Loading Phase Research Articles

Exit Strategy for Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Real-World Setting: Wishful Thinking?

To analyze our outcome for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with aflibercept in a treat-and-extend regimen pursuing an exit strategy (with best possible adherence to the "Bern" exit criteria) over 6 years in a real-world setting. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the proportion of patients who were able to achieve and maintain treatment exit. This is a retrospective chart review study of treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with nAMD receiving intravitreal aflibercept injections performed at our department with at least 2 years of follow-up visits. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients able to achieve and maintain the treatment exit regarding intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Further outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), incidence of recurrence after treatment cessation, duration of therapy, and number and intervals of injections. There were 31 eyes of 25 patients included in this retrospective study. The observation period was from September 1, 2017 to August 31, 2023. Of all included patient eyes, 22.6% (n = 7) reached exit criteria. Of all the "exit" patients, 28.6% (n = 2) suffered from disease relapse and therapy was restarted at a mean (± SD) of 41.5 ± 12.5 weeks (range: 29 to 54 weeks). Regarding the eyes that met treatment exit, 5 of 31 (16.1%) had no disease recurrence in the observed study period. The median BCVA (Snellen decimal; ± interquartile range: IQR) changed from 0.63 (0.27) at baseline to 0.63 (0.4) in the first year, 0.63 (0.3) in the second year, 0.63 (0.46) in the third year, 0.63 (0.3) in the fourth year, 0.63 (0.4) in the fifth year, and 0.4 (0.04) in the sixth year. The median number of injections (± IQR) per eye in the first year of treatment was 8 (2), in the second year 5 (2), in the third year 5 (2.5), in the fourth year 5 (1), in the fifth year 3 (0.8), and in the sixth year 3 (0). Extension of the treatment interval after the loading phase in weeks was achieved up to a median (± IQR) of 5.8 (4) in the first year, 8.4 (6) in the second year, 8 (5.7) in the third year, 9.4 (5.6) in the fourth year, 7 (6.9) in the fifth year, and 8.4 (3.1) in the sixth year of observation. Our study indicates a lower rate of patients reaching exit criteria with a treat-and-extend regimen compared to clinical study settings, and a similar recurrence rate of nAMD after treatment cessation. Nonadherence to a strict treat-and-extend protocol might influence the result.

Mechanical properties and mechanism of damage and deterioration of coal under cyclic loading

To analyze the mechanical characteristics of damaged coal bodies and the mechanisms of evolution and degradation of internal pore and fracture defects under cyclic loads, raw coal containing original pore and fracture materials was selected as the research material. This study investigates the impact of cyclic loading on the mechanical properties of damaged coal and the evolution of flaw structures, such as pores and cracks, within the coal. A micro-fracture size judgment index (Ci) was defined based on fracture volume to determine the dominant macroscopic failure mode in coal bodies. The results indicate that a “hysteresis loop” forms in the loading and unloading curves of each cycle due to cyclic loading. During the cyclic loading and unloading phase, both the loading elastic modulus and the damage parameters of coal samples increase proportionally with the level of loading and the number of cycles. In the constant amplitude cyclic loading and unloading phase, there is minimal variation in the loading elastic modulus and damage parameters of coal samples, indicating their stability. As micro-scale fractures evolve within the coal body, pores with a volume less than 109 μm3 decrease with increasing cyclic loading and unloading during amplification cycles but remain relatively stable during equal amplitude cyclic loading phases. The contribution rate of damage to fractures with a volume between 109 and 1011 μm3 increases with higher load levels and cyclic loading/unloading during both amplification and equal amplitude cycles. The minimum order of magnitude for fracture volume that dominates macroscopic failure in the coal body is determined to be 109 and 1010 μm3.

In situ generation of Copper sulfide within Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid): A strategy for Safer photothermal therapy in Triple-Negative breast cancer.

Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) have garnered significant attention in photothermal therapy (PTT) owing to their facile synthesis, biodegradability, stability, and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. Nonetheless, their potential toxic effects have restricted their application. This research focuses on the encapsulation of CuS NPs with the biocompatible polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to enhance their biocompatibility, thereby improving the efficacy and safety of PTT in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Three distinct methods, namely aqueous phase loading method, oil phase loading method, and "in situ reduction" method were employed to synthesize PLGA-coated CuS (CuS@PLGA) NPs to optimize the encapsulation rate of CuS. Among these, the CuS@PLGA NPs fabricated via the "in situ reduction" method demonstrated the highest encapsulation efficiency for CuS, achieving a rate of (90.4 ± 3.3)%. The resulting CuS@PLGA NPs exhibited high stability, excellent photothermal effect, and good tumor-targeting ability. Moreover, CuS@PLGA NPs demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and biocompatibility compared to CuS NPs in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Consequently, this study offers an effective and safety strategy for PTT treatment of TNBC.

1-Year real-world outcomes of faricimab in previously treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Faricimab, a bispecific antibody targeting VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2, has shown promise in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). This study evaluates 1-year outcomes of faricimab in treatment-experienced nAMD patients. This single-centre retrospective cohort study included patients previously treated for nAMD who switched to faricimab between November 2022 and March 2024. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and treatment intervals were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. One hundred eighty-four patients (215 eyes) were included. Patients had received a median of 18 (interquartile range [IQR] 10-28.5) anti-VEGF injections per eye over an average of 5.02 ± 11.82 years before switch. An average of 8.63 ± 2.2 faricimab injections were administered per eye over an average follow-up of 12.19 ± 2.70 months. Median BCVA decreased from 70 ETDRS letters (IQR 55-76) at baseline to 62 (IQR 47-76) at 12 months (p = 0.0038). Median CMT improved from 259.5 μm (IQR 223-299.75) at baseline to 232 μm (202.0-272.5) at 12 months (p < 0.0001). At the last follow-up, 40.2% of eyes were dry on OCT. The median dosing interval doubled from 4 weeks (IQR 4-4) to 8 weeks (IQR 6-10) with faricimab (p < 0.0001). 47.4% and 16.3% of eyes achieved treatment intervals of ≥8-12 weeks and ≥12 weeks, respectively. Three events of uveitis were noted following the loading phase. This real-world study demonstrates that faricimab maintains vision and achieves significant anatomical improvements in treatment-experienced nAMD patients. The extended treatment intervals could significantly reduce the burden on patients and healthcare resources.

The IL-17 level in gingival crevicular fluid as an indicator of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption.

Interleukin (IL)-17 expression in the periodontal ligament is associated with orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). Seeking aconvenient, rapid, and non-invasive IL-17 detection approach could help predict OIIRR. In this study, we assessed the potential of the IL-17 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to be an indicator of OIIRR. To enable tooth movement, 8‑ to 10-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to 20 g/60 g orthodontic force for up to 14days. GCF and peripheral blood were collected for the IL-17 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological changes and the expression of IL-17, receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in periodontal tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. Osteoclasts were visualized by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TARP) staining. GCF IL-17 level rapidly rose in the early phase of orthodontic loading, accompanied by bone and tooth root destruction. At the later stage, the GCF IL-17 level gradually decreased, while the inflammatory destruction was reduced and the periodontal tissue began to repair. GCF IL-17 expression generally tended to be coincident with the periodontal tissue reaction: GCF IL-17 was robustly correlated to the RANKL/OPG ratio (rs = 0.72, p = 0.002) or osteoclast number (rs = 0.84, p < 0.001). Additionally, the GCF IL-17 level was correlated to serum IL-17 (rs = 0.61, p = 0.016) or periodontal IL-17 (rs = 0.84, p < 0.001). The IL-17 level in GCF during orthodontic treatment is associated with OIIRR and, thus, could be an early indicator for developing OIIRR. The advantages of being aconvenient, rapid, and non-invasive GCF IL-17 measurement make it apromising method for early detection of OIIRR.

High dose aflibercept treatment in naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injections of 4mg (high dose) of aflibercept in treatment-naive patients with neovascular AMD(nAMD) with treat and extend(TREX) dosing regimens, and to determine the frequency of injections. In this interventional, retrospective study a total of 15 eyes of 14 patients (eight female and 9 male) with nAMD were included. All patients were examined and OCT imaging was performed at the time of initial presentation, on the day of each injection and at subsequent follow-up visits. Each eye received intravitreal injections of 4mg/0.1mL aflibercept at the dose of every 4weeks for three months (loading phase) after that 4mg high dose of aflibercept was applied as the TREX regime. The eyes with a minimum follow-up time of 12months are included. The mean age of the patients was 74.9 ± 7.3(61-85) years and the mean follow-up time was 20.33 ± 8.7(12-34) months. Total number of injections were 9.3 ± 3.0 (5-14) during the follow-up period. A statistically significant increase was found in terms of best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness between mean baseline values and at 1, 3, 6, 12months, and the final examination(p < 0.05 for each comparison). No complication was observed during follow-up. High-dose Aflibercept of 4mg/0.1mL application with the TREX regimen was found to be efficient and safe. High-dose may also help to reduce the frequency of injections and visits in the follow-up period in eyes with nAMD. Prospective studies with large series are warranted.

Sensitivity Analysis and Application of the Shanghai Model in Ultra-Deep Excavation Engineering

In deep foundation pit engineering, the soil undergoes a complex stress path, encompassing both loading and unloading phases. The Shanghai model, an advanced constitutive model, effectively accounts for the soil’s deformation characteristics under these varied stress paths, which is essential for accurately predicting the horizontal displacement and surface settlement of the foundation pit’s enclosure structure. This model comprises eight material parameters, three initial state parameters, and one small-strain parameter. Despite its sophistication, there is a scarcity of numerical studies exploring the correlation between these parameters and the deformation patterns in foundation pit engineering. This paper initially establishes the superiority of the Shanghai model in ultra-deep circular vertical shaft foundation pit engineering by examining a case study of a nursery circular ultra-deep vertical shaft foundation pit, which is part of the Suzhou River section’s deep drainage and storage pipeline system pilot project in Shanghai. Subsequently, utilizing an idealized foundation pit engineering model, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the Shanghai model’s multi-parameter values across their full range was performed using orthogonal experiments. The findings revealed that the parameter most sensitive to the lateral displacement of the underground continuous wall was κ, with an increase in κ leading to a corresponding increase in displacement. Similarly, the parameter most sensitive to surface subsidence outside the pit was λ, with an increase in λ resulting in greater subsidence. Lastly, the parameter most sensitive to soil uplift at the bottom of the pit was also κ, with an increase in κ leading to more significant uplift.

Research on Assembly Robots Based on Flexible Control Technology

Industrial robots play a vital role in modern production automation, especially in improving production efficiency and reducing labor costs. However, traditional robot position control methods often have difficulty coping with complex assembly tasks, especially in changing environments. To solve this problem, flexible control technology has emerged, which can dynamically adjust the state of the robot according to the force applied by the external environment, thereby effectively avoiding rigid collisions and improving the accuracy and safety of the robot. This paper summarizes recent research on force-aware control in scenarios of shaft-hole assembly, including improvements to traditional force-position hybrid control and the introduction of intelligent control principles. This technique has significantly improved the efficiency and success rate of the alignment and loading phases. However, the high cost of force-aware control and data transmission limitations remain challenges. Future research should focus on improving system flexibility, expanding application scope and optimizing the underlying hardware to drive robotics towards intelligence and refinement

Enhancing low voltage network capacity through phase load balance optimization using advanced smart meter data analytics and static reconnections

Enhancing low voltage network capacity through phase load balance optimization using advanced smart meter data analytics and static reconnections

СПОСІБ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РОБОТИ ТРИФАЗНОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА ШЛЯХОМ АДАПТИВНОГО ПЕРЕРОЗПОДІЛУ ПОТУЖНОСТІ МІЖ ОДНОФАЗНИМИ СПОЖИВАЧАМИ

The article describes a method of increasing the efficiency of the three-phase generator by applying a system of redistribution of its power between single-phase consumers. Possible approaches and methods for solving the problem of asymmetry of load of power supplies are analyzed. The structural scheme of the power supply system of single-phase consumers is proposed, which realizes a uniform load of phases in the event of load asymmetry. The order of operation of the scheme in different modes of operation of the power redistribution system between consumers is substantiated and on its basis the functioning algorithm is proposed. The substantiation of the circuit solution of the adaptive power redistribution system between single-phase consumers under the control of a single-chip microcontroller is provided and a version of its circuit diagram is developed. The requirements are formulated and on their basis the option of constructing an inverter is designed, which corresponds to the features of the proposed structural scheme according to the level of input voltage. The functioning of the program code of the single-chip microcontroller according to the proposed algorithm has been developed and investigated. The results of practical verification of the functioning of the proposed power supply system are presented, which demonstrated an increase in the efficiency of a three-phase generator by applying a system of redistribution of its power between single-phase consumers. According to the results of the experiment, the directions of further research on the improvement of the proposed scheme are formulated.

Evolution of Functional and Paraclinical Markers as Predictive Factors in Pediatric Late-Onset SMA Under Nusinersen Treatment: The Role of CSF pNF-H

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by insufficient synthesis of SMN protein, characterized by progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and complications affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. Disease severity tends to be greater when symptoms manifest at an earlier age. Since 2016, the FDA-approved drug nusinersen has provided a disease-modifying treatment option. Identifying predictive factors for patient outcomes over time remains essential. This retrospective study analyzed clinical and biological parameters in 42 patients (ages 13–215 months) with SMA types 2 and 3 over the first three years of nusinersen treatment. We assessed pNF-H levels in CSF and serum—neuronal proteins associated with neurodegeneration—as well as serum creatinine levels, a marker of muscle activity, and motor skill scores to evaluate pNF-H’s potential as a predictor of motor development. Elevated pNF-H levels were associated with a lower SMN2 gene copy number and more recent disease onset. Following nusinersen treatment, pNF-H levels stabilized at low values, likely due to basal metabolic activity. In SMA types 2 and 3, higher baseline CSF pNF-H levels correlated with improved performance over time. Additionally, higher serum creatinine levels and smaller changes in pNF-H during the loading phase or various periods of maintenance treatment were associated with better motor development outcomes at two and three years of treatment.

Brolucizumab for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: An Optical Coherence Tomography-Based Analysis.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the structural and functional outcomes after the loading phase with brolucizumab in switched patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and to identify potential predictive biomarkers of treatment response. Methods: A total of 28 eyes with DME, switched to brolucizumab, were retrospectively reviewed. Main outcomes during the follow-up period, up to 6 weeks after the fifth injection, included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), macular volume, subfoveal choroidal thickness, intraretinal and subretinal fluid (IRF and SRF), cyst dimension including maximal horizontal cyst diameter (MHCD), maximal vertical cyst diameter (MVCD), width-to-height ratio (WHR), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) dimension, and vessel density (VD). Results: At the last follow-up, BCVA was significantly improved (p = 0.003). Significant reduction of CST was demonstrated after each injection time point (p < 0.05), and a dry macula was detected in 64.3% of patients at the last follow-up. The WHR was 1.23 ± 0.46, and a negative correlation to final CST (p < 0.0001) was found. In FAZ and VD analysis, no significant variation was detected. At the last disease activity assessment, the treatment regimen was q12 in 64% of patients. Conclusions: Brolucizumab leads to anatomical and functional improvements in switched eyes affected by DME. WHR may represent a predictive biomarker of treatment response.

Prognostic value of macular neovascularisation characteristics for photoreceptor integrity in nAMD: a prospective observational study

PurposeTo explore the relationship between characteristics of macular neovascularisation (MNV) and photoreceptor integrity in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).MethodsThis prospective study enrolled treatment-naïve nAMD eyes and conducted a...

In situ formed Se-TiO2 as a highly reusable photocatalyst for selenium reduction and removal from industrial wastewater.

Selenium (Se) release from anthropogenic activities such as mining, power generation, and agriculture poses considerable environmental and ecological risks. Increasing prevalence and awareness of Se-related issues have driven the development of many innovative Se treatment technologies. Photocatalysis has shown promise towards Se removal from industrial wastewaters with minimal residuals, and is generally considered a low-cost, robust, non-toxic, and potentially solar-powered method. Despite this, its real-world application towards environmental remediation remains extremely limited. This is because research into practical considerations, such as photocatalyst stability and reusability, is often overlooked or understudied in favor of developing academically interesting but impractical materials. In this work, commercial anatase TiO2 is stress tested through fifteen cycles of reuse towards the photocatalytic reduction and removal of selenate in synthetic mine-influenced brine (SMIB) without washing or regeneration. Remarkably, selenate removal exceeds 99.3% throughout all cycles. In situ Se-TiO2 heterojunction formation, and changes to its properties including Se loading, particle size, and crystal phase, are characterized through X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV/vis, while their effects on catalyst performance are elucidated. This work underscores the importance of catalyst recyclability for practical photocatalytic environmental remediation and discusses the effects of extensive use on photocatalyst performance.

Determination of deflection in composite slabs considering concrete creep

The analysis of the behavior and resistance of composite steel and concrete slabs covers several parameters. Among these parameters, concrete creep plays an important role in checking deflection. Regarding the calculation of the deflection, generally, technical standards recommend that the moment of inertia of the composite section be given by the simple average of the moments of inertia of the uncracked and cracked sections. However, experimental investigations have shown that this procedure, inadequately characterizes the behavior of the composite slab, resulting in an underestimated effective moment of inertia and smaller deflection, especially when subjected to higher loads. Using research results, this work aims to present a proposal for determining the effective moment of inertia in composite slabs that considers the concrete creep representing the behavior during the loading phase until collapse.

Dynamic Analysis of Plates Subjected to Explosive Loading: Comparison Between SDOF and FEM Models

With the global increase in explosive events, arising from armed conflicts and/or accidental occurrences, a thorough analysis of the dynamic behavior of structures under this type of load becomes important. The explosive phenomenon causes an overpressure (positive) wave with a subsequent underpressure (negative) phase, which is often disregarded. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted that this negative phase can generate displacements and stresses as relevant as the ones from the positive phase only. This work investigates simply supported plates subjected to explosive loading considering the membrane effect (laterally immovable condition) which introduces nonlinearities in the model. Due to the problem’s mathematical complexity, these nonlinear dynamic analyses are usually performed using complicated finite element models. In this way, a software called DYNAblast was developed using a simpler approach based on a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) analytical model which incorporates the von Karman plate theory. Dynamic analyses were carried out in DYNAblast to understand the influence of the positive and negative phases of the blast loads, as well as the contribution of the membrane energy of the plate. Numerical models implemented in ABAQUS software were used for the validation of DYNAblast results, with excellent agreement.

Novel DETA-Isobutanol biphasic solvent for post-combustion CO2 capture: High cyclic capacity and low energy consumption

In recent years, research into biphasic solvents has become an important direction more efficient control of CO2 emissions. However, most biphasic absorbents still face challenges such as low cyclic capacity and high viscosity of the rich phase. To develop a novel solvent with enhanced cyclic capacity and reduced regeneration energy consumption, a biphasic solvent consisting of DETA/Isobutanol/H2O was proposed. The results demonstrate excellent absorption and desorption performance of the DETA/Isobutanol/H2O biphasic solvent, with an absorption capacity ranging from 1.13 to 1.35 mol/mol and a cyclic capacity ranging from 0.61 to 0.84 mol/mol. After conducting 5 times absorption-desorption experiments, the cyclic capacity of DETA/Isobutanol/H2O biphasic solvent remained at 0.8 mol/mol. The estimated energy consumption for regeneration, under lean phase load, was calculated to be 2.42 GJ/t CO2, which was 42.24 % lower than that of 30wt% MEA aqueous solution (4.19 GJ/t CO2). The DETA/Isobutanol/H2O solution exhibits promising potential in terms of absorption-desorption performance and regenerative energy consumption, making it an exceptional CO2 absorbent.

Pesticide exposure of operators during mixing and loading a drone: towards a stratified exposure assessment.

This study evaluated operator exposure during mixing and loading phases of drone-based pesticide application, specifically examining potential and actual exposure during handling of concentrated and diluted pesticide products. It aims to clarify the differences in exposure levels between these two scenarios with implications for exposure risk assessment. Results demonstrate that mixing concentrated products poses the primary exposure, while transferring diluted mixtures to the drone tank results in significantly lower exposure figures. Personal protective equipment (PPE) significantly mitigates potential exposure, particularly during mixing. Hand exposure contributes to 50-75% of total exposure. These data facilitate refined exposure and risk assessments by distinguishing between handling concentrated and diluted products, allowing a stratification of exposure for these scenarios and enabling the application of appropriate dermal absorption rates for each scenario. The results also confirm that one layer of work clothing and protective gloves significantly reduce the operator exposure, which highlights the importance of wearing adequate protective clothing and gloves by operators, especially during the mixing phase. These insights contribute to the development of novel science-based safety assessments and improved operator protection in drone-assisted pesticide application. © 2024 Bayer AG. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Predicting long-term functional anti-VEGF treatment outcomes in neovascular AMD in a real-world setting.

To test to what degree retinal fluid (RF) after the loading phase and at the end of year 1 predicts long-term functional outcomes in neovascular macular degeneration (nAMD), as do macular (MA) atrophy, treatment density and treatment interval extension. In this retrospective single-center cohort study, a consecutive series of eyes with treatment-naïve nAMD followed under a treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol followed over ≥2 years. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), presence of retinal fluid (RF) and macular atrophy (MA) were registered along with central retinal thickness (CRT) and treatment density over time. The relationship between these variables was tested by regression analysis. A total of 433 eyes were followed for 4.9 ± 2.2 years. A series of univariate analyses were run to select the covariates for the final multivariate regression model. CRT after loading, time to dryness, intraretinal fluid and MA after one year were found to predict visual function over 2 to 5 years. A final regression model was adjusted for visual acuity (VA) at baseline and showed that CRT after loading was predictive only in the short term (2 years) and that MA had the greatest predictive value for VA after 2 to 5 years. Intraretinal fluid (IRF) significantly predicted VA only after 4 years. The final regression model explained 21 to 32% of the variation in VA. In this large retrospective cohort, the presence of MA after one year was the strongest predictor of VA after 2 to 5 years, explaining a vision loss of 13 to 20 letters. The presence of IRF and SRF at any point of time had a comparably weak predictive potential for the outcomes over 5 and more years.

Dynamic blade tip clearance control of aero-engine by the integration of cooling air with fuel thermal management system

In advanced aero-engines, the precise control of tip clearance and thermal management of the fuel system are two important measures to improve the transient performance of the aero-engine. In order to optimize the overall performance of an aero-engine during a full-flight mission, this paper proposed a novel architecture integrating active clearance control system and aero-engine fuel thermal management system, which utilizes fuel heat sink to achieve indirect regulation of the tip clearance. Furthermore, a set of critical optimization criteria for the new architecture was derived to achieve dynamic heat distribution in the fuel thermal management system. Subsequently, the transient performance was tested under a complete flight mission with a duration of 10,000 s. The calculation results indicate that the new architecture effectively raises the fuel temperature to its maximum allowable value during low thermal load phases, which increases heat dissipation capability of the system. The new architecture exhibits a significant effect on the control of the tip clearance during the ground idle, cruise, and engagement phases, resulting in a maximum increase of 1.86% in the relative efficiency of the high-pressure turbine. The new architecture also prevents the engine from experiencing excessively narrow tip clearance during acceleration. Ultimately, the new architecture achieves a 2.59% reduction in total fuel consumption compared to the original design. The new architecture has significant potential to improve engine efficiency and increase operational safety.