Phasic Patterns Research Articles

Surface electromyography for evaluating patients with oromandibular dystonia

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate myoelectric signals of dystonic activities in oromandibular dystonia (OMD) subjects using surface electromyography (EMG). Methods Twelve OMD subjects were included in this study. Resting myoelectric activities of the superficial masseter, anterior temporalis, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle on both sides were monitored, and dystonic muscle contractions were recorded using surface EMG. Myoelectric signal amplitude, the type of muscle contraction, and contraction rate for phasic activities were evaluated. Results Surface EMG revealed that eight subjects had dystonic muscle activities in the phasic contraction pattern, three subjects had a tonic contraction pattern, and one subject had a mixed pattern. Synchronous contraction of dystonic muscles was frequently observed. Many of the monitored muscles showed high resting amplitudes. Conclusion Surface EMG detects abnormal muscle activities related to oromandibular dystonia. Surface EMG can serve as an objective method for diagnosing oromandibular dystonia.

Hofstetter Kurt: Ich Schaue in den Himmel um Mich zu Erden (I Look up to the Sky to Ground Myself)

Hofstetter Kurt: Ich Schaue in den Himmel um Mich zu Erden (I Look up to the Sky to Ground Myself)

Effect of doxapram on the electrical activity of the diaphragm waveform pattern of preterm infants.

This study aimed to evaluate the change in the waveform pattern of the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) following the administration of doxapram in extremely preterm infants ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). We conducted this retrospective cohort study in our neonatal intensive care unit between November 2019 and September 2021. The study participants were extremely preterm infants under the gestational age of 28 weeks who were ventilated with NAVA and administered doxapram. We collected the data of the Edi waveform pattern and calculated the proportion. To analyze the change in the proportion of the Edi waveform pattern, we compared the proportion of the data for 1 h before and after doxapram administration. Ten extremely preterm infants were included. Almost all the patients' respiratory condition improved after doxapram administration. The ventilatory parameters-Edi peak, Edi minimum, peak inspiratory pressure, time in backup ventilation, and number of switches to backup ventilation-did not change significantly. However, the proportion of phasic pattern significantly increased (before: 46% vs. after: 72%; p < 0.05), whereas the central apnea pattern significantly decreased after doxapram administration (before: 31% vs. after: 8.3%; p < 0.05). The proportion of irregular low-voltage patterns tended to decrease, albeit with no significant changes. Our results indicated that the proportion of Edi waveform patterns changed following doxapram administration. Edi waveform pattern analysis could be a sensitive indicator of effect with other intervention for respiratory conditions.

A Closed-Loop Modeling Framework for Cardiac-to-Coronary Coupling.

The mechanisms by which cardiac mechanics effect coronary perfusion (cardiac-to-coronary coupling) remain incompletely understood. Several coronary models have been proposed to deepen our understanding of coronary hemodynamics, but possibilities for in-depth studies on cardiac-to-coronary coupling are limited as mechanical properties like myocardial stress and strain are most often neglected. To overcome this limitation, a mathematical model of coronary mechanics and hemodynamics was implemented in the previously published multi-scale CircAdapt model of the closed-loop cardiovascular system. The coronary model consisted of a relatively simple one-dimensional network of the major conduit arteries and veins as well as a lumped parameter model with three transmural layers for the microcirculation. Intramyocardial pressure was assumed to arise from transmission of ventricular cavity pressure into the myocardial wall as well as myocardial stiffness, based on global pump mechanics and local myofiber mechanics. Model-predicted waveforms of global epicardial flow velocity, as well as of intramyocardial flow and diameter were qualitatively and quantitatively compared with reported data. Versatility of the model was demonstrated in a case study of aortic valve stenosis. The reference simulation correctly described the phasic pattern of coronary flow velocity, arterial flow impediment, and intramyocardial differences in coronary flow and diameter. Predicted retrograde flow during early systole in aortic valve stenosis was in agreement with measurements obtained in patients. In conclusion, we presented a powerful multi-scale modeling framework that enables realistic simulation of coronary mechanics and hemodynamics. This modeling framework can be used as a research platform for in-depth studies of cardiac-to-coronary coupling, enabling study of the effect of abnormal myocardial tissue properties on coronary hemodynamics.

Overactive bladder (OAB): a failed concept needing revision to accommodate an external anatomical control system.

In 45years, the definitions and practice of the urodynamically based overactive bladder (OAB)/detrusor overactivity (DO) system have failed to adequately address pathogenesis and cure of urinary urge incontinence, frequency and nocturia. We analysed the OAB syndrome with reference to the Integral Theory paradigm's (ITS) binary feedback system, where OAB in the female is viewed as a prematurely activated, but otherwise normal micturition caused mainly, but not entirely, by ligament damage/laxity. The ITS Clinical Assessment Pathway which details the relationships between structural damage (prolapse), ligaments and dysfunction (symptoms) is introduced. The ITS was able to "better explain" OAB pathophysiology in anatomical terms with reference to the binary model. The phasic patterns diagnostic of "detrusor overactivity" are explained as a struggle for control by the closure and micturition reflexes. The exponentially determined relationship between urethral diameter and flow explains why obstructive patterns occur, why they do not and why urine may leak with no recorded pressure. Mechanically supporting ligaments ("simulated operations") during urodynamic testing can improve low urethral pressure, negative pressure during coughing with SUI and diminish urge sensation or even DO patterns, transforming urodynamics from non-predictive test to accurate predictor of continence surgery results. High cure rates for OAB by daycare repair of damaged ligaments is a definitive test of the binary system's validity. Conceptual progression of OAB to the Integral Theory paradigms's prematurely activated micturition validates OAB component symptoms as a syndrome, explains pathogenesis, and unlocks a new way of understanding, diagnosing, treating and researching OAB.

Phasic flow patterns of right versus left coronary arteries in patients undergoing clinical physiological assessment.

Coronary blood flow in humans is known to be predominantly diastolic. Small studies in animals and humans suggest that this is less pronounced or even reversed in the right coronary artery (RCA). This study aimed to characterise the phasic patterns of coronary flow in the left versus right coronary arteries of patients undergoing invasive physiological assessment. We analysed data from the Iberian-Dutch-English Collaborators (IDEAL) study. A total of 482 simultaneous pressure and flow measurements from 301 patients were included in our analysis. On average, coronary flow was higher in diastole both at rest and during hyperaemia in both the RCA and LCA (mean diastolic-to-systolic velocity ratio [DSVR] was, respectively, 1.85±0.70, 1.76±0.58, 1.53±0.34 and 1.58±0.43 for LCArest, LCAhyp, RCArest and RCAhyp, p<0.001 for between-vessel comparisons). Although the type of RCA dominance affected the DSVR magnitude (RCAdom=1.55±0.35, RCAco-dom=1.40±0.27, RCAnon-dom=1.35; standard deviation not reported as n=3), systolic flow was very rarely predominant (DSVR was greater than or equal to 1.00 in 472/482 cases [97.9%] overall), with equal prevalence in the LCA. Stenosis severity or microvascular dysfunction had a negligible impact on DSVR in both the RCA and LCA (DSVR x hyperaemic stenosis resistance R2 =0.018, p=0.03 and DSVR x coronary flow reserve R2 <0.001, p=0.98). In patients with coronary artery disease undergoing physiological assessment, diastolic flow predominance is seen in both left and right coronary arteries. Clinical interpretation of coronary physiological data should therefore not differ between the left and the right coronary systems.

A network information theoretic framework to characterise muscle synergies in space and time

Objective. Current approaches to muscle synergy extraction rely on linear dimensionality reduction algorithms that make specific assumptions on the underlying signals. However, to capture nonlinear time varying, large-scale but also muscle-specific interactions, a more generalised approach is required. Approach. Here we developed a novel framework for muscle synergy extraction that relaxes model assumptions by using a combination of information and network theory and dimensionality reduction. We first quantify informational dynamics between muscles, time-samples or muscle-time pairings using a novel mutual information formulation. We then model these pairwise interactions as multiplex networks and identify modules representing the network architecture. We employ this modularity criterion as the input parameter for dimensionality reduction, which verifiably extracts the identified modules, and also to characterise salient structures within each module. Main results. This novel framework captures spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal interactions across two benchmark datasets of reaching movements, producing distinct spatial groupings and both tonic and phasic temporal patterns. Readily interpretable muscle synergies spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales were identified, demonstrating significant task dependence, ability to capture trial-to-trial fluctuations and concordance across participants. Furthermore, our framework identifies submodular structures that represent the distributed networks of co-occurring signal interactions across scales. Significance. The capabilities of this framework are illustrated through the concomitant continuity with previous research and novelty of the insights gained. Several previous limitations are circumvented including the extraction of functionally meaningful and multiplexed pairwise muscle couplings under relaxed model assumptions. The extracted synergies provide a holistic view of the movement while important details of task performance are readily interpretable. The identified muscle groupings transcend biomechanical constraints and the temporal patterns reveal characteristics of fundamental motor control mechanisms. We conclude that this framework opens new opportunities for muscle synergy research and can constitute a bridge between existing models and recent network-theoretic endeavours.

Phasic spiking in vasopressin neurons: How and Why.

The plain title might have been an almost retro sounding grumpy retort, but it has inspired a journey of sorts, and something along the way I hope you won't have come across before. An opinionated exploration of the distinctive phasic spiking patterns of magnocellular vasopressin neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. A mostly life essential population of neurons that signal the kidneys to regulate water loss in response to signals that encode plasma volume and osmotic pressure, as well as regulating blood pressure, and possibly metabolism and social behaviour. The viewpoint of a modeller shorn of any explicit maths.

Theta-gamma coupling during REM sleep depends on breathing rate.

Temporal coupling between theta and gamma oscillations is a hallmark activity pattern of several cortical networks and becomes especially prominent during REM sleep. In a parallel approach, nasal breathing has been recently shown to generate phase-entrained network oscillations which also modulate gamma. Both slow rhythms (theta and respiration-entrained oscillations) have been suggested to aid large-scale integration but they differ in frequency, display low coherence, and modulate different gamma sub-bands. Respiration and theta are therefore believed to be largely independent. In the present work, however, we report an unexpected but robust relation between theta-gamma coupling and respiration in mice. Interestingly, this relation takes place not through the phase of individual respiration cycles, but through respiration rate: the strength of theta-gamma coupling exhibits an inverted V-shaped dependence on breathing rate, leading to maximal coupling at breathing frequencies of 4-6 Hz. Noteworthy, when subdividing sleep epochs into phasic and tonic REM patterns, we find that breathing differentially relates to theta-gamma coupling in each state, providing new evidence for their physiological distinctiveness. Altogether, our results reveal that breathing correlates with brain activity not only through phase-entrainment but also through rate-dependent relations with theta-gamma coupling. Thus, the link between respiration and other patterns of cortical network activity is more complex than previously assumed.

Inferring spikes from calcium imaging in dopamine neurons.

Calcium imaging has led to discoveries about neural correlates of behavior in subcortical neurons, including dopamine (DA) neurons. However, spike inference methods have not been tested in most populations of subcortical neurons. To address this gap, we simultaneously performed calcium imaging and electrophysiology in DA neurons in brain slices and applied a recently developed spike inference algorithm to the GCaMP fluorescence. This revealed that individual spikes can be inferred accurately in this population. Next, we inferred spikes in vivo from calcium imaging from these neurons during Pavlovian conditioning, as well as during navigation in virtual reality. In both cases, we quantitatively recapitulated previous in vivo electrophysiological observations. Our work provides a validated approach to infer spikes from calcium imaging in DA neurons and implies that aspects of both tonic and phasic spike patterns can be recovered.

Sex differences in cholinergic regulation of dopamine release mechanisms underlying reward learning

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, recurring brain disease characterized by significant dysfunction in reward-seeking behavior. SUD research focused on understanding the neural mechanisms in the brain's reward circuitry has overwhelmingly utilized male subjects, even though epidemiological evidence shows that women are the most susceptible population. The neural control of reward is dependent on tonic/phasic dopamine release in the NAc that are subject to heavy modulation by cholinergic interneurons (ChATs) signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located directly on dopamine terminals; a process that is essential to encoding information about environmental reward predictive cues. Importantly, dopamine release in the NAc can be elicited completely independent of action potential firing from the soma – through activation of α4β2*-containing nAChRs located on dopamine terminals - highlighting the critical role that this local microcircuit plays in controlling dopamine neurotransmission. Previous work suggests that ChAT control of reward learning and regulation of dopamine release through nAChRs is fundamentally different between males and females, yet the reward information encoding processes and mechanisms that underlie sex differences in reward learning are largely unknown. To understand how the neural circuits that underlie reward learning are differentially modulated between males and females, we took a multifaceted approach to outlining sex differences in ChAT regulation of tonic/phasic dopamine release mechanisms through nAChR modulation in the NAc. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry paired with pharmacology we measured the potentiating effect of 17β-estradiol with and without application of the selective α4β2-nAChR antagonist, Dhβe, on sub-second tonic/phasic dopamine release in NAc slices from male and naturally cycling female mice. First, we found that 17β-estradiol enhanced tonic dopamine release in both sexes with greater biological effects in males. Additionally, 17β-estradiol potentiated dopamine release in response to phasic stimulation patterns in males with no significant effect in females. To investigate how ovarian activity affects the ability of 17β-estradiol to potentiate tonic/phasic dopamine release, ovariectomized females were utilized, showing a similar potentiating effect of 17β-estradiol on tonic/phasic dopamine release as seen in the males. Finally, blocking α4β2*-nAChRs with Dhβe reduced the potentiating effects of 17β-estradiol on dopamine release in males and ovariectomized females, but had no effect in female mice with intact ovaries. This data suggests that circulating ovarian hormones alter the effect of α4β2*-nAChRs on dopamine terminals to regulate dopamine release in the NAc. Moving forward, it will be critical to directly link these sex differences to reward learning for the development of sex-specific pharmacotherapies to treat SUD.

Effect of electrical activity of the diaphragm waveform patterns on SpO2 for extremely preterm infants ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) waveform patterns and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in extremely preterm infants who are ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Extremely preterm infants born at our hospital between November 2019 and November 2020 and ventilated with NAVA were included. We collected Edi waveform data and classified them into four Edi waveform patterns, including the phasic pattern, central apnea pattern, irregular low-voltage pattern, and tonic burst pattern. We analyzed the Edi waveform pattern for the first 15 h of collectable data in each patient. To investigate the association between Edi waveform patterns and SpO2 , we analyzed the dataset every 5 min as one data unit. We compared the proportion of each waveform pattern between the desaturation (Desat [+]) and non-desaturation (Desat [-]) groups. We analyzed collected data for 105 h (1260 data units). The proportion of the phasic pattern in the Desat (+) group was significantly lower than that in the Desat (-) group (p < .001). However, the proportions of the central apnea, irregular low-voltage, and tonic burst patterns in the Desat (+) group were significantly higher than those in the Desat (-) group (all p < .05). Our results indicate that proportions of Edi waveform patterns have an effect on desaturation of SpO2 in extremely preterm infants who are ventilated with NAVA.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF AFFERENT NERVE INPUT IN CARDIAC AND RENAL DISEASE IN RATS?

Objective: Afferent nerve pathways form kidney and heart are said to control sympathetic renal nerve activity. In a renal disease model the responsiveness of afferent renal nerve units was shifted from units with highly active primary neurons (tonic response pattern) to units with neurons of very low activity upon stimulation (phasic response pattern). Afferent renal nerve activity was likely decreased. Likewise, afferent vagal nerve activity in congestive heart failure (CHF) had a lower frequency at saturation than controls. Hence we wanted to test the hypothesis that CHF the vagal afferent nerve pathway consists of a decreased number of highly active tonic sensory neurons in the nodose ganglion. Design and method: CHF was induced by coronary artery ligature, nephropathy by injections of an anti Thy1.1 antibody (OX7, 1.2 mg/kg). After a respective time (CHF 21 days, nephropathy 7 days after induction) nodose ganglion neurons with cardiac vagal afferents from CHF rats or neurons form dorsal root ganglia with renal afferents from rats with nephropathy were cultured. Current clamp was used to characterize neurons as tonic, i.e. sustained action potential (AP) firing or phasict, i.e. &lt;5 APs upon current injection. More than 100 neurons were investigated. Results: In CHF rats, the number of neurons with a tonic response pattern did not differ from controls (64% vs. 70 %, ns). However, tonic cardiac neurons from CHF rats exhibited an increased production of action potentials compared (24.4+/-5.0 vs. 14.7+/-1.8 APs/10 s; p &lt; 0.05; mean+/-SEM). In nephropathic rats, the number of neurons with a tonic response pattern decreased significantly (43% vs. 64 %, p &lt; 0.05), but there was no difference in action potential production between groups. Conclusions: In congestive heart failure the number of afferent neurons with a tonic response pattern was not significantly altered. However, the action potential production of these neurons even significantly increased upon stimulation. Hence, in congestive heart failure vagal afferent neurons increase their sensitivity in the presence of impaired intracardiac receptors whereas in renal disease the responsiveness of the first part of the afferent pathway is impaired as a whole.

Locus Coeruleus Activation Patterns Differentially Modulate Odor Discrimination Learning and Odor Valence in Rats.

ABSTRACTThe locus coeruleus (LC) produces phasic and tonic firing patterns that are theorized to have distinct functional consequences. However, how different firing modes affect learning and valence encoding of sensory information are unknown. Here, we show bilateral optogenetic activation of rat LC neurons using 10-Hz phasic trains of either 300 ms or 10 s accelerated acquisition of a similar odor discrimination. Similar odor discrimination learning was impaired by noradrenergic blockade in the piriform cortex (PC). However, 10-Hz phasic light-mediated learning facilitation was prevented by a dopaminergic antagonist in the PC, or by ventral tegmental area (VTA) silencing with lidocaine, suggesting a LC–VTA–PC dopamine circuitry involvement. Ten-hertz tonic stimulation did not alter odor discrimination acquisition, and was ineffective in activating VTA DA neurons. For valence encoding, tonic stimulation at 25 Hz induced conditioned odor aversion, whereas 10-Hz phasic stimulations produced an odor preference. Both conditionings were prevented by noradrenergic blockade in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Cholera Toxin B retro-labeling showed larger engagement of nucleus accumbens-projecting neurons in the BLA with 10-Hz phasic activation, and larger engagement of central amygdala projecting cells with 25-Hz tonic light. These outcomes argue that the LC activation patterns differentially influence both target networks and behavior.

Phasic Neuronal Firing in the Rodent Nucleus of the Solitary Tract ex vivo.

Phasic pattern of neuronal activity has been previously described in detail for magnocellular vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. This characteristic bistable pattern consists of alternating periods of electrical silence and elevated neuronal firing, implicated in neuropeptide release. Here, with the use of multi-electrode array recordings ex vivo, we aimed to study the firing pattern of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) – the brainstem hub for homeostatic, cardio-vascular, and metabolic processes. Our recordings from the mouse and rat hindbrain slices reveal the phasic activity pattern to be displayed by a subset of neurons in the dorsomedial NTS subjacent to the area postrema (AP), with the inter-spike interval distribution closely resembling that reported for phasic magnocellular vasopressin cells. Additionally, we provide interspecies comparison, showing higher phasic frequency and firing rate of phasic NTS cells in mice compared to rats. Further, we describe daily changes in their firing rate and pattern, peaking at the middle of the night. Last, we reveal these phasic cells to be sensitive to α2 adrenergic receptors activation and to respond to electrical stimulation of the AP. This study provides a comprehensive description of the phasic neuronal activity in the rodent NTS and identifies it as a potential downstream target of the AP noradrenergic system.

On the relevance of boundary conditions and viscosity models in blood flow simulations in patient-specific aorto-coronary bypass models.

Physiologically realistic results are the aim of every blood flow simulation. This is not different in aorto-coronary bypasses where the properties of the coronary circulation may significantly affect the relevance of the performed simulations. By considering three patient-specific bypass geometries, the present article focuses on two aspects of the coronary blood flow - its phasic flow pattern and its behaviour affected by blood rheology. For the phasic flow property, a multiscale modelling approach is chosen as a means to assess the ability of five different types of coronary boundary conditions (mean arterial pressure, Windkessel model and three lumped parameter models) to attain realistic coronary haemodynamics. From the analysed variants of boundary conditions, the best option in terms of physiological characteristics and its potential for use in patient-based simulations, is utilised to account for the effect of shear-dependent viscosity on the resulting haemodynamics and wall shear stress stimulation. Aside from the Newtonian model, the blood rheology is approximated by two non-Newtonian models in order to determine whether the choice of a viscosity model is important in simulations involving coronary circulation. A comprehensive analysis of obtained results demonstrated notable superiority of all lumped parameter models, especially in comparison to the constant outlet pressure, which regardless of bypass type gave overestimated and physiologically misleading results. In terms of rheology, it was noted that blood in undamaged coronary arteries behaves as a Newtonian fluid, whereas in vessels with atypical lumen geometry, such as that of anastomosis or stenosis, its shear-thinning behaviour should not be ignored.

Bilateral pallidal stimulation improves cervical dystonia for more than a decade

IntroductionDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment in medically resistant cervical dystonia (CD) with a documented therapeutic effect. Long term outcome beyond a decade, however, has not been studied systematically. MethodsTo investigate the impact of pallidal DBS beyond 10 years in CD we followed a series of five consecutive patients with severe medication-resistant CD. Severity of head and neck deviation, disability, and pain related to dystonia were assessed by the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) in the frame of a prospective study. The primary endpoint of this study was a change in the TWSTRS total score. Secondary endpoints were changes in the subscores of the TWSTRS. ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 11.5 years (range 10–12.8). Comparing baseline and the last follow-up, CD improved by 53% on the total TWSTRS score, by 54.1% on the severity score, and by 70.1% on the disability score, while pain did not improve significantly. Improvement was stable over time. Patients with a tonic pattern of CD responded less to DBS than patients with a phasic pattern. DBS had no significant effect on mood and cognition. Two patients underwent electrode revisions. One patient had an infection of the proximal cable two years after surgery. ConclusionsChronic bilateral pallidal stimulation improves severity of dystonia and disability over more than a decade in treatment resistant CD. Results may vary among individual patients.

Flow-Identified Site of Collapse During Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy: Feasibility and Preliminary Results

Flow-Identified Site of Collapse During Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy: Feasibility and Preliminary Results

Two-component generalized bent-cable models

This paper presents an innovative Bayesian method for assessing the status and progression of HIV infection using biomarkers such as the CD4 count and viral load variables. A distribution of viral loads in subjects starting antiretroviral treatment and followed over time may show a mixture of two subgroups: one subgroup representing “non-progressor” subjects and another subgroup of “progressor” subjects. In modeling these groups, we use a mass point and a right-skewed continuous distribution in which trajectories of repeated observations of viral load exhibit multiphasic features along with a gradual transition period. The commonly used method for describing these phasic patterns is a bent-cable model with a quadratic function for modeling the gradual transition phase. A quadratic function may be too restrictive for adequately modeling the transition period. Thus, we we extend the bent-cable model within the context of a two-component Tobit growth model by relaxing the assumption of a quadratic function for a gradual transition period and accounting for measurement errors in CD4 count. The proposed methods are demonstrated using real data from an AIDS clinical study.

Inexpensive Home Infrared Living/Environment Sensor with Regional Thermal Information for Infant Physical and Psychological Development

The use of home-based image sensors for biological and environmental monitoring provides novel insight into health and development but it is difficult to evaluate people during their normal activities in their home. Therefore, we developed a low-cost infrared (IR) technology-based motion, location, temperature and thermal environment detection system that can be used non-invasively for long-term studies in the home environment. We tested this technology along with the associated analysis algorithm to visualize the effects of parental care and thermal environment on developmental state change in a non-human primate model, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). To validate this system, we first compared it to a manual analysis technique and we then assessed the development of circadian rhythms in common marmosets from postnatal day 15–45. The semi-automatically tracked biological indices of locomotion velocity (BV) and body surface temperature (BT) and the potential psychological index of place preference toward the door (BD), showed age-dependent shifts in circadian phase patterns. Although environmental variables appeared to affect circadian rhythm development, principal component analysis and signal superimposing imaging methods revealed a novel phasic pattern of BD-BT correlation day/night switching in animals older than postnatal day 38 (approximately equivalent to one year of age in humans). The origin of this switch was related to earlier development of body temperature (BT) rhythms and alteration of psychological behavior rhythms (BD) around earlier feeding times. We propose that this cost-effective, inclusive sensing and analytic technique has value for understanding developmental care conditions for which continual home non-invasive monitoring would be beneficial and further suggest the potential to adapt this technique for use in humans.