre, cantidad de eritrocitos (2,3 · 106 μl.) en Junio, hematocrito (34,3%) en Septiembre, MCV (117,7 μm.3) en Mayo, MCHC (19,7%) en Octubre, coeficiente tintorial (27,3 pg.) en Octubre, cantidad de leucocitos totales (7200/μl.) en Enero, heterofilos (15,1%) en Mayo, linfocitos (43,8%) en Julio.

The Effect of Using Whole Wheat Grain in the Diet of Game Pheasants on their Body Weight, Dimensions and Development of Some Internal Organs

The supplementation of game pheasant diet from 5 weeks of age with 30% whole wheat grain instead of feed mixture did not significantly affect their body weight nor most body dimensions. Female and male pheasants fed a diet containing wheat grain had smaller body and trunk lengths, greater chest circumference and greater length of breastbone, and lower thigh and shank size. Female pheasants were characterized by higher indices of compactness and long-leggedness, whereas male pheasants had higher indices of massiveness, compactness and long-leggedness than pheasants fed only feed mixtures. Cock pheasants receiving the wheat diet also had a statistically shorter trunk, however, hens possessed a statistically longer lower thigh. Length of intestine (174.2 cm) and individual parts of the intestine (small intestine 119.9 cm; caeca 43 cm; rectum 11.3 cm) was greater in cocks fed whole wheat grain compared to cocks receiving only feed mixtures (156.1; 107.6; 38.8; 9.7 cm, respectively). An opposite cocks was found in hens. Supplementation of whole wheat grain in the diets significantly (P < or = 0.05) increased liver weight and percentage in females and significantly decreased testicular weight and percentage in males. It was also found that females of both feed-treatment groups had significantly lower weights ofheart, liver and spleen, and hens fed only feed mixtures were also characterized by a significantly lower weight of the proventriculus.

A novel strategy for avian species and gender identification using the CHD gene

We report on a novel and rapid strategy for the simultaneous identification of both avian species and gender by analyzing a section of the CHD gene. The CHD gene is carried by the avian sex determining chromosomes where a female bird carries both a W and Z chromosome but a cock bird carries two copies of the Z chromosome. Two primer pairs, CHD1F/CHD1R and P2/P8, were used to amplify a part of the CHD gene from 144 samples corresponding to 58 avian species. For all species tested, two fragments were observed at least in one amplification for female samples. All tested species produced species specific size fragments allowing both sex determination and species identification using these primer pairs. However, special care is still warranted as so few samples have been characterised. This novel strategy for avian species and gender identification using the CHD gene was developed for a number of applications from ecology to forensic science.

ATTEMPTS FOR OPTIMIZATION THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT ACTIONS IN PHASIANUS COLCHICUS COLCHICUS POPULATION

SUMMARY The aim of this paper was to try to make efficient the genetic improvement actions of the Phasianus Colchicus Colchicus population from the Pichia pheasant reserve, Timi � County. The study was carried out on a total of 115 50 common game pheasants belonging to the Forestry District Timioara. The stocks and delivery situation in year 200 7 is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Stocks and delivery situation of the pheasants from 2007 production, in December 312, 2007 (heads) Deliverable pheasant stock Based on the analysis made on the Phasianus Colchicus Colchicus population reared in Pichia reserve, TimiCounty, in the view of optimization the action of the genetic improvement, we could make the following recommendations: spring laying season should be designed for performance control, and the selected individuals, using a method similar to other species for the number of eggs, should reprod uce the population during the second season induced through the lighting program; becaus e we consider that the dominant autosomal gene for blue egg shell has a pleiotropic effect as reducing the hatchability, for incubation we recommend to use the dark brown eggs and possibly the light brown or grey eggs; in order to obtain pheasant carcasses with ye llow skin, in the selection actions autosomal w and sex linked id genes should be favored; in order to obtain white skin pheasant carcasses, in the selection actions autosomal W and sex linked Id genes should be favored; for each trait that should be improved the followin g parameters should be viewed: economic importance, genetic parameters, if there is a compl ex or simple trait, if there is limited, influenced or linked to sex, if it is affected by t he maternal effect, if requires or not slaughtering for knowing the own performances, if i t is affected by a genotype-environment interaction; as much a trait is more complex, thoug h is controlled by a wide polygenic complex, as much the own genetic parameters are modified compared to the genetic parameter of simple traits. This is the reason why the recommendation to keep as the genetic improvement objective simple traits is made; the wh ole genetic improvement objective should be simple that is to be composed by a low number of simple traits; the environment where the selection is carried out will be decided if the gen otype-environment interaction exists or not.