Motor Phase Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Arduino Based Star Delta Starting, F/R Direction Control and Fault Protection of Three Phase Induction Motor

Three-phase induction motors have varied usage in industrial applications. At 50 Hz the most common reduced voltage starter is Star Delta. The popular applied method to minimize the start current of an induction motor is star to delta conversion. This project is designed to remotely control the starting of the induction motor through the star to delta conversion via mobile message command. The project also enables controlling of the forward and reverses motor direction along with phase fail and overload relay trip monitoring through the mobile communication system. The vital components of this project include a Two-channel relay board, a Magnetic Contactor, an Overload Relay, a Phase fail Relay, Timer Relay, Arduino Uno, and GSM SIM900A. The GSM module connected to the microcontroller sends a start command to the motor and after the system is ready the star to delta conversion happens after a certain time by an automatic timer relay. The user receives the current status of the motor and a call if any fault occurs during operation. This design of remotely Arduino controlled star delta starter, forward/ reverse motor movement, overload, and phase failure protection is safer to be used in factories and industries where the number of induction motors is widely popular.

Trends in High Voltage Inverter Systems

Current EV (Electric Vehicle) technology is effective but where is it going in the future? This paper looks at the current trends in the EV market to increase efficiency and range as well as reducing cost. While there are many ways to accomplish these goals, this paper will concentrate on the enhancement of electronic control modules. The tends in the market were directly discussed with leading vehicle OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers and research institutions. The clear trend is for the use of silicon carbide power devices with high performance microcontrollers and 6 phase motors with model based tools further in the future.

Model Predictive Vector Control for Four-Switch Mono-Inverter Dual IM System

A novel dual motor synchronous control system supplied by four-switch mono-inverter is proposed, where one phase of both motors is connected to the mid-point of dc bus capacitors, and other phases are connected to inverter leg. Since only four power switches are required, the installation space, weight, and cost can be further reduced than conventional mono-inverter. However, it presents control challenges due to the limited control freedom degree. An advanced vector control method is proposed for this problem. Based on predictive model, two motors' reference voltage vectors are calculated independently, and a self-adapting composite vector is selected as the output vector of inverter. The duty cycles of switching signals are obtained based on space vector modulation of the selected vector. The use of unified-model or master–slave strategies in conventional mono-inverter control methods is avoided. The control is simplified and computation is reduced, while a good performance is ensured. Experiment results verify the effectiveness of proposed method.

Modulating Wave-Based Timing Calculation for a Multilevel 24-Sided Polygonal Voltage Space Vector Structure With Similar Triangles

This article proposes a multilevel 24-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure (VSVS), eliminating lower order harmonics up to 19th order and suppressing higher order harmonics in motor phase voltage throughout the modulation range. Unlike switched average vectors in literature, the proposed scheme generates real active vectors that have the advantage of less switching frequency operation. The proposed VSVS consists of two concentric polygons divided into similar triangles resulting in a simple modulation algorithm. Instantaneous error in phase voltage reduces due to the multilevel property of the proposed VSVS. The proposed scheme extends the dc bus utilization and linear range of operation. The proposed scheme is implemented on an open-end winding induction motor fed with primary and secondary inverters from either end. This article also presents a modulating wave-based method to compute nearest vector timings using sampled reference waves only. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed timing calculation method does not require trigonometric operations, sorting algorithms, and iterative search algorithms. Experimental verification of the proposed scheme is performed to validate the concept. Switching loss and Fourier analysis comparison with some existing schemes is also presented.

Offline Measurement of Stator Resistance and Inverter Voltage Drop Using Least Squares

Modern industrial and commercial electrical drives are typically designed to control motors of different types, operating under scalar, field-oriented or direct torque control. These drives execute various algorithm such as sensorless control, temperature monitoring, etc., which require the knowledge of motor drive parameters. In order to do this, the inverters allow data to be input manually or execute self-commissioning routines before running the motor. The parameters necessary for proper operation include motor phase resistance and inverter voltage drop, which are especially important in low-speed range. This paper presents an offline technique for estimation of mentioned parameters, which can be obtained with enough precision for the overwhelming majority of applications. The proposed algorithm consequently injects DC-current of several levels into the stator of a motor, measuring the corresponding voltages. Each pair of current and voltage is a point in the voltage current characteristic of motor drive, thus set of these points maybe approximated with a first order polynomial using least squares method. The parameters of polynomial are desired inverter voltage drop and phase resistance. The experimental section analyzes estimation errors and their dependence on the number of injected levels, their values and filtering capability of measuring algorithm. After that, the authors give suggestions on algorithm parameters selection, depending on the demanded precision. Finally, the authors demonstrate a mass-producing dishwasher motor drive, which adopted this technique.

Design & Fabrication of Quad Processing Machine

In this project, the quad processing machine for cutting, shaping, grinding and drilling machines is kept to be in same attachment. This eliminates the risk of material handling and to the machine table. This unit is driven by 0.25 H.P. three phase motor of 1440 rpm. This is linked with the cast-iron (CI) slider. This enables the slide to get the rotation movement into reciprocating motion having a stroke length of 75mm. The head of the slotting can be tilted to be getting the shaping machine at a desired angle. The head is welded to the slider at the bottom edge. In this machine there can be one operation will be done which is slotting or shaping operation. In the tool head, a slot & tapped holes are provided for holding the tool. According to the height of the job the head can be moved up or down by means of column and can be fixed using a clamp provided. If a table with a machine vice having longitudinal moment is attached to the machine, the setup can be used for machining slots and shaper in small jobs like pulleys etc. Instead of MS sheet, if CI is used for body and other parts it will have longer life, less friction, better lubrication and the production cost will also be low. This machine can also be used for production of small washers by punching if suitable dies and brake arrangement are fixed.

PERANAN PERMAINAN BAGI PERKEMBANGAN FISIK MOTORIK BAGI ANAK PENDIDIKAN DASAR

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the gross motor and fine motor phases, to describe and analyze gross motor and fine motor development and to describe and analyze the role of play for physical and fine motor development. This research method uses a qualitative type of literature review research. As for collecting data using books, journal articles, and websites that are relevant to the research title. The results of the study state that aspects of motor development are one aspect of development that can integrate the development of other aspects. Motor physical development is defined as the development of the elements of maturity and control of body movements.

A Single DC-Link Multilevel 42-Sided Polygonal Voltage Space Vector Generation With Lower Order Harmonic Suppression Using Switched-Capacitor Filter

In this work, a multilevel 42-sided polygonal space vector structure for suppression of lower order harmonics for open-end induction motor (OEIM) drive applications is proposed. The proposed power circuit topology consists of two inverters feeding an OEIM from either side. The main inverter fed with a single dc-link providing active power for motoring operation is switched at low switching frequency. The secondary inverter fed with a capacitive supply is switched at high frequency to suppress lower order harmonics upto 39th order, up to the base speed of operation allowing maximum utilization of the dc-link. The advantages of lower order harmonic suppression in motor phase voltage, for polygonal space vector structures, are combined with multilevel inverter topology. This offers various advantages like multilevel operation with low inverter switching for the main power delivery inverter and harmonic suppression throughout the modulation range. The low switching frequency primary inverter generates harmonics of the order <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6*k \pm 1$</tex-math></inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k = 1, 2, 3,{\ldots }$</tex-math></inline-formula> . The harmonics are suppressed by the capacitor-fed secondary inverter, which supplies only reactive power for suppression of lower order harmonics in motor phase voltage. Use of a single dc-link facilitates four-quadrant operation of the inverter. The proposed scheme is validated for steady-state and dynamic performance by experimental results.

A Fault-Tolerant Inverter Circuit to Generate Thirteen-Level 24-Sided Voltage Space Vector Structure for Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive

An inverter circuit to generate a 13-level 24-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure (VSVS) comprised of 288 real active vectors and a zero vector is proposed in this article. The proposed scheme eliminates lower order harmonics up to 19th order and suppresses higher order harmonics from motor phase voltage in the full modulation range. The 48-step operation of the proposed scheme highly improves phase voltage quality at full speed. The dc bus utilization of the proposed scheme is improved to 99.42% compared to 90.6% multilevel hexagonal VSVS. The proposed topology has inherent capacitor balancing in every sampling interval at any loading condition using pole voltage redundancies. Multilevel property of the proposed scheme reduces instantaneous error in phase voltage compared to two-level 24-sided polygonal VSVS. Generation of real active vectors reduces instantaneous error in phase voltage and reduces switching frequency compared to switched average techniques existing in the literature. Fault-tolerant feature of the proposed scheme improves the availability of the drive system. Experimental results are provided to validate the steady-state operation, capacitor balancing, transient performance, and fault-tolerant capability of the proposed scheme. The comparison of switching loss and harmonic performance of the proposed scheme is performed with existing topologies.

Direct Electric Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Power Transfer Using On-Board Drivetrain and Motor Windings

Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) energy sharing is emerging as an alternate solution to range anxiety and limited charging infrastructure challenges associated with electric vehicles (EVs). The existing off-board dc fast charging options for V2V application found in the literature are not effective due to the additional weight, size and cost of the external charger or interface. In this article, a new V2V interface is proposed in which both EV’s motor winding neutrals and negative rails of on-board drivetrains are directly connected to each other. This further helps in forming an integrated dual bidirectional dc–dc converter to control the direction of power flow. The proposed approach does not require reconfiguration of motor winding or mechanical clutch to arrest the motor from rotating and/or the reconfiguration of drivetrain inverter connections. The major hardware requirement for the proposed approach is, access to the already existing neutral connection of the EV motor phase windings. To achieve dc fast charging, all three-legs of voltage source inverter of energy Provider-EV are switched using interleaved pulsewidth modulation. Furthermore, finite element analysis is presented for 150 kW EV motor model and its performance validation with the high frequency dc current flowing in the motor windings during the V2V operation. A scaled lab prototype is developed to demonstrate the energy sharing between two Lithium-ion battery banks through the proposed direct V2V power transfer concept.

3 Phase Synchronous Motor Speed Control System Using PID Control

Synchronous motor is an alternating current (AC) motor that operates with the prime mover as the initial rotation of the rotor until the rotational speed is equal to the rotational speed of the imaginary poles on the stator. In its application a 3-phase synchronous motor needs to be set in advance so that the resulting speed is stable. In this big task of Electric Motor Control, a speed experiment was carried out on a 3-phase synchronous motor using Mathlab simulation with Siemens motor specifications, namely 50 Hz, 400 V with 16kVA power and 1500 RPM rotational speed using PID control to control the speed of a 3-phase synchronous motor so that it is more stable. From the calculations that have been carried out and the PID tuning that has been carried out, the results show that the PID control can control the motor so as to produce a more stable and efficient speed in the industry

An Algorithm for Offline Measurement of Motor Stator Resistance and Voltage Drop Across Inverter Switches for Washing Machine Drives

The knowledge of the exact value of motor phase resistance is extremely important for modern electrical drives, which use it for tuning of current controllers, position estimators, temperature monitoring, and so on. At the same time, the value of voltage drop across inverter switches is necessary for providing proper and efficient control, especially in the low-speed region, where the impact of system nonlinearities is significant. This article proposes a novel algorithm for the offline measurement of motor resistance and voltage drop across inverter switches, which significantly improved the performance of washing machines in open-loop starting and low-speed operation. The proposed technique uses two step injection of dc current into stator windings, which provides data for the estimation of resistance and voltage drop. This article describes traps and pitfalls on the way of implementation and tuning and provides recommendations on avoiding them. After analysis of detailed experimental results, the author gives recommendation on a selection of algorithm parameters in order to provide low estimation errors. Following successful implementation and a series of tests, this technique has been accepted for mass production and has become an inevitable part of the control system of washing machines.

Fault-Tolerant Operation of Bidirectional ZSI-Fed Induction Motor Drive for Vehicular Applications

This paper presents an efficient and fast fault-tolerant control scheme for a bidirectional Z-source inverter (BiZSI)-fed induction-motor drive system for vehicular applications. The proposed strategy aims for the fault detection, localization and diagnosis of the proposed system during switch failures in the inverter module. Generally, power–semiconductor switch failures in inverter modules occur due to open- and short-circuit faults. An efficient modulation scheme is proposed and design specifications are thoroughly derived to obtain high voltage gains across the BiZSI network. A suitably fast detection and diagnosis scheme to isolate the faulty leg and resume the normal operation is discussed in this paper. The control scheme is provided such that the faulty leg is isolated and the motor phase is fed from a redundant leg to resume the operation. A feasible localization algorithm based on experimentally derived values and switching vectors is implemented. In addition, a fast fault diagnosis method based on current estimation and motor speed variation is designed and implemented. Moreover, the most important advantages of the proposed strategy include lower hardware requirements and less harmonic distortion in the output currents. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the feasibility of the theoretical analysis. An extensive performance evaluation of the proposed system with fault ride-through capabilities is performed to prove its suitability for vehicular applications. To validate its merits, the proposed strategy is compared with similar fault-tolerant schemes currently used in the industry.

A Proposed Three-Phase Induction Motor Drive System Suitable for Golf Cars

In this paper, a proposed electric drive system for a three-phase induction motor is presented. The proposed drive system is suggested for a golf car as one type of electric vehicle. The suggested system consists of three similar single-phase buck–boost converters. Hence, each single-phase buck–boost converter is used as a buck–boost inverter and is used to energize only one phase of the induction motor. The suggested system has the advantage of high reliability, as it can deal with different fault conditions such as battery and motor winding faults. The suggested electric drive system depends on a buck–boost converter which gives variable voltages as well as variable frequencies. Thus, variable speeds of the electric vehicles can be easily achieved. A variable DC voltage (positive or negative) can be achieved at the output of the adopted buck–boost converter, which is considered another advantage of the proposed drive system. This DC voltage can be used to achieve braking of the induction motor used to drive the electric vehicle. Therefore, this advantage can be used instead of ordinary mechanical braking to increase vehicle reliability. To demonstrate our proposed idea, a simulation study is presented. The simulation is carried out using Power Simulation Program (PSIM) software. The simulation study takes into consideration the performance of the adopted buck–boost converter under different conditions to present its advantages. Furthermore, a performance study of the suggested induction motor drive system is carried out under different conditions ranging from healthy to faulty conditions to test system reliability. For more illustration, an experimental prototype of the adopted buck–boost converter is built, and its performance is studied. From all the obtained results, the efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated.

Hall sensor-based speed control of a 3-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor using a field-oriented algorithm

To achieve optimum torque per amp, we retain the angle of the stator-current-vector with respect to the rotor-flux at 90 degrees, rather than controlling the amplitude of the stator-current-vector. Without or with the load torque, the proportional integral (PI) controller produced better results in the speed control loop. A controller is required to maintain a consistent speed and improve system performance as the load changes. This work develops an auto-tuning PI speed controller for 3-phase permanent-magn et synchronous motors using field oriented algorithm. The 3-phase voltage from the grid is converted to DC through a transformer and a grid-side rectifier. The DC voltage is converted back into AC through a machine-side inverter, which drives the motor with time-varying loud. The objective of field oriented control (FOC) in this work is to control the semiconductor switches in the machine-side power inverter to achieve the desired torque and flux. The stator-currents are measured and fed into the flux observer to obtain the direct-quadrature-zero (DQ-axis) current, the rotor magn etizing current, and the angle of the synchronously rotating reference frame. The results show that the motor's speed response has an earlier transient response and a less steady-state inaccuracy after tuning the controllers during acceleration and torque load adjustments.

A Fault-Tolerant 24-Sided Voltage Space Vector Structure for Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive

This article proposes a method of generating 24-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure composed of 24 real active vectors and a zero vector. Each active vector is a real vector in contrast to switched average vectors in literature. Generation of real 24-sided vectors minimizes switching losses and improves quality of phase voltage compared to switched averaged vectors technique. An important feature of the presented scheme is elimination of lower order harmonics up to 19th order from motor phase voltage throughout the modulation range that gives reduction in torque pulsation and near sinusoidal phase current. The proposed scheme extends the linear modulation range till 99.42 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Open-end winding induction motor is fed with primary and secondary inverters from either ends. Primary and secondary inverters are implemented by cascading two-level inverters. DC sources for both the inverters are realized using a simple star-delta transformer combination. The proposed concepts are verified with laboratory prototype and the respective results during the steady-state, transient, and fault scenario are presented. The supporting loss analysis and harmonic performance of the proposed drive is performed with existing topologies.

Investigation on Torque Sharing Function for Torque Ripple Minimization of Switched Reluctance Motor: A Flower Pollination Algorithm Based Approach

ABSTRACT Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive has outstanding features like robust construction, double saliency, fault tolerance capability, and heat withstanding capability. Despite these, torque ripple is an intrinsic characteristic of SRM because of double salient geometry, air gap length, and switching sequence of motor phase currents, making it unsuitable for slick torque and high dynamic performances applications. This paper discusses the novel Torque Sharing Function (TSF) implementation and the flower pollination algorithm-based intelligent controller to minimize the torque ripples in Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). TSF values depend on commutation angles during turn on, turn off, and overlapping angles. The proposed TSF and flower pollination algorithm evaluates the performance parameters using the machine model and controls the torque ripples for a wide range of speeds. Additionally, optimal results are obtained using three TSFs functions with valuable guidance provided for TSF selection. The proposed TSF with flower pollination algorithm-based intelligent controller finds its suitability for online evaluation of optimal turn on, turn off, and overlapping angles. The performance of the proposed method has effectively reduced the torque ripple in SRM than the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm.

Design and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Forward Converter Feded Solar Powered 3-phase Water Motor

Supply of water for irrigation and household use is not adequate in rural Bangladesh during dry season. To ensure continuous water supply for irrigation and other household activities in rural Bangladesh, where the supply of uninterrupted electricity is hardly available all the time and mostly irrigation is done by Diesel-based water pump. The paper proposes a standalone model to run a 3-phase motor in such condition. Due to the continuous reduction of price of electrical and electronic components related to solar panel, solar based pumping system has become the most economically viable option to mitigate this problem related to larger rural community. Output from the solar cell is converted to stable high DC voltage by incorporating a single stage forward converter. Switching circuit for 3-phase inverters is simulated in Power Sim (PSIM) which maintains the smooth operation of the water motor. The T-LCL filter is introduced to reduce the voltage ripple to a tolerance level before being fed to the motor. Forward converter based proposed system has a better total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.087 with different output voltage as required. The conventional Diesel-based system not only pollutes the environment but also the total of capital investment and maintenance cost is more than 3 times higher than the proposed Forward converter and 3-phase sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) inverter-based system. This model can be a good solution considering the unavailability, high price and environmental issues of fuel-based power supply.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Due to the lack of uninterrupted electricity facility in the rural area of Bangladesh, a Diesel-based water pump is used which is quite expensive and not environment friendly&#x0D; To mitigate the aforementioned problem, nowadays solar-based pumping system attracts significant attention&#x0D; The Proposed Forward converter and 3-phase sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) inverter-based system can be an optimum solution regarding price, environment, and continuous supply issues&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Studi Pendahuluan Sistem Akuakultur Cerdas Berbasis Online Monitoring Terhadap Unjuk Kerja Kincir Aerasi

This article discusses a preliminary study of developing a paddlewheel aerator for shrimp ponds using an integrated intelligent aquaculture system to support intensification. Two paddlewheel aerators with different phases have been successfully installed. The test was carried out on two different types of motors, which were intended to comprehend the performance of every motor on a paddlewheel aerator. The ratio of the speed values for a single-phase motor was 102 rpm and for a 3-phase motor was 110.3 rpm. The data from the performance observation of the aeration wheel motor can be viewed via a smartphone using a website application. The data displayed from the observations are in the form of data on voltage, current, frequency, power, power factor, and the power generated by the pinwheel motor. The test results show the performance of the aeration wheel motor that works under normal conditions with an average measurement error of 0.23%, below the acceptable error limit of 0.5%. This research forms the basis for a smart aquaculture system that can be developed domestically to support local industries in Indonesia.

Pneumatic Brushing Machine Automation Design Based On Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

In the production of musical instruments, PT Yamaha Music Manufacturing Asia uses wood as the main material with a production process and model that is in accordance with company regulations to produce a quality musical instrument. In the process of producing musical instruments, PT Yamaha Music Manufacturing Asia still uses industrial machines manually. Problems that occur every year the demand for musical instrument production is always increasing, the amount of production demand must of course be balanced with the readiness of capable machines/production tools because the use of manual machines in the production process reduces efficiency. Therefore, in this study the author contributes to making PLC-Based Pneumatic Brushing Machines to increase company productivity by applying automatic production machines. The design of the brushing machine system is carried out using a 3-phase electric motor as a conveyor and brush drive, a solenoid valve as a pneumatic cylinder driver, and a proximity sensor as an object detector (wood) which is controlled using an Omron PLC, as an automatic controller. The operator only puts the wood on the conveyor, then the wood will be cleaned automatically by a brush controlled by PLC. Based on the results of the feasibility test, the overall machine in the production process is running effectively marked by increased production yields and spots on the wooddisappearingr. Pneumatic works optimally in generating air pressure to move industrial engine components, proximity sensors as wood detect cane to detect wood with a maximum distance of 8 mm, and brushes are clean wood with a width of between 200 mm to 700 mm and a wood thickness of 14 mm to 700 mm. d 23mm. The implications manufacture of this hardware implantable to keep pace with the demand for musical instrument production from PT Yamaha Music Manufacturing with the ability of increasingly sophisticated production machines