Lattice Parameter Of Phase Research Articles

Effect of apple cider vinegar agent on the microstructure, phase evolution, and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles

AbstractIn the present study, spinel structure CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the sol‐gel auto‐combustion technique. The effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) addition as an organic biocompatible agent on the size, morphology, and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was investigated in detail. The phase evolution, particle size, and lattice parameter changes of the synthesized phase have been estimated by using Rietveld structure refinement analysis of X‐ray powder diffraction data. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR) of the samples verified the presence of two expected bands correspond to tetrahedral and octahedral metal‐oxygen complexes within the spinel structure. Furthermore, microstructural observations revealed that ultrafine particles have a semi‐spherical morphology. It was shown that the particles size decreased from ~45 to ~17 nm with an increase in the amount of ACV. Magnetic properties were carried out by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. Both the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) were found to be significantly dependent on the crystallite size and the amount of ACV.

Effect of the Rate, Temperature, and Magnitude of Prestraining on the Parameters of Phase Transformations and the Thermomechanical Characteristics of the 45% Ti–45% Ni–10% Nb Shape Memory Alloy in Press-Formed Conditions

This work investigates the effect of the rate, temperature, and magnitude of the strain induced preliminarily to heating for developing shape memory effect on the phase composition, martensite transformation, phase transition temperature, lattice parameters, substructure parameters, and thermomechanic characteristics of the shape memory (SM) 45Ti–45Ni–10Nb (at %) alloy in the press-formed state. The relation between structural and thermomechanical parameters of the alloy is identified. The conditions of prestraining the SM alloy for achieving the best thermomechanic characteristics are determined. The results of this study have been used to develop a fire-protection device for nuclear power facilities.

Investigation on the phase transformation and lattice parameters of Sn2+, Cu2+, La3+ and Ce4+ ions doped titania: characterization and solar light activity study

Nanocrystalline titania and metal ion doped titania systems were prepared by combustion method. Titania exhibited bicrystalline phase consisting of both anatase and rutile. The bicrystalline framework in TiO2 powders can be conveniently altered by the incorporation of various bivalent/trivalent/tetravalent metal ions like Sn2+, Cu2+, La3+and Ce4+. The microstructure development and the influence of small amount of dopants on the resulting structural change have been investigated. p-XRD results confirms the stabilization of anatase phase in the case of Cu2+ and Sn2+ doped titania, while the polymorphic interfaces were retained in La3+and Ce4+ doped titania samples. The efficacy of the modified titania was studied on the degradation of Congo Red dye by harvesting solar light. Sn2+/TiO2 shows almost same photodegradation ability as that of pristine TiO2. Subsistence of catalytic hot spots at the interface of anatase-rutile and the synergistic effect of polymorphic phases explains the enhanced activity of La3+/TiO2 and Ce4+/TiO2. But the activity of Cu2+/TiO2 was found to be less due to high electron-hole recombination rate.

Defining an aristotype crystal structure and crystallographic distortions in leucite/pollucite-structured phases with space group $$Ia\overline {3} d$$ I a 3 ¯ d

A universal aristotype crystal structure for leucite/pollucite-structured phases (A2B2IIIC4IVO12, A2BIIC5IVO12) with space group $$Ia\overline {3} d$$ has been determined by a non-linear optimisation of the fractional coordinates. The resultant T-site tetrahedron exhibits close to perfect $$\overline {4} 3m$$ point group symmetry (quadratic elongation 1.0000124, tetrahedral angle variance 1.53 × 10−5 degrees2). For any distorted leucite/pollucite crystal structure, an associated aristotype phase can be derived from the optimised fractional coordinates, with the aristotype phase lattice parameter calculated from the volume of the hettotype T-site tetrahedron. Assuming the aristotype T-site tetrahedron to be ideal, the distortion of the hettotype tetrahedron from that of the aristotype is described as the linear sum of the amplitudes of an appropriate set of symmetry-adapted basis-vectors of the effective regular TO4 molecule consistent with the observed point group symmetry within the crystal structure. The methodology is illustrated by reference to the disordered T-site, leucite-structured phase K2MgSi5O12.

Influence of Y–Gd ratio on phase formation and spectroscopic properties of NaGd0.8−xYxYb0.17Er0.03F4 solid solutions

The work is devoted to the study of phase formation in the NaGd0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4–NaY0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4 system. The effect of the Gd3+ и Y3+ ions concentrations ratio on the phase composition and lattice parameters of the resulting solid solutions, the spectral-luminescent properties, and the heating temperature under laser irradiation were studied. It is shown that an increase of the molar fraction of Gd3+ ions in the composition leads to the NaGdF4 hexagonal phase formation and to increase in the lattice parameter values. The measured upconversion efficiency for NaGd0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4 is significantly lower than for NaY0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4. In order to interpret the obtained result, a theoretical model on the basis of rate equations system was used, taking into account the experimentally determined lattice parameters. It was shown that as the lattice parameters increase, the distance between the active ions increases and the probability of energy transfer decreases. Shorter lifetimes of the excited states for NaGdF4 cause an increase in the back energy transfer probability. Additionally, the shorter lifetime of intermediate metastable states in the NaGdF4 matrix negatively affects the efficiency of the upconversion processes. All these processes result in emitting states populations decrease and a decrease in upconversion efficiency, respectively. According to the calculations, the efficiency for NaGd0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4 is reduced by 40%. Experimentally observed decrease was much higher. We propose that the additional decrease is due to the influence of factors not considered in the model. The size reduction for NaGdF4 particles was observed (350 nm in comparison to 1 µm for NaYF4 particles). The second additional factor, which leads to experimental efficiency decrease in comparison with theoretical value, is the heating. The study of the samples heating temperature under laser radiation showed that the increase in the gadolinium ions fraction in the composition results in the sample heating temperature increase. The NaGd0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4 sample was heated by laser radiation by 24.7 °C, while the sample NaY0.8Yb0.17Er0.03F4 was heated by 5.6 °C.

High temperature in-situ phase stability of sputtered TiAlxN coatings

The temperature dependence of phase composition and lattice parameters, for TiAlxN thin film coating, are experimentally investigated by in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), at temperatures between 25 °C and 700 °C. Mechanical properties, such as: Young's modulus (E), hardness (H) and plastic deformation index (PDI) – were experimentally determined by nanoindentation, at 25 °C. Crystalline structural analysis, of SR-XRD results, indicates the major phases are TiN and AlN; with Ti2O and TiO2 phases also present above 600 °C. The lattice constants increased with an increase in temperature. Atomic and phase compositions, at 25 °C, were also verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images display an increase in surface roughness and reduction in grain size, with increasing Aluminium percentage (Al%). Nanoindentation analysis showed a maximum hardness of 25.1 ± 1.5 GPa (sample containing 12% Al), which was subsequently reduced upon addition of more Aluminium. Finite element modelling (FEM), including von Mises stress distribution, indicates lower mechanical integrity, for samples with high Al% content.

High-temperature flexural strength performance of ternary high-entropy carbide consolidated via spark plasma sintering of TaC, ZrC and NbC

The solid solution formation and consolidation of the (Ta,Zr,Nb)C single-phase ceramic made from commercial TaC, ZrC and NbC powders prepared by spark plasma sintering at the temperature of 1920 °C was investigated. Phase analysis and lattice parameter measurements by X-ray diffraction showed multi-stage formation of the single-phase high-entropy-type carbide with the lattice parameter of 4.535 Å. The flexural strength and fracture toughness at room temperature were 460 ± 24 MPa and 2.9 MPa m1/2, respectively. With an increase in temperature, the flexural strength showed an increase up to 1600 °C to 496 ± 44 MPa, then decreased after 1800 °C to 366 ± 46 MPa.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed Materials of the ZrB2–TaC–SiC System

High-density (with a relative density of up to 98.8%) ultra-high-temperature ceramic materials (UHTCs) based on the ZrB2–TaC–SiC system were obtained by hot pressing for 15 min at 2000°C 30 MPa of pressure in an argon atmosphere. Phase composition, lattice parameters, microstructure, flexural strength, Vickers hardness and crack resistance were studied. The maximum values of strength, hardness and crack resistance were 440 MPa, 20.3 GPa and 5.3 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The effect of the ZrB2/TaC ratio on the lattice constants and the mechanical properties of the material is established.

A comparative outlook of corrosion behaviour and chlorophyll assisted growth kinetics of various carbon nano-structure reinforced hydroxyapatite-calcium orthophosphate coating synthesized in-situ through pulsed electrochemical deposition

Chlorophyll functionalised carbon nanostructures namely exfoliated graphene, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) have been successfully co-deposited from aqueous media along with in-situ formed hydroxyapatite-calcium orthophosphate phases to develop a biocompatible coating, which eventually can increase the overall coating strength as reinforcement. Chlorophyll disperses and functionalised carbon nanostructure in aqueous media excluding the need of surfactant during pulsed electrochemical deposition, which was earlier not possible for defect-free graphene as well as carbon nanotubes. It also controls the growth kinetics of these coatings which eventually responsible for the overall characteristics of the composite material.The lattice parameter of calcium phosphate phase remain unchanged in all the composite coating whereas, the lattice parameter and weight percentage (35–73%) of hydroxyapatite crystal are found changing with the type of reinforcement on account of difference in growth kinetics controlled via chlorophyll amphiphilicity along with defect state over nano-graphene. The osteoconduction performance is mostly related with the surface characteristics along with corrosion properties which lead to the formation of different shapes and size of porous apatite scaffold starting from sub-micron spherical shape to lamellar structure with varying Ca/P ratio. The gradual evolution of lamellar structure in RGO and exfoliated graphene, and increased surface porosity in exfoliated graphene compare to other reinforcements, predicts their increased probability of successful adaption over implant surfaces by surrounding tissues. RGO reinforcement forms higher amount of stable hydroxyapatite phase over the surface leading to a better corrosion protection which is on account of faster reactions kinetics associated with a quantitative increase of carbon within the given deposition parameter. These results suggest that chlorophyll functionalized carbon reinforcements can be exploited to craft a range of strategies for the development of functional biocompatible layer over metallic implant surfaces where chlorophyll plays a significant role in controlling overall nano carbon phases reinforcement.

Structural and Phase Characteristics of the Ni3Al-Based Intermetallic Alloy Fabricated by High-Gradient Directional Solidification and Selective Laser Melting

The microstructure and the phase composition of an experimental Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloy containing (wt %) 7.8 Al, 14.5 Ta, 0.9 Mo, 0.5 W, 0.5 Re, 0.15 C, and Ni for balance, which was prepared by slow (6 mm/h) high-gradient (15°C/mm) directional solidification and selective laser melting, are studied, and the lattice parameters of phases and solidus and liquidus temperatures are determined. The phase compositions of the intermetallic alloy samples prepared by these technologies are found to be identical and consist of a γ'-phase matrix and TaC carbide particles.

Thermal expansion evolution of metastable β Ti-15Mo alloy during linear heating

.Thermal expansion measurement was employed for characterization of phase transformations occurring in metastable β titanium alloy (Ti-15Mo) during linear heating with three different heating rates. Effects of the transformations on materials dimensions is discussed and compared with changes of lattice parameters of present phases obtained from in-situ powder neutron diffraction. The shrinkage of the material with increasing temperature at about 300 °C was attributed to the decrease of lattice parameter of β phase, which occurs due to diffusion of alloying elements out of ω phase. Complete dissolution of ω phase was detected at 560 °C regardless of the heating rate.

Characterization of Plasma-Sprayed Zirconium Coatings on Uranium Alloy Using Neutron Diffraction

Plasma-sprayed zirconium (Zr) metal coatings onto uranium-molybdenum (U-Mo) alloy nuclear reactor fuel foils act as a diffusion barrier between the fuel and the aluminum fuel cladding. Neutron diffraction was performed to investigate the crystallographic phase composition, crystal orientations, and lattice parameters of the plasma-sprayed Zr and the U-Mo substrate. The neutron diffraction results show that the plasma-sprayed Zr coating is crystalline, is phase pure (alpha-Zr), and has preferred crystalline orientation due to directional solidification influenced by the substrate crystalline orientation. Also, there is a slight (~ 0.01 A for a direction and ~ 0.016 A for c direction) increase in the plasma-sprayed Zr lattice parameter indicating oxygen in the lattice and some residual thermo-mechanical strain. There is little or no modification of the underlying U-Mo following plasma spraying. In particular, there is no detectable allotropic transformation of the starting gamma-U (body-centered cubic) to alpha-U (orthorhombic). The unique neutron diffraction capabilities at LANL are well suited for nuclear fuel characterization offering distinct advantages over conventional x-ray diffraction and destructive metallography.

Synergistic effects of Ln and Fe Co-Doping on phase evolution of Ca1-xLnxZrTi2-xFexO7 (Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Ho, Yb) ceramics

Zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) is one of the host ceramic waste forms for actinides immobilization. In this study, lanthanides were used as the surrogates for actinides and a series of solid solutions (Ca1-xLnxZrTi2-xFexO7; Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Ho, Yb) have been successfully fabricated to investigate the synergistic effects of Ln and Fe co-doping on phase evolution and solubility of Ln in zirconolite. Results show that zirconolite was found to co-exist with perovskite in the range 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 while zirconia, pseudobrookite, and perovskite become the major crystalline phases at 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 in the Ca1-xLaxZrTi2-xFexO7 ceramics. Both of zirconolite-2M and Zirconolite-3O were found in the Ca1-xNdxZrTi2-xFexO7 and Ca1-xGdxZrTi2-xFexO7 solid solutions. The phase transformation of zirconolite-2M to 3O occurs at x = 0.6 for Ca1-xNdxZrTi2-xFexO7 when this phenomenon happens at x = 0.9 for Ca1-xGdxZrTi2-xFexO7. The solubility of Ca1-xHoxZrTi2-xFexO7 to form single zirconolite-2M structure can be up to 0.9. Single zirconolite-2M was only detected within 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 in the Ca1-xYbxZrTi2-xFexO7 solid solutions. Lattice parameters of zirconolite-2M and zirconolite-3O were determined by Pawley refinement method. The lattice parameters of both zirconolite 2M and 3O gradually increase with increasing Nd and Fe contents in the Ca1-xNdxZrTi2-xFexO7 ceramics. For Ca1-xGdxZrTi2-xFexO7, the lattice parameter a has an increase with x increasing while b and c change slightly. For the Ho-Fe co-doped zirconolite-2M, the lattice parameter a shows an increasing trend, b and c demonstrate reverse trend when increasing Ho and Fe concentrations. Both b and c decrease with x increasing from 0.1 to 0.6 in the Ca1-xYbxZrTi2-xFexO7 while a has a slight change. The variation trends in the lattice parameters of zirconolite-2M phase in Ca1-xREExZrTi2-xFexO7 (REE = Nd, Gd, Ho, Yb) solid solutions are different, and such results may suggest different substitution mechanisms of lanthanide ions and Fe3+ in zirconolite.

Realizing tremendous electrical transport properties of polycrystalline SnSe2 by Cl-doped and anisotropy

SnSe2 is regarded as an attractive thermoelectric material for its structural and chemical analogy to SnSe that is claimed with the highest ZT in single crystal. In this study, the pure and Cl-doped SnSe2 polycrystals (3%, 6%, 9% and 12% molar Cl content) were fabricated in four steps that are hydrothermal synthesis, heating purification, diffusion doping, and spark plasma sintering. The phase structure, lamellar morphology and crystallite orientation were studied for the synthesized SnSe2 powder and the sintered pellets. The structural evolution was traced from the SnSe2 hexagonal plates of powders to the (001) oriented grains in pellets. The Cl doping into SnSe2 was verified by phase composition, lattice parameter, element distribution, and chemical valance. The doped Cl increased both the carrier concentration and the mobility. The anisotropic thermoelectric properties of SnSe2 bulk materials were investigated as functions of temperature from 50 °C to 300 °C and the doping amount, respectively. The Seebeck coefficient was less anisotropic than the electrical and thermal conduction. The grain orientation influenced the anisotropy of the electrical and thermal conductivity at a similar ratio. The power factors were less dependent on temperature with an optimum in-plane 1.06 mW m−1 K−2 and out-of-plane 0.41 mW m−1 K−2. The highest ZTs of 0.3 were attained at 300 °C in both directions.

Oxidation behavior of (U1-yCey)O2.00; (y = 0.21, 0.28 and 0.44) solid solutions under different oxygen potentials. Thermogravimetric and in situ X-ray diffraction studies

For the first time, oxidation behavior of (U1-yCey)O2.00; (y = 0.21, 0.28 and 0.44) was examined under various oxygen potentials ranging from 0 to −58 kJ/mol. Thermogravimetry (TG) and powder X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used as prime techniques for determination of oxygen stoichiometry and identification of different compounds formed. Rietveld analysis of XRD data of the oxidized products, formed under different oxygen potentials, showed the formation of different proportions of orthorhombic M3O8 (M = U + Ce) and face centered cubic (FCC) MO2+x phases for y = 0.21 and 0.28 and a single FCC phase for y = 0.44. A novel method based on TG and XRD analysis was used to get the quantitative information on the distribution of uranium, cerium and oxygen between the product phases. It has been observed that lowering of oxygen potential resists the formation of M3O8 in the oxidized products and potential lower than −70 kJ/mol is required for maintaining single FCC phase during the storage of fast reactor fuel. The oxidation kinetics of (U1-yCey)O2.00; (y = 0.21, 0.28 and 0.44) was studied using model free iso-conversional method. High temperature X-ray diffraction (HT–XRD) studies in vacuum and oxygen atmospheres were used to separate out the oxidation effect from the combined effect of expansion and oxidation. For the first time, HT–XRD and TG studies were coupled together to correlate the change in lattice parameter of FCC phase (Δa) obtained in vacuum and oxygen atmosphere, with change in oxygen to metal ratio (ΔO/M). The influence of phase separation on the correlation of lattice parameter with O/M was also discussed.

Doping Effect of Fe Ions on the Structural, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of SrTiO3 Nanoceramic Matrix

In the present investigation, strontium titanate nanoceramic was synthesized by incorporating iron (Fe) ion with general formula SrTi1−xFexO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) using sol-gel autocombustion method. The effect of Fe ions on the structural, morphological, electrical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of the prepared matrix has been investigated by various characterization techniques with the appropriate formulation. The structural properties such as phase space, crystallite size (D), and lattice parameter (a) of prepared matrix are calculated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The functional groups were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface morphology of the prepared nanoceramic matrix has been determined by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. Calculation of average particle size and diffraction patterns was confirmed by using images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAED), respectively. An energy dispersive spectrum analysis (EDS) confirmed the compositional stoichiometry in the investigated matrix. Electrical conductivity increased the prepared sample due to the increasing in the Fe concentration and temperature. The dielectric parameters in the frequency range of 30 Hz to 1 MHz were found higher at lower frequencies. The pure SrTiO3 matrix shows a paramagnetic nature at room temperature, but for a higher concentration of Fe doping was used to observe the weak ferromagnetic nature. Therefore, due to Fe ion concentration, the properties of the prepared matrix have been completely varied and enhancement in the magnetic properties was observed.

Microstructural analysis of gas atomized Al-Cu alloy feedstock powders for cold spray deposition

This work describes the micro- and nanostructures of inert gas atomized Al-Cu alloy powder particles over a range of compositions. For cold spray deposition, the microstructure and elemental distribution within the feedstock powder play a critical role in determining the final microstructure and properties of the fabricated material. A series of Al-Cu binary alloy powders, ranging from 2 to 5 wt% Cu, were produced by inert gas atomization and were then thoroughly characterized using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The gas atomized powder particles, nominally 20 μm in diameter, presented a cellular structure with θ (Al2Cu) phase forming along the cell boundaries. The continuity and phase fraction of the θ phase increased systematically with copper content. No Guinier-Preston zones were observed in the powders, but small, incoherent θ phase particles were observed in the matrix near the cell boundaries. The as-atomized particles were observed to be in a non-equilibrium state with a reduced amount of θ phase and altered lattice parameters for the α and θ phases. A mild, post-atomization annealing returned the θ phase fraction and lattice parameters to their equilibrium values.

Optical properties of radio-frequency magnetron sputtered α-(Cr1-xAlx)2O3 thin films grown on α-Al2O3 substrates at different temperatures

We report the optical properties of the (Cr1-xAlx)2O3 thin films (0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.16) with a thickness of ~300 nm grown on c-plane (0001) α-Al2O3 substrates at different temperatures (i.e. room temperature, 320 °C and 400 °C) by non-reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. (0001) oriented single-phase corundum structured crystalline thin films were grown at temperatures of 320 °C and 400 °C, while the films deposited at room temperature are amorphous. The stoichiometric composition of the films was analyzed and verified by electron probe micro-analyses. The phase composition and lattice parameter c were characterized by X-ray diffraction in Bragg-Brentano geometry. The crystal quality increases with increasing the deposition temperature independent of the film composition, and the lattice constant c increases with decreasing the Al concentration which is independent of the deposition temperature. Raman spectra supported the interpretation of phase composition analysis and showed a significant shift of phonon frequency with Al concentration and the substrate temperature. Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy of the films was carried out to determine the absorption band shifts in relation to the lattice parameter c which the smaller lattice constant c the larger frequency of the Eu mode. Further, the band gap of the thin films was calculated from visible light absorption spectra.

STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF WC–50%Cо MODEL ALLOYS CONTAINING TaC ADDITIVES

The structure and magnetic properties of model high-cobalt WC–50%Co alloys with different carbon content and 1,6–5,6 wt.% TaC additives are studied. Model alloys are obtained by liquid-phase sintering of powder mixtures at 1420 °C, and their composition is described by the formula: 50%Co + 50%WC + xTaC + yC, where x = 0; 1,6; 2,6; 3,6; 4,6; 5,6 wt.%, y = 0; 0,2; 0,5 wt.%. It is shown that (Ta,W)C phase precipitates are present in all the investigated alloys, whereby at up to 3,6 wt.% TaC concentration the (Ta,W)C grains have a needle shape, and at ³3,6 wt.% TaC concentration the shape of the (Ta,W)C grains becomes spherical. (Ta,W)C phase precipitates are located both in the Co-binder and along the WC grain boundaries. The (Ta,W)C phase lattice parameter in low-carbon alloys lies in the range from 0,4438 nm for the 1,6 % TaC alloy up to 0,4451 nm for the 4,6 % TaC alloy. According to EDX analysis, the concentration of dissolved tungsten in the cobalt phase is independent of the TaC content and strongly depends on the total carbon content, and for alloys with high, elevated and low carbon content it is 7, 12 and 17 wt.%, respectively. TaC addition in alloys with a low and elevated carbon content leads to an increase in coercive force by 875 A/m and a decrease in magnetic saturation by 5–10 Gs·m3/g. The experimental results allowed putting forward a hypothesis about the possibility of forming dispersed tantalumcontaining precipitates in the binder phase.

Effect of iron on mineral composition of quaternary phase clinker and its hydration properties

The present task is to investigate the influence of iron on the mineral composition and microstructure of the phase Q (C20A13M3S3, in the text below C = CaO, A = Al2O3, M = MgO, S = SiO2, F = Fe2O3) clinker and its hydraulic property by using XRD, Rietveld refinement, BSE, isothermal calorimeter, DSC, non-evaporable water content and compressive strength measurements. Results reveal that incorporating 4% of iron leads to the formation of the accompanying minerals which are spinel (MA), gehlenite (C2AS) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), and 6% of iron results in the formation of 15.3% of monocalcium aluminate (CA). Additionally, the lattice parameters of phase Q change with the doped-iron content which could be due to Ca2+ and Si4+ being substituted by Fe3+. Although the formation of C4AF coating layer around the clinker grains inhibits the hydraulic activity of clinker within the first 1 day, it has no adverse impacts on the later-age (28 days) hydration and is favorable to improve the 28-day compressive strength. The formation of CA accelerates the hydration of clinker, shortens the time span of the acceleration and deceleration periods, and may influence the hydration reaction of phase Q. Considering compressive strength, the threshold limit of iron incorporated into phase Q raw meal is found to be 4.0 mass%, beyond which an obvious decrease in 28-day compressive strength is detected.