Liquid Phase Transition Research Articles

Optical cavitation in non-absorbent solutions using a continuous-wave laser via optical fiber

Optical cavitation can be induced by short pulse lasers focused into a solution with a low absorption coefficient or using a continuous-wave laser focused into highly absorbent solutions. In this work, we report the generation of cavitation bubbles in ethanol using a continuous-wave fiber optic laser with emission at 450 nm wavelength. Silver and copper nitrate nanoparticles were immobilized on the flat end-face of a multimode optical fiber tip using the photodeposition technique and then immersed into the solution. Laser light transmitted through the optical fiber is strongly absorbed by both nanoparticles causing an abrupt increase in temperature around the tip of the optical fiber, reaching the spinodal limit of ethanol (∼187 °C). At this temperature, an explosive phase transition (liquid–gas) occurs causing the generation of a microbubble, which grows until reaches its maximum radius (∼1072 μm in 132 µs) and subsequently collapses, emitting a shock wave. The dynamic behavior of the gas bubble was studied as a function of the laser power using a high-speed video camera, and the shock wave emitted immediately after the bubblés collapse was detected by a microphone. The pressure of the shock wave was analyzed photodepositing different thin films of silver nanoparticles at the tip of the optical fiber, causing optical attenuations of 1, 3, 5, and 7 dB. The experimental results obtained showed that when a thin film of copper nitrate nanoparticles was photodeposited on a film of silver nanoparticles (5 dB), the pressure of the shock wave increases up to ∼ 13-fold, in comparison, if we use only one film of silver nanoparticles. Energetic shock waves have potential applications in a variety of areas such as medicine, biological sciences, material processing, liquid microjets generation, among others.

Thermally activated flux flow and inter-granular coupling properties in superconducting (Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ)1−x (ZnO NPs)x composites

In high-temperature ceramic superconductors, vortices motion is induced by the strong thermal fluctuations because of the thermally activated flux flow (TAFF). The TAFF impedes the transport properties and critical current density of superconductors. It has been reported that adding nano-scale impurities can induce artificial pining centers that may improve inter-granular connections and flux pinning strength in ceramic superconductors. Here, the effects of different amounts (0.0–1.0 wt%) of ZnO nanoparticles on the TAFF behavior and zero temperature activation energy of the Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconducting phase have been studied using the modified TAFF model. Moreover, the impacts of the additive on the inter-granular traits and the Josephson coupling energy of the superconducting phase have been investigated using AC susceptibility measurements. Vortex phases analysis indicates that all composites show a vortex glass to vortex liquid phase transition at Tg. The vortex liquid phase is divided into the critical region existing in a finite temperature region just above Tg and the TAFF region present in the finite temperature region above it. It was found that the TAFF region is shifted to the higher temperatures and gets narrower, as the ZnO nanoparticles concentration enhances from 0.0 to 0.2 wt%. The vortex glass to vortex liquid transition temperature, Tg, increases from 93.8 K for the sample without additive to 101.0 K for the composite with 0.2 wt% ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, the zero-temperature activation energy (U0/KB) increases from ~0.4 × 105 K for the sample without additive to ~1.4 × 105 K for the composite with 0.2 wt% ZnO nanoparticles and then decreases for more ZnO concentrations. Moreover, it was found that the Josephson coupling energy Ej increases from ~0.039 eV for the sample without additive to ~0.136 eV for the composite with 0.2 wt% ZnO nanoparticles. These results point out a significant enhancement of the activation energy, flux pinning capability, and inter-granular coupling of the Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconducting phase with the addition of the 0.2 wt% ZnO nanoparticles.

Study of the water dynamics near hydrophilic, nanostructured CuO surfaces by quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering

We have used quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering to investigate the structure, dynamics, and phase transitions of water interacting with superhydrophilic CuO surfaces that not only possess a strong affinity for water but also a “grass-like” topography that is rough on both micro- and nanoscales. Here, we report quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements on two samples differing in water content at five temperatures below 280 K. The QENS spectra show water undergoing two different types of diffusive motion near the CuO surfaces: a “slow” translational diffusion occurring on a nanosecond time scale and a faster rotational motion. Further from the surfaces, there is “fast” translational diffusion comparable in rate to that of bulk supercooled water and the rotational motion occurring in the interfacial water. Analysis of the QENS spectra supports wetting of water to the CuO blades as seen in electron microscopy images. In addition, we observe an anomalous temperature dependence of the QENS spectra on cooling from 270 to 230 K with features consistent with a liquid–liquid phase transition. We suggest that the solvent-like properties of the coexisting bulk-like water in our CuO samples are a significant factor in determining the temperature dependence of the interfacial water’s dynamics. Our results are compared with those obtained from two well-studied substrate classes: (1) silicas that contain ordered cylindrical nanopores but have weaker hydrophilicity and (2) nanoparticles of other transition-metal oxides, such as TiO2, which share the strong hydrophilicity of our samples but lack their porosity.

Nuclear quantum effects on the dynamics and glass behavior of a monatomic liquid with two liquid states.

We perform path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulations of a monatomic liquid that exhibits a liquid-liquid phase transition and liquid-liquid critical point. PIMD simulations are performed using different values of Planck's constant h, allowing us to study the behavior of the liquid as nuclear quantum effects (NQE, i.e., atoms delocalization) are introduced, from the classical liquid (h = 0) to increasingly quantum liquids (h > 0). By combining the PIMD simulations with the ring-polymer molecular dynamics method, we also explore the dynamics of the classical and quantum liquids. We find that (i) the glass transition temperature of the low-density liquid (LDL) is anomalous, i.e., Tg LDL(P) decreases upon compression. Instead, (ii) the glass transition temperature of the high-density liquid (HDL) is normal, i.e., Tg HDL(P) increases upon compression. (iii) NQE shift both Tg LDL(P) and Tg HDL(P) toward lower temperatures, but NQE are more pronounced on HDL. We also study the glass behavior of the ring-polymer systems associated with the quantum liquids studied (via the path-integral formulation of statistical mechanics). There are two glass states in all the systems studied, low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and high-density amorphous ice (HDA), which are the glass counterparts of LDL and HDL. In all cases, the pressure-induced LDA-HDA transformation is sharp, reminiscent of a first-order phase transition. In the low-quantum regime, the LDA-HDA transformation is reversible, with identical LDA forms before compression and after decompression. However, in the high-quantum regime, the atoms become more delocalized in the final LDA than in the initial LDA, raising questions on the reversibility of the LDA-HDA transformation.

Fragile‐to‐Strong Transition in Phase‐Change Material Ge3Sb6Te5

AbstractChalcogenide phase‐change materials combine a remarkable set of properties that makes them promising candidates for future non‐volatile memory applications. Binary data storage exploits the high contrast in electrical and optical properties between the covalent amorphous and metavalent crystalline phase. Here the authors perform an analysis of the liquid phase kinetics of the phase‐change material Ge3Sb6Te5, which is the key to ultrafast switching speeds. By employing four experimental techniques, the viscosity is measured over sixteen orders of magnitude despite its propensity for fast crystallization. These measurements reveal that the liquid undergoes a transition in viscosity–temperature dependence associated with a liquid–liquid phase transition. The system exhibits a shallow viscosity change with temperature near the glass transition which stabilizes the memory cells in the amorphous state and which limits the severity of relaxation processes. Meanwhile, when heated during the writing process, the fragility increases to more than double, causing the viscosity to drop rapidly enabling a nanosecond crystallization speed. This change in viscosity–temperature dependence is highly unusual among glass forming liquids and is reminiscent of the behavior of water. This viscosity transition is also key to the technological success of phase‐change materials for computer memory applications.

Liquid-liquid phase transition in confined liquid titanium

We report the layering and liquid–liquid phase transition of liquid titanium confined between two parallel panel walls. Abnormal changes in the volume and the potential energy confirm the existence of the liquid–liquid phase transition of the liquid titanium. The typical feature of the liquid–liquid phase transition is layering, which is induced by the slit size, pressure and temperature. We highlight the fact that the slit size and pressure will determine the number of layers. In addition, with the change in the slit size, the density of the confined liquid expresses a fluctuating law. The phase diagram of the layering transition is drawn to clearly understand the layering. This study provides insights into the liquid–liquid phase transition of liquid metal in a confined space.

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoate of Catechin, an Anticarcinogenic Semisynthetic Catechin, Modulates the Physical Properties of Anionic Phospholipid Membranes

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoate of catechin (TMBC) is a semisynthetic catechin which shows strong antiproliferative activity against malignant melanoma cells. The amphiphilic nature of the molecule suggests that the membrane could be a potential site of action, hence the study of its interaction with lipid bilayers is mandatory in order to gain information on the effect of the catechin on the membrane properties and dynamics. Anionic phospholipids, though being minor components of the membrane, possess singular physical and biochemical properties that make them physiologically essential. Utilizing phosphatidylserine biomimetic membranes, we study the interaction between the catechin and anionic bilayers, bringing together a variety of experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. The experimental data suggest that the molecule is embedded into the phosphatidylserine bilayers, where it perturbs the thermotropic gel to liquid crystalline phase transition. In the gel phase, the catechin promotes the formation of interdigitation, and in the liquid crystalline phase, it decreases the bilayer thickness and increases the hydrogen bonding pattern of the interfacial region of the bilayer. The simulation data agree with the experimental ones and indicate that the molecule is located in the interior of the anionic bilayer as monomer and small clusters reaching the carbonyl region of the phospholipid, where it also disturbs the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between neighboring lipids. Our observations suggest that the catechin incorporates well into phosphatidylserine bilayers, where it produces structural changes that could affect the functioning of the membrane.

Unveiling the Molecular Origin of Vapor-Liquid Phase Transition of Bulk and Confined Fluids

At temperatures below the critical temperature, discontinuities in the isotherms are one critical issue in the design and construction of separation units, affecting the level of confidence for a prediction of vapor–liquid equilibriums and phase transitions. In this work, we study the molecular mechanisms of fluids that involve the vapor–liquid phase transition in bulk and confinement, utilizing grand canonical (GCE) and meso-canonical (MCE) ensembles of the Monte Carlo simulation. Different geometries of the mesopores, including slit, cylindrical, and spherical, were studied. During phase transitions, condensation/evaporation hysteretic isotherms can be detected by GCE simulation, whereas employing MCE simulation allows us to investigate van der Waals (vdW) loop with a vapor spinodal point, intermediate states, and a liquid spinodal point in the isotherms. Depending on the system, the size of the simulation box, and the MCE method, we are able to identify three distinct groups of vdW-type isotherms for the first time: (1) a smooth S-shaped loop, (2) a stepwise S-shaped loop, and (3) a stepwise S-shaped loop with just a vertical segment. The first isotherm type is noticed in the bulk and pores having small box sizes, in which vapor and liquid phases are close and not clearly identified. The second and the third types occurred in the bulk, cylindrical, and slit mesopores with sufficiently large spaces, where vapor and liquid phases are distinctly separated. Results from our studies provide an insight analysis into vapor–liquid phase transitions, elucidating the effect of the confinement of fluid behaviors in a visual manner.

Thermal‐induced dielectric response in mechanically durable polyvinylidene fluoride–kapok encapsulated polyethylene glycol composite films

AbstractDielectric materials with thermally responsive property are being pursued in fields such as next‐generation sensors, smart switches, and novel actuators. These applications require that the dielectric materials have mechanical durability and stable serviceability besides thermally responsive dielectric behavior. Herein, we report a novel thermally responsive, mechanically durable, and low‐cost dielectric composite simply fabricated by vacuum impregnating polyethylene glycol (PEG) into kapok fiber and compounding them with polyvinylidene fluoride. A remarkable dielectric susceptibility, controlled dielectric transition temperature, and obvious thermal hysteresis of the composite films induced by the solid–liquid phase transition of PEG are demonstrated. The effect of molecular weights of PEG on the dielectric response behaviors is evaluated. Such thermally responsive dielectric materials with satisfactory mechanical durability will offer a chance toward constructing thermally responsive systems for reliable and stable operation.

Effect of gravity conditions on heat transfer and flow fluctuations of liquid hydrogen in a non-isothermal horizontal circular tube

Liquid hydrogen phase transition is a common phenomenon in space missions for space vehicles using low temperature liquid hydrogen as propellant. In this study, a numerical model with coupled RANS solver and VOF/Level-set method was used to simulate the liquid hydrogen phase transition in a non-isothermal horizontal circular tube under different gravity conditions (1g-10−4 g). The gas phase hydrogen produced by evaporation of liquid hydrogen was calculated by Lee model. The statistics of the overall volume, heat flux, mass flow rate, mean velocity of gas phase hydrogen was carried out. The data results shown that the flow fluctuations were strongest under the gravity acceleration of 10−1 g relative to other gravity conditions. The average bubble volume at 10−1 g was the smallest, which was 11.58% smaller than that at 10−3 g condition. The intermittent contact with the tube wall, which leaded to intermittent long bubble and flow resistance, was the main reason.

Low- and high-density forms of liquid water revealed by a new medium-range order descriptor

We present in this paper a computational approach based on molecular dynamics simulations and graph theory to characterize the structure of liquid water considering not only the local structural arrangement within the first (or second) hydration shell, but also the medium- to long-range order. In particular, a new order parameter borrowed from the graph-theory framework, i.e., the node total communicability (NTC), is introduced to analyze the dynamic network of water molecules in the liquid phase. This order parameter is able not only to accurately report on the different high-density-liquid (HDL) and low-density-liquid (LDL) water phases postulated in the liquid–liquid phase transition hypothesis, but also to show that HDL-like forms are not homogeneous but rather composed by regions at different local density. In particular, the presence of patches at very high density with an increased number of interstitial water molecules is unveiled, both under pressure and at ambient conditions.

Soft Liquid Metal Infused Conductive Sponges

AbstractLiquid metal droplets of gallium (Ga) and Ga‐based alloys are traditionally incorporated as deformable additives into soft elastomers to make them conductive. However, such a strategy has not been implemented to develop conductive sponges with real sponge‐like characteristics. Herein, polyurethane‐based sponges with Ga microdroplets embedded inside the polyurethane walls are developed. The liquid phase (at 45 °C) and solid phase (at room temperature) transition of the Ga fillers shows the temperature‐dependent functional variations in the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties on the prepared composite sponges, which are investigated in detail. Unlike elastomers, the sponge possesses excellent elastic recovery, at ≈90%, and conductivity durability without sacrificing structural integrity. The reversible change of resistivity range is remarkable. When the Ga fillers account for 18% of the total sponge volume, the electrical resistivity varies from infinite values (insulator) under no applied pressure to 39.0 Ω m for the solid phase and 3.8 Ω m for the liquid phase under 386.8 kPa. New opportunities in developing flexible electrically conductive composite sponges with tunable mechanical and electrical properties that can be implemented for a variety of future applications are proposed.

Well - test analysis for wells with gas rich CO2 in carbonate reservoir Song Hong Basin

The evaluations of properties of carbonate reservoirs containing gas with very high carbon dioxide (CO2) content often face many difficulties. In fact, there is a significal difference in interpretation results compared to conventional gas well testing due to: there is a gas to liquid phase transition; noise, abnormal increase or decrease in pressure and temperature during flow period, etc. These abnormal behaviors are all directly related to the specificity of CO2 properties with high compressible than that of natural gas, which can vary greatly density and can reach supercritical liquid state, transitioning solid to liquid or liqid to gaseous states even when pressure and temperature changes within a small range. During the testing of gas wells with high CO2 content, the phenomenon of pressure drop while pressure buid-up often occurs, leading to the analysis of reservoir parameters according to the conventional pressure build-up analysis method usually not feasible. The content of the article is aimed at researching and applying the method of interpreting well test data in the drawdown period while multi-rate flowing to more accurately estimate reservoir properties and mitigate risks in the design of the field development plan to achieve the economic efficiency.

Phase transitions affected by natural and forceful molecular interconversion.

If a binary liquid mixture, composed of two alternative species with equal amounts, is quenched from a high temperature to a low temperature, below the critical point of demixing, then the mixture will phase separate through a process known as spinodal decomposition. However, if the two alternative species are allowed to interconvert, either naturally (e.g., the equilibrium interconversion of enantiomers) or forcefully (e.g., via an external source of energy or matter), then the process of phase separation may drastically change. In this case, depending on the nature of interconversion, two phenomena could be observed: either phase amplification, the growth of one phase at the expense of another stable phase, or microphase separation, the formation of nongrowing (steady-state) microphase domains. In this work, we phenomenologically generalize the Cahn-Hilliard theory of spinodal decomposition to include the molecular interconversion of species and describe the physical properties of systems undergoing either phase amplification or microphase separation. We apply the developed phenomenology to accurately describe the simulation results of three atomistic models that demonstrate phase amplification and/or microphase separation. We also discuss the application of our approach to phase transitions in polyamorphic liquids. Finally, we describe the effects of fluctuations of the order parameter in the critical region on phase amplification and microphase separation.

Interaction of Docetaxel with Phosphatidylcholine Membranes: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

The antineoplastic drug Docetaxel is a second generation taxane which is used against a great variety of cancers. The drug is highly lipophilic and produces a great array of severe toxic effects that limit its therapeutic effectiveness. The study of the interaction between Docetaxel and membranes is very scarce, however, it is required in order to get clues in relation with its function, mechanism of toxicity and possibilities of new formulations. Using phosphatidylcholine biomimetic membranes, we examine the interaction of Docetaxel with the phospholipid bilayer combining an experimental study, employing a series of biophysical techniques like Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy, and a Molecular Dynamics simulation. Our experimental results indicated that Docetaxel incorporated into DPPC bilayer perturbing the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition and giving rise to immiscibility when the amount of the drug is increased. The drug promotes the gel ripple phase, increasing the bilayer thickness in the fluid phase, and is also able to alter the hydrogen-bonding interactions in the interfacial region of the bilayer producing a dehydration effect. The results from computational simulation agree with the experimental ones and located the Docetaxel molecule forming small clusters in the region of the carbon 8 of the acyl chain palisade overlapping with the carbonyl region of the phospholipid. Our results support the idea that the anticancer drug is embedded into the phospholipid bilayer to a limited amount and produces structural perturbations which might affect the function of the membrane.Graphical

Thermo-mechanical behavior measurement of polymer-bonded sugar under shock compression using in-situ time-resolved Raman spectroscopy

Quantitative information regarding the local behavior of interfaces in an inhomogeneous material during shock loading is limited due to challenges associated with time and spatial resolution. This paper reports the development of a novel method for in-situ measurement of the thermo-mechanical response of polymer bonded sugar composite where measurements are performed during propagagtion of shock wave in sucrose crystal through polydimethylsiloxane binder. The time-resolved measurements were performed with 5 ns resolution providing an estimation on local pressure, temperature, strain rate, and local shock viscosity. The experiments were performed at two different impact velocities to induce shock pressure of 4.26 GPa and 2.22 GPa and strain rate greater than 106/s. The results show the solid to the liquid phase transition of sucrose under shock compression. The results are discussed with the help of fractography analyses of sucrose crystal in order to obtain insights into the underlying heat generation mechanism.

Enhancing Thermal Stability of Laser-Driven Phosphor Converter by Utilizing Copper Powder Sintering Framework/Paraffin

Laser-driven white light illumination is considered as the next generation of high brightness white light source. The most common way to achieve laser-based white light is using a blue laser to excite phosphor/ silicone converter (reference converter). However, the relatively low thermal conductivity of phosphor limits most of the heat to its surface and cannot be dissipated effectively. In this work, a converter with copper sintering powder framework/paraffin (CPSF/P) embedded into the phosphor/silicone is proposed. As an internal heat transfer channel, copper powder sintering framework (CPSF) transfers heat to paraffin coated in porous skeleton, and then paraffin absorbs the generated heat through solid–liquid phase transition, which effectively dissipates the heat concentrated on the phosphor surface and improves its thermal stability. Under high-power laser excitation of 7.74 W, the surface temperature of the reference converter is up to 660 °C, while the maximum temperature of the CPSF/P converter is only 139 °C, which is reduced by 521 °C (78.9%). The results show that the proposed CPSF/P converter can withstand higher excitation power and show better thermal stability than the reference converter, which is helpful to obtain higher color stability. This provides an efficient heat dissipation scheme for high-power laser-driven lighting.

Evidence for multiple liquid–liquid phase transitions in carbon, and the Friedel ordering of its liquid state

Carbon, the fourth most abundant element in the universe, forms a metallic fluid with transient covalent bonds on melting. Its liquid–liquid phase transitions, intensely sought using simulations, had been elusive. Here, we use density functional theory (DFT) simulations with up to 108 atoms using molecular dynamics, as well as one-atom DFT as implemented in the neutral pseudo-atom method where multi-atom effects are treated by ion–ion correlation functionals. Both methods use electron–electron exchange correlation functionals for electron many-body effects. Here, we show using both methods that liquid carbon displays multiple liquid–liquid transitions linked to changes in coordination number in the density range 3–6 g/cm3 when a coordination number of 12 is reached. The transitions disappear by 4 eV in temperature. The calculated pressures and transition densities are shown to be sensitive to the exchange-correlation functionals used. Significantly, we find that a simple metallic model yields the structure factors and thermodynamics with quantitative accuracy, without invoking any covalent-bonding features. The ion–ion structure factor for these densities and temperatures is found to have a subpeak tied to twice the Fermi wavevector, constraining the fluid in momentum space. The dominant Friedel oscillations forming the pair interactions correlate the ions and drive the multiple liquid–liquid phase transitions. Our results suggest that liquid carbon typifies a class of fluids whose structure is ordered by the long-ranged Friedel oscillations in the pair-potentials. These results are critical to terrestrial and astrophysical studies, inertial fusion using carbon drivers, refined shock experiments, and in seeking new carbon-based materials.

On the devitrification of Cu–Zr–Al alloys: Solving the apparent contradiction between polymorphic liquid-liquid transition and phase separation

In this work, the crystallization pathways and kinetics of the Cu47.5Zr45.1Al7.4 bulk metallic glass (BMG) are studied systematically using a broad collection of laboratory and synchrotron-based techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and atom probe tomography. The crystallization sequence during heating at conventional slow rates and isothermal annealing near the glass transition temperature was determined to consist in preferential formation of (Cu, Al)10Zr7 followed by the formation of CuZr2 and AlCu2Zr induced by long-range atomic diffusion. In situ HEXRD shows that the formation of the latter two phases is accompanied by the partial dissolution of the primary Cu-rich phase. Microstructural characterizations of annealed samples suggest that a new liquid phase with enhanced local order and obscure compositional changes has formed from the homogeneous supercooled liquid before crystallization. A concept analogous to the disorder-to-order transition in crystalline materials is applied here to describe the observed transition in liquid, resolving the longstanding apparent contradiction between observing a nanoscale phase separation versus a liquid–liquid phase transition during devitrification. Furthermore, we suggest that the formation of an intermediate liquid phase prior to crystallization is the structural origin of the rapid devitrification kinetics during the primary crystallization. On the basis of our combined experimental results, a scheme is proposed to generalize the complex multistep devitrification mechanisms of the Cu47.5Zr45.1Al7.4 BMG during isothermal annealing or slow heating. This work may provide new insights into the crystallization behavior and thermal stability of Cu–Zr–Al BMGs in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics and might lead to deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the often observed rapid crystallization processes of deeply undercooled metallic liquids.

Disorder-driven phase transitions in bosonic fractional quantum Hall liquids

We investigate the disorder-driven phase transitions in bosonic fractional quantum Hall liquids at filling factors $f=1/2$ and $f=1$ in the lowest Landau level. We use the evolution of ground-state entanglement entropy, fidelity susceptibility, and Hall conductance with increasing disorder strength to identify the underlying phase transitions. The critical disorder strengths obtained from these different quantities are consistent with each other, validating the reliability of our numerical calculations based on exact diagonalization. At $f=1/2$, we observe a clear transition from the bosonic Laughlin state to a trivial insulating phase. At $f=1$, we identify a direct phase transition from the non-Abelian bosonic Moore-Read state to a trivial insulating phase, although some signs of a disorder-induced intermediate fractional quantum Hall phase were recently reported for the $f=5/2$ fermionic cousin.