Phase Shift Keying Modulation Research Articles

Data reduction and recovery in wireless communication system: An extensive experimental evaluation using PSK and QAM modulations

SummaryThe evolution of technologies in data communication system has resulted in generation of large data. With the availability of limited bandwidth and to maintain the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system, data reduction plays a significant amount of role in preserving the lifetime of wireless communication system. Considering the significance of this problem in wireless communication system, in this work, we present data reduction and recovery or reconstruction on multivariate data using principal component analysis (PCA). In general, we send the eigen coefficients from the source and use these coefficients at the destination to recover or reconstruct the original data back in wireless communication system. We employ in our work two different digital modulation techniques such as phase‐shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with seven different bit rate to demonstrate our approach. We carry the experiments independently using five different signal ensemble and four different multiple‐input, multiple‐output (MIMO) configuration along with Rayleigh fading. This work presents an extensive simulated benchmark results based on performance matrix such as root mean square error (RMSE) and bit error rate (BER) at different values of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). We further validate our approach by presenting synthesis of our proposed model using Xilinx target device Virtex‐6 LX240T Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The experimental results reported based on simulation, synthesis, and validation of model demonstrate the applicability of our proposed approach in real‐time scenario.

Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics for Massive MIMO Detection

In this letter a MIMO detector with low computational complexity is proposed based on Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics (SGLD). The proposed detector estimates the modulated symbols through a non-convex optimization problem which is solved by SGLD based algorithm. For <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -ary phase-shift keying ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -PSK) modulation, the proposed algorithm achieves the performance similar to sphere decoding (SD) in medium-scale MIMO systems, and can be scaled up to massive MIMO systems. Numerical results verify the advantages of the proposed algorithm compared to various existing MIMO detectors. The simulations under the imperfect correlated channel also show the tolerance of the proposed algorithm on channel errors and channel correlations.

Experimental validation of carrier waveform inter-displacement modulation with software defined electronics platform

As the main way of underwater wireless communication, underwater acoustic communication is one of the focuses of ocean research. Compared with the free space wireless communication channel, the underwater acoustic channel suffers from more severe multipath effect, the less available bandwidth and the even complex noise. The underwater acoustic channel is one of the most complicated wireless communication channels. To achieve a reliable underwater acoustic communication, Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and Passive Time Reversal Mirror (PTRM) equalization are considered to be a suitable scheme. However, due to the serious distortion of the received signal caused by the channel, this scheme suffers from a high Bit Error Rate (BER) under the condition of the low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). To solve this problem, we proposes a Carrier Waveform Inter-Displacement (CWID) modulation method based on the Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) PSK and PTRM scheme. The new communication scheme reduces BER by increasing the difference from the carrier waveform for different symbols. Simulation results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

Modeling of the PSK utilization at the signal transmission in the optical transmission medium

This paper deals with a modeling of the phase shift keying (PSK) and the possibility of implementing PSK modulations using Mach-Zehnder modulators in the Matlab simulation environment. Next, a simulation of selected multi-level PSK modulations utilizing at the signal transmission in the optical transmission medium is executed. Finally, a comparison of modulated optical signals before and after passing a model of the optical transmission path is introduced, using constellation diagrams, signal characteristics, eye diagrams and waterfall curves of individual signals.

Adaptive protograph-based BICM-ID relying on the RJ-MCMC algorithm: a reliable and efficient transmission solution for plasma sheath channels

For reentry communication, owing to the influence of the highly dynamic plasma sheath (PS), the parasitic modulation effect can occur and the received phase shift keying (PSK) signal constellation can be severely rotated, leading to unacceptable demodulation performance degradation. In this work, an adaptive non-coherent bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) system with binary PSK (BPSK) modulation and protograph low-density parity-check under the PS channel is proposed. The proposed protograph-based BICM-ID (P-BICM-ID) system can achieve joint processing of demodulation and decoding, where the soft information is adaptively estimated by reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJ-MCMC) algorithms. Simulation results indicate that compared to existing algorithms, the proposed system can adapt well to the dynamic characteristics of the PS channel and can obtain a 5 dB performance improvement at a bit error rate of 10−6.

Adaptive Confidence Verification for Analysis of BPSK Signals

The existing extreme statistic-based confidence test approaches for the analysis results of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals, i.e., modulation recognition and parameter estimation, do not perform well under transmission impairments, partly due to their insufficient use of extreme samples. This article proposes a copula-based algorithm for the confidence test of BPSK signal analysis by combining the block maxima-based and peak-over-the-threshold-based extreme statistics. The test statistic is developed relying on the one-class detector using the copula probability density function under the null hypothesis, and the threshold is obtained adaptively through the bootstrap algorithm. The proposed statistic is proved to be asymptotically Gaussian distributed. By comparing the statistic with such a threshold, the confidence test is performed. Extensive simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Photonic Generation and Antidispersion Transmission of Background-Free Multiband Arbitrarily Phase-Coded Microwave Signals

A novel type of photonic background-free multiband arbitrarily phase-coded microwave signal generator with power fading elimination capability is reported. An <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -polarized phase modulated optical signal and a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -polarized radio frequency (RF) modulated harmonic single-sideband (HSSB) optical signal are produced based on a dual-polarization quadrature phase shift-keying modulator (DP-QPSKM). After polarization modulation to intensity modulation conversion, a microwave signal with arbitrarily phase encoding in multiple frequency bands is generated. Benefiting from the phase modulation state of the driven electrical coded signal, the generated arbitrarily phase-coded signal has no baseband components. Moreover, the equivalent HSSB modulation ensures the system can realize antidispersion transmission of one-to-multi base stations (BSs). The main distinct highlights of our generator are multifunction. The proposed single-modulator-based photonic scheme can achieve phase encoding in arbitrary format over multiple frequency bands and transmit over long-distance single-mode fiber with the elimination of power fading simultaneously. This work is pretty promising in multiband radar systems for one-to-multi BSs transmission and can increase the detection range, range resolution, Doppler tolerance, and sensitivity of objective recognition of radars.

Multifunctional Signal Design for Measurement, Navigation and Communication Based on BOC and BPSK Modulation

In a multi-node spacecraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) group, a multifunctional signal containing measurement, navigation, and communication functions is required to simplify the receiver structure, and to increase spectrum utilization. The paper proposes a multifunctional signal based on a binary offset carrier (BOC) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The signals which carry different functions are orthogonal in the frequency domain, which causes the data transmission signal to not be affected by BOC signal. In addition, in the high carrier to noise ratio (C/N0), the spreading gain of the BOC signal ensures that the communication signal has a slight influence on navigation signals. Moreover, the multifunctional signal can achieve communication and measurement functions at the same frequency point and fast switching in multinodes. These advantages can simplify the receiver design and improve the frequency band utilization. Finally, in this study we completed the design and verification of the hardware system.

DNN-assisted phase distance tuned PSK modulation for PAM4-to-QPSK format conversion gateway node.

This paper proposes an optical gateway that converts pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) format to phase shift keying (PSK) modulation format, enabling flexible intensity-to-phase mapping without relying on optical-electrical-optical data conversion at heterogenous network connections. A proof-of-principle experiment shows that optically converted PSK signals from regular PAM signals will induce non-uniform irregular phase noise distortion. The proposed optical gateway is designed to provide an optimized phase distance for PSK signals such that an achievable information rate is maximized by a deep learning-based decision on the receiver side. The phase distance-tuned PSK signals offer performance improvement of about 4 dB gain at a target generalized mutual information by making use of a digital neural network recovery.

A Quasi-digital QPSK Modulator Design for Biomedical Devices

For the biomedical transceiver, the data transmission is often asymmetric. At the downlink, the transceiver only needs to receive a simple command to control the operation of the external device, and the receiving data rate is low, about hundreds of Kb/s. However, data collected by external devices such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, or cameras are often very large, which results in a transmitting data rate of several Mb/s. Therefore, a high energy-efficient modulator is needed. Compared with conventional digital modulator, analog modulator circuits have demonstrated superior energy efficiency at high data rates. This article presents a quasi-digital quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator design realized by pure analog circuits which follows a logic design flow. The simulation results show that the system can generate a stable carrier of 64 MHz that meets intra-body communications (IBCs) requirements with a data transmission rate of 10 Mb/s. When the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the Gaussian channel is 14 dB, it can still maintain a bit error rate (BER) below 10 4 .

1000 Gbps MDM-WDM FSO link employing DP-QPSK modulation scheme under the effect of fog

In this work, a dual polarization-quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulation scheme has been used for analysing the performance of terrestrial MDM-WDM FSO link at a data rate of 1000 Gbps. The proposed link has been investigated considering linearly polarized (LP) 01 and 02 modes with a channel capacity and spacing of 10 × 100 Gpbs and 10 GHz respectively. The performance of the system has been evaluated in terms of received optical power and signal to noise ratio (SNR) for clear weather, light, medium and heavy fog conditions over a propagation range varying from 1.2 km to 20 km.

Modulation Scheme Classification in Cognitive Radio Networks Using the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) of Deep Learning

Cognitive Radio (CR) system has been adopted for efficient utilization of radio frequency spectrum. The classification of signal modulation schemes is one of the main characteristics of the CR for appropriate demodulation of sensed signals. However, conventional Modulation Classification (MC) techniques require extensive extraction of signal features, which is not often guaranteed. Thus, Deep Learning (DL) has been seen as a promising solution to this drawback in MC. This paper proposes a DL-based MC technique using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network architecture. The proposed LSTM model was trained on M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) signal types. The LSTM directly learns the features of a given modulation scheme of a signal sample during training. The signal samples were generated via computer simulation for Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) from -10 dB to 20 dB with an interval of 5 dB over flat fading channel and Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Simulation results show that the proposed LSTM model achieves an average classification accuracy of 95% at SNRs above 0 dB.

An Automotive D-Band FMCW Radar Sensor Based on a SiGe-Transceiver MMIC

This letter presents a 140-GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor for automotive applications. The monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) inside of the sensor features one transmit (TX) and one receive (RX) channel as well as the possibility to apply binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation to the transmitted signal. The chip is bonded on a printed circuit board (PCB) that features substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) to minimize losses in the signal distribution. It provides rectangular waveguide (RWG) outputs for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band to facilitate the connection of measurement equipment and antennas. The complete sensor system is controlled by a backend board that is connected via pin headers on top of the RF board with the bonded chip.

Performance Analysis of an IRS-Aided Wireless Communication System With Spatially Correlated Channels

An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted wireless communication system, with statistically correlated channels between the transmitter and the IRS pair and between the IRS and the receiver pair, is studied in the absence of channel state information (CSI). Assuming the phases added by IRS elements to be deterministic, the closed-form analytical expression for the symbol error probability (SEP) and the upper bound on the channel capacity are derived, with the transmitter employing binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation for data transmission. The asymptotic SEP expression is derived and the achievable diversity order of the system is shown to be independent of the number of IRS elements. A search based algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal phase at IRS minimizing the average SEP, as a equal phase configuration. The optimal equal phase is also found to maximize the average channel capacity. Numerical results are presented for the case of channels following a practical IRS correlation model.

Real-time demonstration of 103.125-Gbps fiber-THz-fiber 2 × 2 MIMO transparent transmission at 360-430 GHz based on photonics.

In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate the first real-time transparent fiber-THz-fiber 2 × 2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission system with a record line rate of 125.516 Gbps at 360-430 GHz based on photonic remote heterodyning, hybrid optoelectronic down-conversion, and commercial digital coherent modules. The 103.125-Gbps net data rate using dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) modulation is successfully transmitted over two spans of 20-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and 60-cm wireless distance under 15% soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) for a pre-FEC bit error ratio (BER) threshold of 1.56 × 10-2 (post-FEC BER < 10-15). The optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) margin and the stability of the transmission system are extensively investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to realize >100-Gbps real-time transparent fiber-THz-fiber link transmission at beyond the 350-GHz band, making it a promising scheme to pave the way towards a practical seamless integration of a fiber-THz-fiber link to the future 6G mobile communication system.

A novel sampling frequency offset mitigation scheme based on rotated K-means clustering for OFDM-VLC system

Sampling frequency offset (SFO) between digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) will severely degrade the transmission performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based visible light communication (VLC) system. In this paper, a novel SFO mitigation scheme based on rotated K-means clustering is proposed, which differs from traditional SFO compensation based on phase estimation and feedback. When SFO causes the constellation points to deviate from their original positions, this scheme can adaptively update the clustering centroids to achieve the correct symbol demapping without phase estimation and compensation. Experimental results indicate that after 3.5 m free-space transmission, the SFO tolerance of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) can reach ±130 and ±65 ppm with a bit error rate (BER) less than the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8e−3, respectively.

Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Various Transforms for Image Communication in 5G Systems

Modern-day applications of fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) systems require fast, efficient, and robust transmission of multimedia information over wireless communication medium for both mobile and fixed users. The hybrid amalgamation of massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) proves to be an impressive methodology for fulfilling the needs of 5G and 6G users. In this paper, the performance of the hybrid combination of massive MIMO and OFDM schemes augmented with fast Fourier transform (FFT), fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) or discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is evaluated to study their potential for reliable image communication. The analysis is carried over the Rayleigh fading channels and M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) modulation schemes. The parameters used in our analysis to assess the outcome of proposed versions of OFDM-mMIMO include signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) vs. peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and SNR vs. structural similarity index measure (SSIM) at the receiver. Our results indicate that massive MIMO systems incorporating FrFT and DWT can lead to higher PSNR and SSIM values for a given SNR and number of users, when compared with in contrast to FFT-based massive MIMO-OFDM systems under the same conditions.

Performance of MPSK modulation with imperfect phase‐recovery under severe fading conditions

The authors study the performance of M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) modulation with imperfect carrier phase recovery in scenarios experiencing severe fading conditions. Specifically, MPSK is analysed over κ $\kappa$ - μ $\mu$ Extreme fading channels assuming a Gaussian-distributed noisy phase. For the theoretical framework, they derive the analytical expressions for the upper bound on the average symbol error probability, as well as their corresponding asymptotic behaviour in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. The derived expressions are valid for arbitrary values of the fading parameter m $m$ , and Monte Carlo simulations are provided to verify the accuracy of the proposed mathematical analysis. Furthermore, the authors discuss how the channel parameter and phase variance affect the system performance for a wide range of SNR values.

Photonic-Assisted Wideband Frequency Down-Converter With Leakage Cancellation and Image Rejection for FMCW Radar Receiver

Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars with de-chirping receivers can achieve high resolution and real-time microwave imaging. However, the inherent leakage interference from transmitter to receiver and image interference from image frequencies will degrade sensitivity and dynamic range of the receiving system. In this paper, a novel photonic-assisted down-converter based on a dual-polarization binary phase-shift keying (DP-BPSK) modulator, which can achieve leakage cancellation and image rejection concurrently for wideband linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals, is proposed and demonstrated. Both theoretical analysis and simulation verification are performed. Considering this scheme in the application of a radar receiver, the leakage signal, signal of interest, and image signal are emulated as wideband LFM signals with 2GHz bandwidth centered at 20, 21, 19GHz. The simulation results show an excellent leakage cancellation depth and image rejection depth of 54dB and 53.5dB respectively. The proposed scheme can be applied in an FMCW radar receiver so as to optimize the detection performance.

Waveform optimization technology of missile borne radar based on FSK-PSK composite modulation for anti repeater jamming

Aiming at the waveform of missile borne radar is simple and easy to be affected by the repeater jamming in the terminal guidance, an anti-jamming waveform optimization algorithm based on the frequency shift keying(FSK) and phase shift keying(PSK) composite modulation is proposed. The model function of FSK-PSK composite modulation signal is analyzed. Based on the orthogonality of sub pulses, an optimization algorithm of intra pulse PSK modulation based on the alternating direction multiplier method(ADMM) is designed. The simulation results show that comparing with PSK signal, the intra pulse sub pulse orthogonality of FSK-PSK signal optimized by modulation is improved by about 10 dB, which can effectively suppress the intra pulse forwarding interference.