Phases Of System Development Research Articles

A Review of Hybrid Renewable and Sustainable Power Supply System: Unit Sizing, Optimization, Control, and Management

Since rising worldwide energy consumption is anticipated with increasing rapid industrialization and urbanization, green energy sources have become the ineluctable choice among energy engineers, power engineers, and researchers for carbon-free and sustainable electric power generation. By integrating several energy sources, a hybrid renewable and sustainable power supply system (HRSPSS) has been created to solve the global warming problem. HRSPSS aims to develop contemporary electricity grids that benefit society, the environment, and the economy. However, there is a need for thorough assessment of these complex HRSPSSs for making the most use of renewable energy potential and carefully crafting suitable solutions. This paper provides a thorough investigation of the most effective methods for sizing, optimizing, controlling, and managing energy, as well as how to combine different renewable energy sources to create a hybrid sustainable power supply system. Information on several software simulation tools and optimization methods that have been used to support HRSPSS development, research, and planning is presented in this study. Additionally, this study covers energy management and control strategies that have been used to ensure efficient and optimal operation of HRSPSS. Furthermore, this article presents an extensive comparison among various strategies utilized in each area (sizing, optimizing, controlling, and managing energy) to provide conclusive remarks on the suitable strategies for respective applications. The outcome of this study will help various stakeholders in the energy sector to make appropriate decisions during the design, development, and implementation phases of a hybrid sustainable power supply system.

Unified Multi-Abstraction-Level Functional Testing and Performance Measurements for Industrial IoT in Spatially Distributed Narrow Band-Wireless Wide Area Networks

Narrow Band-Wireless Wide Area Networking (NB-WWAN) technologies are becoming more popular across a wide range of application domains due to their ability to provide spatially distributed and reliable wireless connectivity in addition to offering low data rates, low bandwidth, long-range, and long battery life. For functional testing and performance assessments, the wide range of wireless technology alternatives within this category poses several difficulties. At the device level, it is necessary to address issues such as resource limitations, complex protocols, interoperability, and reliability, while at the network level, challenges include complex topologies and wireless channel/signal propagation problems. Testing the functionality and measuring the performance of spatially distributed NB-WWAN systems require a systematic approach to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, to provide a seamless test flow, it is also critical to test and compare the performance of wireless systems systematically and consistently across the different system development phases. To evaluate NB-WWAN technologies comprehensively across multiple abstraction levels—network simulators, emulated lab testbeds, and field test environments—we propose a unified multi-abstraction-level testing methodology. A detailed technical description of the prototype implementation and its evaluation is presented in this paper.

Ensuring the Correctness and Reliability of CBPS System Using Event‐B

ABSTRACTDuring the early phases of software system development, error detection can be challenging due to the complexity of both the requirements and the operating environments. This paper advocates for the utilization of formal modelling and verification throughout the first phases of systems development to promptly detect and correct errors. The formalism employed throughout is Event‐B, which is backed by the Rodin toolset. To conquer requirements complexity, the frameworks of set theory and first‐order logic are employed, which provide the necessary tools for formalizing and analysing the properties and behaviours associated with Event‐B. Also, we detail the way in which modelling may be used to achieve abstraction, as well as the way in which refinement can be used to manage complexity through layering. Furthermore, we emphasize the significance of model validation and verification in improving the precision of formal models and requirements in IoT communication systems. The model is exemplified using a Content‐Based Publish Subscribe System (CBPS), with a special emphasis on a fire alarm system as a motivating example.

Perancangan Sistem Pelaporan Incident Hack Di Kominfo Lombok Tengah Menggunakan Agile Pendekatan Scrum

The Scrum method is a methodology included in agile software development. Scrum is considered to be able to produce good quality software according to user wishes, can be used in large and small projects, and is easy to adopt changes. The scrum activity stages include product backlog, sprint backlog, daily scrum, sprint review, and sprint retrospective. Roles in Scrum include product owner, scrum master, and development team. Scrum has structured and iterative stages, so that if the product in the first sprint is not sufficient to meet needs, then in the next sprint a system can be developed that is in accordance with user evaluation. The results obtained from Designing a Hack Incident Reporting System at Kominfo Central Lombok Using the Agile Scrum Approach were proven to be able to overcome changes in requirements during the system development phase, producing products that met the wishes of users because they received repeated reviews.

An Analysis of Reforms and Trends in The National Healthcare System of North Macedonia During the Transition Period

This research provides an analysis of the healthcare system in North Macedonia aiming to address the results of reforms, current functioning of the system and analyze the trends whilst reforming some segments of the system with particular focus in the last two decades. HealthCare System, since the country’s independence has been subject of many reforms that have brought various changes in terms of organization and governance and most importantly, in the delivery of health services and accessibility for the citizens. There is a dominance of public healthcare services and institutions but private institutions have quietly increased in the last two decades. One relevant and most emerging problems of current healthcare system may refer to a lack of accessibility of healthcare services for all citizens, which automatically leads to the social exclusion problem for some categories (i.e. Roma community; rural population, etc.). From a methodological aspect, the research makes use of different public policy documents by focusing in the following phases of healthcare system development: post socialist (1991-1998), pro-market (1998-2006) and manifesto-driven (2006-nowadays). In addition, it provides empirical evidence in the form of a survey conducted with various interest groups nationwide assessing their ideological preferences regarding the healthcare system: functioning, financing, etc. The findings of this study show that regardless many improvements that the reforms have produced, still the country’s healthcare system remains qualitatively far away compared to European countries. According to the perceptions of interest groups seems that there is a tendency of increased commercialization of health services nationwide, which from a socio-economic aspect, leads to potential social exclusion for some categories in terms of access to qualitative services.

Early Validation and Verification of System Behaviour in Model-based Systems Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review

In the Systems Engineering (SE) domain there has been a paradigm shift from document-based to model-based system development artefacts; in fact, new methodologies are emerging to meet the increasing complexity of current systems and the corresponding growing need of digital workflows. In this regard, Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is considered as a key enabler by many central players of the SE community. MBSE has reached an adequate level of maturity, and there exist documented success stories in its adoption in industry. In particular, one significant benefit of utilising MBSE when compared to the traditional manual and document-centric workflows is that models are available from early phases of systems development; these enable a multitude of analyses prior any implementation effort together with other relevant capabilities, like the automation of development tasks. Nonetheless, it is noticeable there is a lack of a common understanding for how formal analyses for the verification and validation (V&V) of systems behaviour, specifically in the early phases of development, could be placed in an MBSE setting. In this article, we report on the planning, execution, and results of a systematic literature review regarding the early V&V of systems behaviour in the context of model-based systems engineering. The review aims to provide a structured representation of the state of the art with respect to motivations, proposed solutions, and limitations. From an initial set of potentially relevant 701 peer-reviewed publications we selected 149 primary studies, which we analysed according to a rigorous data extraction, analysis, and synthesis process. Based on our results, early V&V has usually the goal of checking the quality of a system design to avoid discovering flaws when parts are being concretely realised; SysML is a de facto standard for describing the system under study, while the solutions for the analyses tend to be varied; also V&V analyses tend to target varied properties with a slight predominance of functional concerns, and following the variation mentioned so far the proposed solutions are largely context specific; the proposed approaches are usually presented without explicit limitations, while when limitations are discussed, readiness of the solutions, handling of analyses simplifications/assumptions, and languages/tools integration are among the most frequently mentioned issues. Based on the survey results and the standard SE practices, we discuss how the current state-of-the-art MBSE supports early V&V of systems behaviour with a special focus on industrial adoption and identify relevant challenges to be researched further.

Guiding to available parking spots with AR device

Parking congestion has become a pressing issue in urban areas, leading to increased traffic congestion and environmental pollution. This paper presents a comprehensive study on intelligent parking systems aimed at addressing these challenges. The study targets urban drivers, transport authorities and citizens who are affected by parking difficulties and traffic congestion. Intelligent Parking System is a technology-driven solution that aims to optimise parking space utilisation and reduce traffic congestion. It efficiently guides drivers to available parking spaces through real-time data collection and analysis. The study was conducted in Unity3D environment over a period of 2 weeks and covered the phases of system design, development, testing and implementation. The main motivation for this research was to mitigate the negative effects of parking congestion. Intelligent parking systems have the potential to increase traffic efficiency, reduce air pollution and improve the overall quality of life in cities. Server and Unity models were used in the study. Real-time sensors collect parking occupancy data, which is processed to provide real-time parking availability information to drivers via the server. In conclusion, this paper presents an intelligent parking system that can solve the challenges of parking congestion. By utilising server technology and data-driven insights, the project aims to improve the way cities manage parking and contribute to more sustainable urban mobility.

Opportunities for Generative Artificial Intelligence to Accelerate Deployment of Human-Supervised Autonomous Robots

Autonomous robots have the potential to supplement human capabilities while reducing cognitive and physical burden. However, deploying such systems in natural settings is currently a time-consuming process that revolves around a human’s ability to research, design, test, and evaluate the robot – thereby introducing unnecessary bottlenecks and significant delays to technology adoption. The current work in the field of human-robot interaction (HRI) has historically focused on robot use even though humans play a critical role during autonomous system design and deployment. We argue that the scope of HRI must be expanded beyond that of the current views within the scientific community, to include all phases of system development, deployment, and use. Furthermore, to facilitate the pursuit of this new expanded scope, we present eight opportunities for technological advances in HRI and autonomy using Generative AI that, if realized, could have transformational impact on the fielding of human-supervised autonomous robots. Broadly speaking, our identified opportunities relate to interaction and trustworthiness, collaboration and cooperation, robot motion, robot perception, synthetic scenario generation, testing and evaluation, failure detection, and robot design.

Data Visualization of Budgeting Assumptions: An Illustrative Case of Trans-disciplinary Applied Knowledge

Trans-disciplinary research combines different fields into new conceptual and methodological frameworks. In this study, the SECI model of knowledge creation, which consists of Socialization, Externalization, Combination, and Internalization conversion modes, is used to analyze the implementation of a structured budgeting visualization system by a trans-disciplinary team. Through applied research in implementing a global budgeting system, budgeting assumptions are made explicit through visualization, transforming the approach to the budgeting process and its accuracy. This visualization, in turn, is enabled by assumptions underlying revenue planning, business services and employee compensation, and a visual process. The system displays a stepped approach, indicated by icons, representing the tasks involved in the budget process. For example, the system requires uploading the previous year’s information, setting the assumptions, calculating the suggested figures based on assumptions, and amending the proposed outcome. As adapted by Rice and Rice (2005), SECI is applied as the socialization of tacit-to-tacit budgeting assumption knowledge is solidified during the design phase of this transformation exercise. The externalization phase, in which budgeting assumptions are transformed from tacit to explicit, is evidenced during the configuration phase of the new system. The systemic collaboration results in the explicit assumptions being collectively leveraged across the regions during and after the “go-live” phase of system development. Finally, the internalization phase involves the explicit assumptions being transformed into new tacit knowledge as the experts evolve new assumptions derived from the transformation process. Semiotics provides variance information through hue, with, for example, darker colours indicating higher variances. This trans-disciplinary communication provides the means for increased efficiency and effectiveness. The resulting budget framework is visually validated through a heatmap by comparing the budgeting accuracy and assumption 1 Contact author 2 Peer-Editor: Prof D Sewry. Dean of Commerce, Rhodes University. complexity between the different regions where it was implemented. In summary, value is added in developing a new data visualization process, focusing on the role of budgeting assumptions and using planning process visualizations. This approach improves communication efficiency, effectiveness, and understanding of budgeting while enhancing accuracy.

Analysis and Implementation of CNN in Real- time Classification and Translation of Kanji Characters

This research explores the training outcomes of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm applied to Kanji character recognition. It employs a CNN architecture with 10 layers for recognizing digital image of Kanji characters from N5 to N1 levels. The training of the CNN model reveals varying accuracies, influenced by factors such as architecture, training data size, and data quality. The lowest accuracy, occurring at the beginning of training, highlights challenges like poor random weight initialization and suboptimal architecture. Conversely, the highest accuracy demonstrates the optimal predictive ability of the model after multiple training iterations. The iterative training process refines the model's accuracy over time, with initial challenges paving the way for a better understanding of the data for future improvements. In the subsequent analysis and system development phase, two algorithms are compared to assess the effectiveness of the CNN algorithm in Kanji character recognition. Testing is conducted at various complexity levels to systematically evaluate accuracy. This testing involves complexity levels at each Kanji character level to assess system accuracy. The developed model shows potential for real-time classification of Kanji characters, with a focus on error rate and accuracy during training and testing. The built model can essentially be used to evaluate the ability to recognize Kanji characters effectively. The model's performance can be assessed based on the error rate and accuracy achieved during the training and testing processes.

Stakeholder-driven Design and Exploration of Sociotechnical Systems using Virtual-Reality

With ever-shorter product and technology lifecycles, companies are pressured to shorten the time-to-market for new products. This requires faster and more agile design processes both in product development and in setting up new production environments. Technological advances in the field of immersive technologies, such as extended-reality, provide tools to address these challenges and increase process agility. One tool is virtual prototyping. Virtual prototyping enables the involvement of users and other stakeholders early in the development process. Currently, the use of virtual prototypes is largely limited to design reviews and assessments of existing system concepts. Inspired by the paradigms of creative collaboration (co-creation) and exploration, we have developed a participatory design method where users and other stakeholders can explore and directly adapt virtual prototypes within the virtual environment to find the optimal design concept. In this paper, we present an exploratory and stakeholder-driven design paradigm and its application in the context of two industrial use-cases in product development and production training. We illustrate how virtual exploration environments can be built, how the exploration and design process is orchestrated with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders, and how the results and findings can be utilized in later system development phases.

Integrated approach to the concept of “internet governance”: establishment of information systems with the use of ai tools and ensuring their development

This article offers a review of the concepts of “Internet Governance”, as well as the role of information systems and advanced technologies in them. The article attempts to analyze the barriers and threats in this direction, as well as to identify a qualitatively new pattern (“phase pattern”) of information systems in the Internet space and integrate it into the concept of “Internet Governance”. Threats such as Darknet “dark internet”, “blockchain” opposition, instability of internet connection, etc. are also given. The author cited the existing analytics on the concept of “Internet Governance”, and also formulated theoretical and applied regularity, which is important to take into account in the further development of information systems and risk assessment in the formation of international information ecosystem with the use of advanced technologies. The article provides normative-legal mechanisms of the concept realization and substantiation of its significance in the conditions of legal uncertainty. The phases of information systems development are considered in detail, as well as the characteristic features of each phase and their role in the formation of information systems. The author cited generalizing documents on the concepts of “Internet Governance” to substantiate his positions, and also considered the possibilities of information systems development, taking into account the individual national experience (operation of the “Gostech” system and other ecosystems). The article attempts to highlight the system-wide approach to information systems and the possibility of their reaching the international level within the framework of the general concept of “Internet Governance”.

Light activates Ube3a, an Angelman syndrome-associated gene, by mediating the chromatin structures during postnatal development of mouse retina.

Angelman syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, is primarily caused by mutations or deletions of maternally inherited ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). Activation of the silenced paternal copy of UBE3A can occur with pharmacological perturbation; however, an environmental approach has not been examined. Here, we found Ube3a is highly expressed in embryonic and early neonatal mouse retina and is maternally-, but not paternally-, expressed in ganglion cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells. Moreover, we analyzed UBE3A expression in the retina and visual cortex of postnatal day 28 mice (P28) following exposure to light emissions from white compact-fluorescent bulbs or blue light-emitting diodes from postnatal day 0 (P0) to 28 (P28), encompassing a crucial phase of visual system development. We found higher levels of Ube3a RNA and protein in the retina, but not visual cortex compared with tissues from P28 mice exposure to typical lighting (controls). Levels of both paternal- and maternal-UBE3A protein in mouse retina were higher than controls in P28 mice exposed to white or blue light. Moreover, levels of open and repressive chromatin structures, indicated by histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), respectively, were increased in the Ube3a promoter from mouse retina exposed to white or blue light. Our findings strongly suggest that extended exposure to white or blue light constitutes a substantial environmental factor that can effectively promote UBE3A expression within the central nervous system.

A UCB-Based Tree Search Approach to Joint Verification-Correction Strategy for Large-Scale Systems

Verification planning is a sequential decision-making problem that specifies a set of verification activities (VAs) and correction activities (CAs) at different phases of system development. While VAs are used to identify errors and defects, CAs also play important roles in system verification as they correct the identified errors and defects. However, current planning methods only consider VAs as decision choices. Because VAs and CAs have different activity spaces, planning a joint verification-correction strategy (JVCS) is challenging, especially for large-scale systems. Here, we introduce a UCB-based tree search approach to search for near-optimal JVCSs. First, verification planning is simplified as repeatable bandit problems and an upper confidence bound rule for repeatable bandits (UCBRBs) is presented with the optimal regret bound. Next, a tree search algorithm is proposed to search for feasible JVCSs. A tree-based ensemble learning model is also used to extend the tree search algorithm to handle local optimality issues. The proposed approach is evaluated on the notional case of a communication system.

Semantic web oriented personalized electronic commerce product suggestion system

With the studies on semantic web technology, the interest in this technology has increased over time. Today, the importance of data has increased to be used for purposes such as optimization, increasing user experience and improving. This increase has brought with it the need for readability of data. At this point, the semantic web has increased the readability of information by putting large data sets in a format that machines can interpret like humans. In this study, an electronic commerce system has been developed that can suggest related products to users by making use of the literature review in which semantic web technology is used. In the system development phase, firstly accepted ontology creation methods were examined, and a method was selected to create the needed ontology. Within the scope of the study, first, the capabilities of the semantic web to meet the technological needs are introduced. Then the semantic web and the technologies used in it are explained. In addition, the tools needed to develop applications with the semantic web are explained. Application development steps are explained in the study. Information about the successfully developed system is given and thus the use of semantic web is exemplified. Finally, suggestions were shared to improve the designed system. Due to the rapid developments in electronic commerce in recent years, it can be stated that this study is important.

Simulative Investigation of Optimal Multiparameterized Cooling Plate Topologies for Different Battery System Configurations

To design an effective battery thermal management system, multiple simulations with different levels of modeling, physics, and details are generally needed. However, complex and high‐resolution models are time‐consuming, both in terms of buildup and in computation time. Especially the fast‐moving early‐stage development phases demand all‐in‐one model approaches allowing for quick and efficient concept evaluations. To meet these requirements, herein, a lumped‐mass modeling approach is proposed and a methodology for evaluating various liquid cooling plate topologies is derived. The framework aims to assist the volatile concept phase of battery system development in providing multidimensionally optimized cooling plate topologies. A novel modeling strategy preselects plate parameters using a reduction procedure that couples the transient models’ accuracy with the steady‐state models’ computation time advantages. The results analyze different initial battery geometries, indicating significant deviations in their optimized cooling plate properties. Plate topologies are varied between their main construction design parameters: tube size and tube‐to‐tube distance. In addition to battery's mean temperature, further meaningful parameters like resulting volume flow are evaluated, compared, and discussed for the entire set of battery geometries. Subsequent sensitivity analyses show geometry‐related optimal plate topologies depending on the cooling circuit performance, stressing the necessity for early‐stage cooling plate investigations.

An early-phase design process to enable long-term flexibility in assembly systems

Assembly systems require to be designed considering flexibility from a holistic perspective to produce the variety of current and future product generations. Reactive ad hoc changes after realizing both the product and assembly system designs require considerable effort and may even be impossible. A systematic collaborative approach that concurrently considers the early phases of product and assembly system development appears to be essential for working with long-term changes. To this end, a greater understanding of the working procedures and design activities concerning flexibility is required. In this paper, this is investigated based on a theoretical framework and a multiple case study at a world-leading manufacturer of heavy-duty vehicles. As a result, a developed early phase design process to enable long-term flexibility in assembly systems is presented. The theoretical implications provided and the findings are also relevant to those involved in the design process of flexible assembly systems.

Drosophila postembryonic nervous system development: a model for the endocrine control of development.

During postembryonic life, hormones, including ecdysteroids, juvenile hormones, insulin-like peptides, and activin/TGFβ ligands act to transform the larval nervous system into an adult version, which is a fine-grained mosaic of recycled larval neurons and adult-specific neurons. Hormones provide both instructional signals that make cells competent to undergo developmental change and timing cues to evoke these changes across the nervous system. While touching on all the above hormones, our emphasis is on the ecdysteroids, ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). These are the prime movers of insect molting and metamorphosis and are involved in all phases of nervous system development, including neurogenesis, pruning, arbor outgrowth, and cell death. Ecdysteroids appear as a series of steroid peaks that coordinate the larval molts and the different phases of metamorphosis. Each peak directs a stereotyped cascade of transcription factor expression. The cascade components then direct temporal programs of effector gene expression, but the latter vary markedly according to tissue and life stage. The neurons read the ecdysteroid titer through various isoforms of the ecdysone receptor, a nuclear hormone receptor. For example, at metamorphosis the pruning of larval neurons is mediated through the B isoforms, which have strong activation functions, whereas subsequent outgrowth is mediated through the A isoform through which ecdysteroids play a permissive role to allow local tissue interactions to direct outgrowth. The major circulating ecdysteroid can also change through development. During adult development ecdysone promotes early adult patterning and differentiation while its metabolite, 20E, later evokes terminal adult differentiation.

In mice and humans, brain microvascular contractility matures postnatally.

Although great efforts to characterize the embryonic phase of brain microvascular system development have been made, its postnatal maturation has barely been described. Here, we compared the molecular and functional properties of brain vascular cells on postnatal day (P)5 vs. P15, via a transcriptomic analysis of purified mouse cortical microvessels (MVs) and the identification of vascular-cell-type-specific or -preferentially expressed transcripts. We found that endothelial cells (EC), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and fibroblasts (FB) follow specific molecular maturation programs over this time period. Focusing on VSMCs, we showed that the arteriolar VSMC network expands and becomes contractile resulting in a greater cerebral blood flow (CBF), with heterogenous developmental trajectories within cortical regions. Samples of the human brain cortex showed the same postnatal maturation process. Thus, the postnatal phase is a critical period during which arteriolar VSMC contractility required for vessel tone and brain perfusion is acquired and mature.

Semantics-based privacy by design for Internet of Things applications

As Internet of Things (IoT) technologies become more widespread in everyday life, privacy issues are becoming more prominent. The aim of this research is to develop a personal assistant that can answer software engineers’ questions about Privacy by Design (PbD) practices during the design phase of IoT system development. Semantic web technologies are used to model the knowledge underlying PbD measurements, their intersections with privacy patterns, IoT system requirements and the privacy patterns that should be applied across IoT systems. This is achieved through the development of the PARROT ontology, developed through a set of representative IoT use cases relevant for software developers. This was supported by gathering Competency Questions (CQs) through a series of workshops, resulting in 81 curated CQs. These CQs were then recorded as SPARQL queries, and the developed ontology was evaluated using the Common Pitfalls model with the help of the Protégé HermiT Reasoner and the Ontology Pitfall Scanner (OOPS!), as well as evaluation by external experts. The ontology was assessed within a user study that identified that the PARROT ontology can answer up to 58% of privacy-related questions from software engineers.