Phase Of Organogenesis Research Articles

Resolutive Treatment of Actinic Keratosis through Peptides Extracted from Zebrafish Conveyed Across Laser-assisted Transcutaneous Delivery (Cryopass Therapy).

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are humans' most common keratinocyte-derived precancerous lesions. They can be observed predominantly in fair-skinned individuals on sun-exposed surfaces. Another name for AKs is solar keratosis. The primary risk factor for AKs is cumulative UV exposure from sunlight and/or tanning salons. AKs may present on a patient as a few detectable lesions. Clinically, they present as scaly erythema lesions with various pigmentations. Surgery treatment is the only approach that can definitively resolve the illness. The research aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of treating relapsing AKs through the use of factors present during organogenesis extracted from zebrafish caviar conveyed through a cryopass therapy device (cryolaser phoresis). These factors are peptides present during specific phases of organogenesis and have shown the capacity to reverse cancer and neurodegeneration processes through gene, transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. We found that 90% of patients responded. The percentage of responding patients was 100% among females and 80% among men. Our results confirm previous findings about the effectiveness of stem cell differentiation stage factors (SCDFs) in cancer and open new ways to integrate treatment.

Exploration of Teratogenic Effects of Bambusa vulgaris on Wistar Rats by Evaluating Morphological and Skeletal Parameters

AbstractBambusa vulgaris is a commonly consumable plant, which is widely utilized by indigenous peoples as a source of food. Consumption of these plant products in various forms is typically acceptable due to their distinct tastes, and aromatic flavor. However, there is little information on the plant's safety and toxicity profile. Although toxicity information on B. vulgaris is readily available, the impact of plants during pregnancy has yet to be fully explored. To determine the possible mechanism behind teratogenicity, pregnant albino Wistar rats are administered aqueous extracts of B. vulgaris in a dose‐dependent manner. For determining the structural malformations, Teratogenicity indices include maternal common physiological parameters, number of implantations and fetal indices, number of live, resorpsed, and dead somites, morphological malformations, and skeletal malformations of different organs are evaluated by comparing different test groups with control groups. Most developmental indices, including implantation and fetalindices, vertebral, organ, and skeletal structures are significantly altered by the crude extract at higher dosages in treated as compared to control animals. The administration of aqueous extract of B. vulgaris during the organogenesis phase in rats has a considerable deleterious effect on embryonic and fetal developmental indices. It ruthlessly impacts the embryo's numerous organs as well as their typical physiological processes in a dose‐dependent way. The present investigation validates the capacity of B. vulgaris to cause developmental toxicity in Wistar rats, as evidenced by significant alterations in their gestational morphological, structural, and skeletal anatomy and physiology. It is recommended that further scientific studies be conducted to evaluate the more advanced mechanisms of teratogenicity associated with B. vulgaris.

The duration of the organogenesis phases of winter peas and its productivity depends on the elements of growing technology in the Steppe and Forest-Stepe of Ukraine

The duration of the organogenesis phases of winter peas and its productivity depends on the elements of growing technology in the Steppe and Forest-Stepe of Ukraine

Pregnancy, fertile life factors, and associated clinical course in PRKN early-onset Parkinson’s disease

IntroductionAs the most common cause of autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD), parkin type Parkinson’s disease (PRKN-PD) may affect female patients in childbearing age. Accordingly, issues related to fertility must be adequately addressed. Here, we landscaped fertile life factors and pregnancy course of a PRKN-PD cohort, including both novel cases directly observed at our center and published ones.MethodsSix patients with confirmed PRKN-PD were examined by a structured interview on reproductive factors and associated modifications of PD disturbances, including one case followed up throughout pregnancy which was described in greater detail. Six studies reporting fertile life factors of nine PRKN-PD patients were reviewed collecting homogeneous data on fertile life and pregnancy course.ResultsPRKN-PD female patients experienced motor fluctuations with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and puerperium, which suggests a role for sex hormones in PD clinical burden. In some cases, abortion and miscarriages occurred during the organogenesis phase in patients receiving oral antiparkinsonian therapy; however, levodopa/benserazide monotherapy resulted to be the safest choice in pregnancy.ConclusionCollectively these data disclose the importance of pre-conception counseling in childbearing age PRKN-PD patients and EOPD in general.

Meta-Topolin enhanced direct shoot organogenesis and regeneration from leaf explants of Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq

A novel and effective direct shoot regeneration technique from stomatal complexes was developed for a highly sought after medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. Meta-Topolin was more efficient than 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in promoting direct organogenesis from leaf surface. Highest direct organogenesis was achieved from in vitro leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with meta-Topolin at the concentration of 2.0 mg/L. The regenerated leaves were fixed at weekly intervals and sectioned longitudinally to evaluate the anatomical developments. The results of light microscopic analysis suggested that the in vitro developed stomatal complexes showed new altered cell divisions, after a week of incubation, and the rapid periclinal divisions resulted in the formation of a meristematic dome. Distinct regions of meristematic activity were visible in the second week characterized by promeristems with small and densely stained parenchymatous cells. Promeristems lead to the development of a distinct tunica layer, which grew into shoot-like protuberances converting into adventitious shoots after 4 weeks of incubation. A clear three phases of shoot organogenesis viz. induction (7 days), initiation and organization (14 days), and shoot formation (28 days onwards) were identified. The shoots were proliferated (21.8 shoots/ single leaf explant) and elongated (5.0 cm length) using half-MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg/L mT and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) at 0.1 mg/L. Notable rhizogenesis of the elongated shoots was achieved when cultured on half-MS medium containing indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) at the concentration of 1.5 mg/L. About 92.0% of the plantlets survived upon field transfer. Start Codon Target (SCoT) markers were employed to examine the regenerated plants’ genetic uniformity with the mother plant, similar banding patterns confirming the genetic uniformity. Hence, the developed protocol of direct in vitro regeneration of C. forskohlii using mT can be used for the commercial production.

Pengaruh Perendaman Larutan Teh Hijau terhadap Perkembangan Embrio Ikan Patin

Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) is a freshwater fish species that has the potential to be cultivated because it has good reproductive performance, one of which is high fecundity. However, catfish eggs are sticky (adhesive) which causes the eggs to stick together so they cannot be fertilized optimally. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) contains tannins which can reduce the stickiness of eggs. The long soaking process will affect the development of catfish egg embryos because it is suspected that green tea which has a certain threshold can turn into poison because the accumulated dose and time can become poison due to the chemical reactions it causes. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to examine the effect of soaking time in green tea solution on reducing the stickiness of eggs. This study aims to determine the effect of soaking time in green tea solution (Camellia sinensis) on the development of catfish embryos and the best time. The observed data is the process of embryology. The results showed that maximum egg development was obtained in Treatment A, namely development up to the organogenesis phase. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the soaking time of green tea solution on catfish eggs has a significant effect on embryo development.
 Keywords: The catfish (Pangasius pangasius), The green (Camellia sinensis), Embryonic development

Evaluation Teratogenicity of Phyllanthus Acidus (L.) Skeel Leaf Ethanol Extract in Pregnant Wistar Rats

The Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels has been used as traditional medicine. It has been proved to have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. Toxicology data in pregnant women are still unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety of an ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels leaves (EEPA) on pregnant women and fetuses. The pregnant Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a negative control (vehicle), a positive control (5-fluorouracil 10 mg/kg), and three experiment groups (22.5, 90, and 1000 mg/kg). The extract was given orally between the 6th and 15th days of pregnancy, during the organogenesis phase of fetal growth. The EEPA found light maternal toxicity. It was demonstrated by the lower weight of fetuses from rats given EEPA and the lower number of fetuses than the vehicle. EEPA did not cause abnormalities in the skeleton or organs of the fetus, but the pale color and smaller size of the fetal's kidneys, heart, and lungs were observed after a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Although the EEPA affected fetal weight during pregnancy and the genetic disorders require further research.

Why did preterm birth rates fall during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Why did preterm birth rates fall during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Combination of effective use of irrigation and mineral nutritionfor growing table potatoes

The relevance of the study is conditioned by a decrease in the moisture supply of agricultural crops during the growing season due to climate changes and a tendency to reduce the moisture supply of agricultural crops. At the same time, the main approach to solving this problem is to combine fertigation with irrigation. The purpose of the study is to establish the dependence of the productivity of potatoes on the intensive farming system when using irrigation. Using the example of an agricultural enterprise typical for the region, the volume of nitrogen fertilisers applied to fully provide the crop during the growing season is estimated. To obtain scientific results, an analytical search was carried out and a field, laboratory, and statistical methods of processing the results were applied. As a result of the research, the distribution of nitrogen in comparison with losses in combination with organogenesis phases was optimised. To ensure communication between the plant, soil, and fertilisers, CAM 32 was used in doses of N30N15, which affected the structural indicators of the potato crop. When applying CAM 32 (N30) + H2O, the weight of tubers was obtained at the level of 4.65 kg/m2, and the yield increase was 0.5 t/ha. When using nitrogen with MgSO4, the yield increased to 1.5 t/ha compared to the control. In the process of transformation, it was found that the use of nitrogen nutrition CAM 32 (N15) + MgSO4 + Ca(NO3)2 + H2O contributed to the most intensive development of tuber mass up to 4.85 kg/m2 compared to the control – 4.6 kg/m2. In the final product, an increase in the fraction was observed and amounted to more than 55 g/plant. The analysis of yield indicates a positive trend in the use of nitrogen nutrition, where the increase was 2.5 t/ha. The studied data can be applied by agricultural producers in the Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones to obtain high yield gains when growing potatoes

Дистанційне визначення величини фотосинтетичного стоку органічного вуглецю (Ph) в агроценозі пшениці озимої залежно від строкатості ґрунтового покриву

The article presents the results of research on the relationship between soil differentiation and remote identification of the amount of photosynthetic runoff of organic carbon (Ph) in winter wheat crops. scientific work is devoted to the development of new and improvement of existing models of accumulation of biomass of agricultural crops, in order to form the structure of these models under different climatic conditions and on different types of soils. Models were developed during the research of carbon runoff values in the agrocenosis of winter wheat on sandy and light loam soils (PhСО2LIG and PhСLIG), medium and heavy loam soils (PhСО2HEAV and PhСHEAV) have been developed, and their accuracy has been assessed. Experimental studies have established and confirmed territorial consistency of the values of organic carbon runoff PhСО2LIG on wheat crops with geomorphological features of the quality of sandy and loamy soils, in particular the particle size distribution, gleying of soil and gley soil, was revealed. It is established that 95.2 % of the value of the error of remote identification of Ph of winter wheat biomass is due to the values of grain yield, straw and root mass. Taking into account the peculiarities of diagnostic phases of photosynthetic runoff of organic carbon phases of organogenesis of winter wheat for remote identification, the recommended average annual time windows of the Sentinel 2A image order in terms of natural and climatic zones of Ukraine have been developed. Thus, it is proposed to develop similar models for other satellites that produce images in the SWIR and NIR bands close to 2080-2350 nm and 1550-1750 nm, respectively. This will provide more images needed to diagnose carbon runoff in winter wheat crops.

Спосіб педотрансферного моделювання вологозабезпеченості ґрунту на схилових землях

The purpose of the article is to describe a method for developing pedotransfer models for predicting soil moisture supply within an agricultural landscape on sloping, eroded lands (in Luhansk region) during different stages of the growing season of agricultural crops. The models are based on calculating the coefficient of moisture deficit in the soil or the coefficient of moisture content (for April) — predictors. The following factors were used as predictors in pedotransfer models: the amount of precipitation during the growing season; soil moisture coefficient in April; Hydrothermal coefficient; coefficient of normalized atmospheric precipitation for the cold period; humus content in the layer 0-20 cm; soil washout coefficient; the bulk density of the soil in the layer 0-20 cm; height on the profile; coefficient of protective action of forest belts; coefficient of agrobackground. The initial information is a systematized set of data — hydrological characteristics of agricultural landscapes and soil properties, partially published by the authors earlier in the guidelines. The method of pedotransfer modeling of soil moisture supply on slope lands includes sequential mathematical and statistical analysis (using GIS technologies) according to the following thematic stages: (i) selection of factors affecting soil moisture supply as predictors of pedotransfer models; (ii) cluster analysis of the efficiency of soil moisture supply factors in the catchments of the agricultural landscape; (iii) development of pedotransfer models of soil moisture supply based on fragments of the growing season of crops by constructing regression equations and assessing the adequacy of the models by statistical criteria. The models are developed taking into account the phases (periods) of organogenesis of crops and the sequence of agrotechnical measures in the soil protection system of agriculture. It was found that among the studied factors, the most influential factor in predicting the soil moisture supply in any period is the agrophone factor, the share of which in different models ranges from 46 to 89 %. At the same time, the share of the influence of the natural factor of humidification — the Hydrothermal coefficient, is limited to the range of 10–17 %. It is shown that according to the results of predicting the moisture deficit in the soil, the territory of the agricultural landscape can be conditionally divided into working areas for the development of a differentiated system of practical agrotechnical measures to correct the supply of plants with productive moisture.

Variation of morphological indicators of three-line hybrids sunflower and their parental forms

The article presents the results of three-year (2016–2018) studies of five three-line hybrids of the IMC selection - Agent, Agronomichny, Marshal, Kamenyar, Zaporozhskij 28 and their parent components - simple unreduced hybrids - ZL22A/102B, ZL42A/46B, ZL42A/58B and pollen fertility restorers – ZL512V, ZL678V and ZL7034V. It was found that individual indicators do not change synchronously. The Agent, Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids had the highest plant height in 2016, one each in 2017 – Agronomichny and in 2018 – Zaporozhskij 28. At the same time, three hybrids (Agent, Agronomical, Marshal) had the largest basket diameter in 2018 and two (Zaporozhskij 28, Kamenyar) in 2017. The shortest growing season hybrids Marshal, Zaporozhskij 28 and Kamenyar had in 2016 (90, 105 and 105 days), and two – Agent and Agronomichny in 2018 – 100 and 103 days, respectively. Among the simple unrecovered hybrids, two – ZL42A/46B and ZL42A/58B had high indicators of plant height, basket diameter and duration of the growing season in 2016. In the ZL22A/102B hybrid, the diameter of the basket was also the largest in 2016 (18.5 cm), the average plant height in 2016 – 124.5 cm was slightly lower than in 2018 (125.4 cm), also in these years in it almost coincided with the duration of the growing season – 97 days in 2016 and 96 in 2018 Fertility restorers had the highest indicators of plant height and basket diameter in 2017, also this year they had the shortest growing season, in 2016, on the contrary, they had the lowest height and the diameter of the basket, and the long growing season. The size of the baskets in the Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids correlates with the moisture supply of plants and the hydrothermal coefficient – the correlation coefficients are 0.997, 0.902 and 0.990, 0.973, respectively. The phases of organogenesis of plants of hybrids Kamenyar and Zaporozhskij 28 are greatly influenced by temperature, the correlation coefficient of this indicator with plant height and with the duration of the growing season is 0.996 for Kamenyar and 0.946 for Zaporozhskij 28, and with a hydrothermal coefficient – 0.939 and 0.753. In the Agent hybrid, the temperatures in June have the greatest influence on plant growth - the correlation coefficient is 0.997 and precipitation in May is 0.968, and the temperatures in May - 0.999 and June - 0.998 on the size of the basket. For the height of plants and the duration of the growing season at Agronomichny, moisture availability at the beginning of the growing season is very important, the correlation coefficients are 0.918 and 0.994, and in August during the filling of seeds 0.996 and 0.927, as well as July precipitation is 0.995. Of the simple unrecovered hybrids, the most demanding for heat is ZL22A/102B - the correlation coefficients are 0.941 with plant height and vegetation duration, 0.843 with the basket size. For ZL42A/58B, the most important are the May precipitation, their correlation with the vegetation duration of 1,000 and the basket diameter of 0.987, and the July temperatures - 0.999 and 0.993, respectively. Among the pollen fertility restorers, the line ZL512V turned out to be the most demanding to weather conditions. For plant growth, the temperatures of April (0.906), May (0.995) and June (1.000) are very important, for the duration of the growing season respectively – 0.958, 0.971 and 0.991, and for the size of the basket, precipitation in May (0.956) and July temperatures (0.943). The correlation coefficient with the sum of active temperatures is – 0.829 for plant height – 0.851 for basket diameter – 0.902 for the growing season.

Single-minded 2 is required for left-right asymmetric stomach morphogenesis.

The morphogenesis of left-right (LR) asymmetry is a crucial phase of organogenesis. In the digestive tract, the development of anatomical asymmetry is first evident in the leftward curvature of the stomach. To elucidate the molecular events that shape this archetypal laterality, we performed transcriptome analyses of the left versus right sides of the developing stomach in frog embryos. Besides the known LR gene pitx2, the only gene found to be expressed asymmetrically throughout all stages of curvature was single-minded 2 (sim2), a Down Syndrome-related transcription factor and homolog of a Drosophila gene (sim) required for LR asymmetric looping of the fly gut. We demonstrate that sim2 functions downstream of LR patterning cues to regulate key cellular properties and behaviors in the left stomach epithelium that drive asymmetric curvature. Our results reveal unexpected convergent cooption of single-minded genes during the evolution of LR asymmetric morphogenesis, and have implications for dose-dependent roles of laterality factors in non-laterality-related birth defects.

Lin28 paralogs regulate lung branching morphogenesis.

SUMMARYThe molecular mechanisms that govern the choreographed timing of organ development remain poorly understood. Our investigation of the role of the Lin28a and Lin28b paralogs during the developmental process of branching morphogenesis establishes that dysregulation of Lin28a/b leads to abnormal branching morphogenesis in the lung and other tissues. Additionally, we find that the Lin28 paralogs, which regulate post-transcriptional processing of both mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), predominantly control mRNAs during the initial phases of lung organogenesis. Target mRNAs include Sox2, Sox9, and Etv5, which coordinate lung development and differentiation. Moreover, we find that functional interactions between Lin28a and Sox9 are capable of bypassing branching defects in Lin28a/b mutant lungs. Here, we identify Lin28a and Lin28b as regulators of early embryonic lung development, highlighting the importance of the timing of post-transcriptional regulation of both miRNAs and mRNAs at distinct stages of organogenesis.

Effect of prenatal exposure of green tea extract on the developing central nervous system of rat fetuses; histological, immune-histochemical and ultrastructural studies.

Although, several health benefits were associated with green tea, these effects may be beneficial up to a certain dose. Higher doses of green tea may cause several adverse effects. So, there is a need to test the potential negative effects of green tea during pregnancy. This study was designated to evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure of green tea extract on the development of the central nervous system of 20-day old rat fetuses. The pregnant rats were divided into 4 groups; the control group (received distal water) and the other 3 groups received green tea extract at different doses (200, 600 & 1000 mg/kg/day, respectively) from the 6th to 15th day of gestation i.e., during the organogenesis phase of development. Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord specimens were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructure investigations. The body weight of both mothers and fetuses was significantly decreased in the groups that received 600 and 1000 mg green tea extract. Also, the neuronal tissues displayed various signs of degeneration which were evident with the 600 and 1000 mg doses. Green tea extract also increases the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and decreases the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which were directly proportional with increasing the dose. Administration of green tea extract during rat organogenesis period induced various histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord of 20-day old rat fetuses. These deleterious changes were directly proportional to increasing the green tea extract dose. Thus, it should be stressed that the effect of green tea is dose-dependent and therefore it can be either beneficial or adverse.

PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO DAN PERFORMA AWAL LARVA TIGA SPESIES IKAN TOR INDONESIA

Tor fish is a potential local fish. It has social, economic and religious value and contains albumin which is equivalent to snake head fish. As a local fish cultivation potential, an accurate description of the early development stages of this species, will have value for ichthyologists and can facilitate cultivation efforts to increase production. This study aims to understand the embryology of three tor fish species and to determine the condition of larval performance at the beginning of hatching. The division process begins when the cell nucleus is divided into 2 blastomers, then continues to reach 32 cells in the first 10 hours after fertilization. At 10–20 hours after fertilization the eggs enter the morula, blastula and gastrula phases. After 20 hours, the organogenesis stage occurs. Tor douronensis hatched the fastest, more than 100 hours after fertilization (0.70–0.80 cm length, 0.0073 g weight and 8.40±1.83% abnormality). Tor soro over 120 hours (length 0.80–0.90 cm, weight 0.0125 g and abnormality 2.47±0.12%) and Tor tambroides above 140 hours after fertilization (length 1,00–1,09 cm, weight 0,0146 g and abnormality 2.93±0.31%). It can be concluded that there is no difference in the process of embryogenesis of the three species until the gastrula stage. The difference arises in the organogenesis phase, where the Tor douronensis organ develops most rapidly, followed by Tor soro and Tor tambroides.

TOXICITY OF SUNSET YELLOW FCF AND TARTRAZINE DYES ON DNA AND CELL CYCLE OF LIVER AND KIDNEYS OF THE CHICK EMBRYO: THE ALLEVIATIVE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN

Recently, the use of synthetic food coloring agents were widely spread; and its potential toxic effects on human health were consequently increased. The present work aimed to assess the toxicity on DNA and cytotoxicity induced by in ovo administration of synthetic food coloring agents “sunset yellow FCF and tartrazine” with/without curcumin during the organogenesis phase of chick embryo at doses 1.575 mg/egg, 0.375 mg/egg, and 3.0 mg/kg eggs, respectively. The results showed that sunset yellow FCF and tartrazine increased in the level of DNA damage and the percentage of apoptosis. Also, there were a pronounced S phase arrest and a decrease in the number of cells in the G2/M of the cell cycle in the liver and kidneys of the chick embryo treated with sunset yellow FCF and tartrazine. On the other hand, co-administration of curcumin with the synthetic food coloring agents positively alleviated the changes in DNA and cell cycle distribution, as well as decreased the apoptosis.

Ginger extract attenuates labetalol induced apoptosis, DNA damage, histological and ultrastructural changes in the heart of rat fetuses.

Labetalol is a medication used to treat maternal hypertension during pregnancy. However, it is often associated with many side effects. Recently, several studies have been focused on the protective effect of medicinal plant extracts, such as ginger, against drugs inducing toxicity. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that ginger aqueous extraction can ameliorate labetalol-induced histological, ultrastructural changes, DNA damage, and apoptosis in fetal heart tissue. To achieve the aim of this study, sixty pregnant female albino rats were divided into 4 groups (15 each). Group I (Control). Group II received ginger (200 mg/kg). Group III received labetalol (300 mg/kg). Group IV received labetalol first followed by ginger. All groups were orally injected daily during the organogenesis phase of gestation i.e., from the 6th to the 15th day, and sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation. Results showed that labetalol-induced marked histological and ultrastructural alterations. Also, there was severe DNA damage and an increase in the apoptotic rates determined by Annexin-V/PI dual staining assay. Injection of the ginger aqueous extract caused evident improvement in cardiac tissue, DNA damage, and apoptotic rates. In conclusion, the results suggest that ginger extract could be a potential candidate agent for reducing labetalol-induced cardiotoxicity in the fetal heart of albino rats.

Approaching the genetic dissection of indirect adventitious organogenesis process in tomato explants

The screening of 862 T-DNA lines was carried out to approach the genetic dissection of indirect adventitious organogenesis in tomato. Several mutants defective in different phases of adventitious organogenesis, namely callus growth (tdc-1), bud differentiation (tdb-1, -2, -3) and shoot-bud development (tds-1) were identified and characterized. The alteration of the TDC-1 gene blocked callus proliferation depending on the composition of growth regulators in the culture medium. Calli from tds-1 explants differentiated buds but did not develop normal shoots. Histological analysis showed that their abnormal development is due to failure in the organization of normal adventitious shoot meristems. Interestingly, tdc-1 and tds-1 mutant plants were indistinguishable from WT ones, indicating that the respective altered genes play specific roles in cell proliferation from explant cut zones (TDC-1 gene) or in the organization of adventitious shoot meristems (TDS-1 gene). Unlike the previous, plants of the three mutants defective in the differentiation of adventitious shoot-buds (tdb-1, -2, -3) showed multiple changes in vegetative and reproductive traits. Cosegregation analyses revealed the existence of an association between the phenotype of the tdb-3 mutant and a T-DNA insert, which led to the discovery that the SlMAPKKK17 gene is involved in the shoot-bud differentiation process.

Effects of temperature on the rate of embryonic development of cephalopods in the light of thermal time applied to aquaculture

AbstractThe temporal description of the embryonic development in ectothermic animals and the speed of development depends on environmental temperature. The concept of thermal time helps in solving this problem by making it possible to define a linear model of development linking developmental rate and temperature. The model has been scarcely applied to cephalopods in spite of being useful for programming embryonic development and hatching events. The potential application of the linear model of development would have particular interest in the case of emerging species for aquaculture such as Octopus vulgaris or Sepia officinalis. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to review the effect of temperature on the rate of embryonic development in cephalopods in relation to the linear model of development and to discuss its potential applications and limitations to cephalopod aquaculture. As a result, a good fitting of the model has been proven not only for the total time of development, but also for the time of the organogenesis phase, in nine species of cephalopods. Usually, threshold temperatures for different developmental phases, pre‐organogenesis, organogenesis and growth, are the same. In addition, the potential use of anisothermic protocols for egg incubation, as well as the problems connected with the asynchronicity of egg laying within a single spawning are also discussed. In consequence, the linear model of development seems to be useful for basic and applied research on cephalopod embryonic development and particularly for the advancement of cephalopod aquaculture.