Pharyngeal Cancer Research Articles

Chemical Characterization of Different Extracts of Justicia secunda Vahl and Determination of Their Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Enzymatic, Anti-Viral, and Cytotoxic Properties.

Justicia secunda Vahl. is a traditional medicinal plant in tropical regions, including West Africa. The present study examined the chemical profiles and biological properties of J. secunda extracts obtained with different solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous: macerated and infused). Chemical components were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and over 50 compounds were identified, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. Antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic, and antiviral properties were selected as biological properties. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol (58.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 13.07 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g) and water (infused) (36.34 mg GAE/g and 8.52 mg RE/g) were higher than in other extracts. Consistent with the levels of total bioactive components, the methanol and water extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant abilities. However, the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts were more active on α-amylase and α-glucosidase than other extracts. Aqueous extracts exerted selective anticancer properties toward human pharyngeal cancer cell lines, whereas the methanolic extract decreased the human herpesvirus type-1 (HHV-1) infectious titer by 2.16 log and the viral load by 1.21 log. Overall, J. secunda could be considered a multifunctional bioactive raw material in the preparation of potent applications to manage diseases related to oxidative stress, including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's.

Prognostic Significance of the Post-Treatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Pharyngeal Cancers Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

Even though the pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are well-established prognosticators in various cancers including head and neck cancers, there have been relatively few studies on the clinical significance of the post-treatment values. This study aimed to investigate the changes in NLR and PLR after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and to evaluate their prognostic significance in pharyngeal cancers. This study was retrospectively conducted on 461 consecutive patients with primary pharyngeal cancer who had received definitive CCRT. Blood test results before and after CCRT were obtained, and the pre- and post-treatment NLR and PLR were calculated. Patient prognosis was evaluated based on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). After CCRT, the NLR increased from 2.01 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.53-2.62) to 2.69 (IQR, 1.93-3.81), and the PLR increased from 118.84 (IQR, 92.61-151.63) to 193.19 (IQR, 146.28-262.46). Along with high pre-treatment NLR and high pre-treatment PLR, high post-treatment NLR was also significantly associated with worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). In addition, patients with a high ΔNLR (i.e., the difference between pre- and post-treatment NLRs) had significantly worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). However, only a high pre-treatment NLR (hazard ratio (HR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-4.08; p = 0.014), age (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.14-4.08; p = 0.018), and stage IV (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.15-3.89; p = 0.017) were independent prognostic factors for OS in the multivariate analysis. In patients with pharyngeal cancers, following CCRT, the NLR and PLR increased significantly from pre-treatment values. Like the pre-treatment NLR and PLR, a high post-treatment NLR and a significant increase in NLR were also associated with poor prognosis. Further prospective studies are required to prove the independent significance of the post-treatment NLR and PLR.

A prospective evaluation of postoperative swallowing function and dysphagia following endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery.

Endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery (ELPS) is a minimally invasive transoral surgery for superficial pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer, but dysphagia occasionally occurs post-treatment. We investigated dysphagia following ELPS and its risk factors. Of the 145 patients who underwent ELPS, 92 were evaluated in this study using the Hyodo score, Functional Outcome Swallowing Scale, Eating Assessment Tool-10 along with the total scores for the three items of the method of intake, time, and food preoperatively and on postoperative 1, 3, and 6months. We examined the 6-month trends of these values. Furthermore, the fasting period post-surgery, the need for swallowing rehabilitation by a speech therapist, and postoperative pneumonia episodes were set as outcomes reflecting the short-term swallowing function. We determined the associations between these outcomes and patient background factors. Postoperatively, the Hyodo score worsened at 1month but recovered at 3months. The Hyodo scores of all patients who underwent postcricoid ELPS did not worsen. The diameter of the resected specimen (DRS) was significantly associated with the need for swallowing rehabilitation and postoperative fasting time. A DRS ≥ 35mm was considered the threshold for the need of swallowing rehabilitation, postoperative pneumonia, and prolonged postoperative fasting time. ELPS exerts a temporal and limited impact on the swallowing function, which recovers within 3months in every swallowing evaluation. This necessitates additional care during the treatment of patients with mucosal defects ≥ 35mm, owing to the significant association between the DRS and short-term swallowing function.

Perceptions about human papillomavirus vaccine and oropharyngeal cancers, and the role of dental care providers in human papillomavirus prevention among US adults

BackgroundThe authors examined adults’ perceptions about the importance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in preventing oropharyngeal cancers and dental care providers’ role in HPV prevention and identified associated factors. MethodsAdults (≥ 18 years) completed a national survey of consumer and patient attitudes, experiences, and behaviors on oral health. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression models determined associations between perceptions regarding HPV and attitudes toward dental care providers’ role and HPV knowledge, HPV vaccine recommendation, and sociodemographic characteristics. ResultsOne in 3 adults (32.8%; n = 5,320) said the HPV vaccine was very important, 1 in 2 said it was somewhat important (48.1%), and 1 in 5 said it was not important (19.1%) in preventing mouth and throat cancers. More than one-half (56.7%) of adults had positive perceptions about dental care providers’ role in HPV education and were comfortable discussing the HPV vaccine with a dental care provider (59.4%). Adults with knowledge about HPV and oral health linkage and those who received HPV vaccine recommendation from a dental care provider had 2.0 to 2.5 times higher odds of reporting positively for all 3 outcomes (P < .001). ConclusionsMost adults are comfortable discussing HPV and the HPV vaccine with their oral health care provider. Perceptions about the HPV vaccine’s importance in preventing oropharyngeal cancers and the role of dental care providers in HPV prevention can be improved by means of increasing adults’ knowledge about the relationship between HPV and oral health. Practical ImplicationsDental care providers’ engagement in HPV conversations with patients may increase their knowledge about the HPV and oral health linkage and their understanding of the role of the HPV vaccine in preventing oropharyngeal cancers.

Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and site-specific cancer mortality: A difference-in-differences analysis in Jiangsu province, China

BackgroundAccumulating studies have reported that chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can lead to adverse effects on lung cancer mortality; however, such chronic effects are less clear for mortality from other site-specific cancers. ObjectiveTo explore the causal effect of long-term PM2.5 exposure on mortality from all-site and a variety of site-specific cancers in Jiangsu province, China during 2015–2020 using a difference-in-differences analysis. MethodsFor each of 53 county-based spatial units in Jiangsu province, we calculated annual death counts for all-site cancer and 23 site-specific cancers. Using a validated high-resolution PM2.5 grid dataset, long-term PM2.5 exposure of a spatial unit within a given year was evaluated as the average of population-weighted annual concentrations during recent 10 years. Conditional Poisson regression models were employed to evaluate exposure-response associations adjusting for spatial and temporal variables, seasonal temperatures, relative humidity, and gross domestic product (GDP). ResultsDuring the study period, we identified 947,337 adult cancer deaths in Jiangsu province. Each 1 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with a 2.7% increase in the risk of all-site cancer mortality. PM2.5-mortality associations were also observed in cancer of lip, oral cavity and pharynx, stomach, colorectum, pancreas, lung, bone and joints, ovary, prostate, and lymphoma (all adjusted P < 0.05), with the relative risks ranging from 1.028 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.011, 1.046) for stomach cancer to 1.201 (95% CI: 1.120, 1.308) for bone and joints cancers. Exposure-response curves showed that these associations were close to linearity, though most of them had increasing slopes at high exposure levels. Overall, women and subjects in low GDP regions were more vulnerable to PM2.5 exposures. ConclusionsLong-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 contributes to a higher risk of mortality from multiple site-specific cancers.

Estimation of Oncologic Surgery Case Volume Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in France

COVID-19 has had a major effect on health care activities, especially surgery. At first, comparisons were proposed using 2019 activities as the highest standard. However, while such an approach might have been suitable during the first months of the pandemic, this might no longer be the case for a longer period. To examine approaches that may better assess the use of cancer surgeries. In a cross-sectional design, the nationwide French hospital facility data (Medicalised Information System Program) were used to assess cancer surgery for 6 cancer site categories in adults from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021. Estimated cancer surgery activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three models were proposed to assess the expected number of surgical procedures between 2020 and 2021 and make a comparison with those observed in earlier years. In France, cancer removal surgeries account for approximately 7000 hospitalizations per year for liver cancer; 4000 for pancreatic cancer; 7700 for ovarian cancer; 1300 for esophagus cancer; 23 000 for ear, nose, and throat (ENT) cancer; 78 000 for breast cancer; and 16 600 for thoracic cancers. For most cancer sites, the number of surgical procedures increased from 2010 to 2019: liver, 14%; pancreas, 38%; ovary, 14%; esophagus, 18%; breast, 8%; and thoracic, 29%. Assuming stability, these values underestimate the gap in activity observed in 2020-2021. For other procedures, a decrease was observed: stomach, -10%, and ENT, -6%. Assuming stability, these values overestimate the gap in activity observed in 2020-2021. At the end of 2021, according to the model, the gap in activity observed in 2020-2021 was estimated at between -1.4% and 1.7% for breast, -6.6% and -7.3% for thoracic, -3.1% and -2.5% for ovarian, -4.2% and -1.7% for pancreas, -6.7% and 5.9% for stomach, and -13.0% and -13.9% for esophageal cancers. For ENT, liver, and urologic cancers, because the trend was different before and after 2015, it was necessary to opt for modeling using only the most recent period. The cumulative gap in activity observed in 2020-2021 was estimated at -1.0% for ENT cancers, -5.3% for liver cancers, and -2.9% for urologic cancers. The findings of this study suggest that short- and medium-term trends must be considered to estimate COVID-19 cancer surgery activities. Breast cancer is the site for which the activity showed the smallest decrease during the pandemic, with almost full recovery in 2021.

Identification of immunocell infiltrates and effective diagnostic biomarkers in laryngeal carcinoma.

Laryngeal cancer (LC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the head and neck. Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common cancers of the neck and head, and its prognosis has always been poor. The incidence of LC increased gradually and showed an early rising trend. Laryngeal cancer is rarely studied in relation to immunity, Malignant tumors will change the state of the human body in various ways to adapt to their own survival and avoid the immune system. This study aims to explore the immune molecular mechanism of laryngeal cancer through bioinformatics analysis. The gene expression data was downloaded for 3 microarray datasets: GSE27020, GSE59102, and GSE51985. CIBERSORT algorithm was performed to evaluate immune cell infiltration in tissues between LC and healthy control (HC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Functional correlation of DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Candidate biomarkers were identified by cytoHubba of Cytoscape. Spearman correlations between the above biomarkers and infiltrating immune cells were explored using R software analysis. The immune cell types of LC and HC were significantly different. Twenty-one DEGs were obtained by cross-screening. The function of DEGs is closely related to the number of immune cells. Five central genes (TNNT3, TNNI2, Desmin, matrix metallopeptidase 9 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4) were screened. The HUB gene was demonstrated to have the ability to diagnose LC and HC with good specificity and sensitivity. The correlation between immune cells and biomarkers showed that hub gene was positively correlated with macrophages and dendritic cells, and negatively correlated with CD4 + T cell. TNNT3, TNNI2, Desmin, matrix metallopeptidase 9 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 can be used as diagnostic biomarker for LC. Macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4 + T cell may participate in the occurrence and development of LC.

Suicide Risk Among Individuals Diagnosed With Cancer in the US, 2000-2016

Individuals diagnosed with cancer have elevated suicide risks compared with the general population. National estimates of suicide risks among individuals with cancer are lacking in the US, and knowledge about risk factors is limited. To provide contemporary estimates of suicide risks associated with cancer and to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with suicide risks among individuals diagnosed with cancer. A population-based cohort of individuals diagnosed with cancer from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2016, from 43 states in the US were followed up through December 31, 2016. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated adjusting for attained age at death, sex, and race and ethnicity groups to compare suicide risks in the cancer cohort vs the general US population. Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to identify cancer-specific risk factors of suicide among the cancer cohort. Analyses were conducted from October 27, 2020, to May 13, 2022. The main outcomes were risk of suicide death compared with the general population, measured by the standardized mortality ratio; and risk of suicide death associated with sociodemographic and clinical factors among individuals with cancer. Diagnosis of cancer. Among a total of 16 771 397 individuals with cancer, 8 536 814 (50.9%) were 65 years or older at cancer diagnosis, 8 645 631 (51.5%) were male, 13 149 273 (78.4%) were non-Hispanic White, and 20 792 (0.1%) died from suicide. The overall SMR for suicide was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.24-1.28), with a decreasing trend (from an SMR of 1.67 [95% CI, 1.47-1.88] in 2000 to 1.16 [95% CI, 1.11-1.21] in 2016). Compared with the general population, elevated suicide risks were observed in the cancer cohort across all sociodemographic groups, with particularly high SMRs among Hispanic individuals (SMR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.38-1.58), Medicaid-insured individuals (SMR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.61-1.84), Medicare-insured individuals 64 years or younger (SMR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.80-2.07), or uninsured individuals (SMR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.53-1.80). Moreover, the highest SMR was observed in the first 6 months after the cancer diagnosis (SMR, 7.19; 95% CI, 6.97-7.41). Among individuals diagnosed with cancer, relatively higher suicide risks (ie, hazard ratios) were observed for cancer types with a poor prognosis and high symptom burden in the first 2 years after diagnosis, including cancers of oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, brain and other nervous system, pancreas, and lung. After 2 years, individuals with cancers subject to long-term quality-of-life impairments, such as oral cavity and pharynx, leukemia, female breast, uterine, and bladder, had higher suicide risks. In this cohort study of individuals with cancer, elevated suicide risks remained despite a decreasing trend during the past 2 decades. Suicide risks varied by sociodemographic and clinical factors. Timely symptom management and targeted psychosocial interventions are warranted for suicide prevention in individuals diagnosed with cancer.

Laryngeal-preservation surgery in laryngeal cancer

After oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer is the third most common malignant tumor in the head and neck region. According to the current German S3 guideline on the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of laryngeal cancer, larynx-preserving surgical interventions are part of the standard treatment of this disease, even in advanced tumor stages. However, in order to achieve the desired function-preserving effect, an exact indication is of crucial importance. In this article, the most important larynx-preserving interventions and their indications but also the respective contraindications are presented, with the aim of illuminating the surgical treatment options up to just before total laryngectomy.

Risk factors for incomplete resection with pharyngeal endoscopic submucosal dissection and long-term prognosis after resection

BackgroundAdvances in endoscopic imaging technology have led to an increase in detection of superficial pharyngeal squamous carcinoma. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been reported to be effective for the treatment of these lesions, however there is still insufficient evidence on the long-term results of pharyngeal ESD.MethodsThis is a single-center retrospective study of all cases of superficial pharyngeal cancer that underwent ESD as primary treatment between January 2010 and May 2022. A total of 83 lesions in 63 patients were analyzed.ResultsThe en bloc resection rate was 100%, and R0 resection rate was 59.0%, with an adverse event rate of 6.0%. During a mean observation period of 1134 days, there were 0 cases of disease-specific metastasis or death. However, the 5-year cumulative incidence of metachronous head and neck cancer after resection was 27.1% and the 5-year overall survival and 10-year overall survival after pharyngeal ESD were 87.0% and 69.6%, respectively. Of the 34 cases with non-R0 resection, local recurrence occurred in 8.8%. Location of lesion (p = 0.011), disparity between demarcation of the lesion with NBI and iodine staining (p = 0.026), and non-effective laryngeal elevation (p = 0.080) were risk factors for non-R0 resection.ConclusionPharyngeal ESD is effective and safe. Further studies are needed to improve and standardize indications and strategies for pharyngeal ESD.

Qualitative analysis to identify determinants of use among different occupational settings and channels of communication to address smokeless tobacco use in Sri Lanka.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is a leading cause for oral and pharyngeal cancers in the Southeast Asian region which leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. This study aims to Identify the determinants of use and channels of communication to address smokeless tobacco use among specific user groups in Sri Lanka. The study uses a qualitative approach with purposive, snowballing sampling among groups. Specific high-risk demographic and occupational groups that are known to have high prevalence of SLT use were identified in five of the 25 administrative districts of Sri Lanka, were approached. Sixty-two in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions were carried out among different occupational groups in five districts. Thematic analysis coding each reported determinants and communication methods was carried out. Users of SLT of different groups revealed different determinants of use. Some of the determinants were common to several groups. When investigated the preferred methods to address SLT, it is found that the media use was also different among these groups. All preferred group level awareness programmes to individual level awareness programmes. Most groups watch specific television channels at specific times of the day. Most groups stated that they accepted the messages of religious leaders and cancer victim groups. Radio and newspapers were used rarely by these groups that were studied. Smart phones were used only by urban youth and others used basic mobile phones only for calling. Different risk groups were identified allowing preparation of an overall communication approach to address use of SLT. The findings here Identify determinants of use and the communication approaches that can be used to prepare an effective communication strategy to address SLT use among different and sometimes hidden groups in resource poor settings in low a middle-income country.

The Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus Infections and Association with Oro-Pharyngeal Cancers among Tertiary Students in Ghana

Studies have shown sufficient evidence to associate a subtype of Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 with oro- pharyngeal cancers and these organisms are typically transmitted through sexual contact making HPV the world’s most common sexually transmitted infection. Fortunately, quadrivalent and bivalent vaccines for HPV infections have shown some evidence of effectiveness in reducing the incidence of oro-pharyngeal cancers (OPC). The knowledge level of people concerning HPV infection, related cancers and vaccines can influence the incidence and prevalence of the infection and its consequences.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection using an ultrathin endoscope for superficial pharyngeal cancer: a prospective feasibility study (with video).

Background and study aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of pharyngeal cancers with conventional endoscopes often is difficult, not only because of the narrow working space, but also because endoscope maneuverability in the pharynx is poor due to interference from the endotracheal tube and/or hyoid bone. However, we hypothesized that those problems could possibly be resolved by use of an ultrathin endoscope for ESD of superficial pharyngeal cancer. The aim of this prospective interventional study was to investigate the feasibility of ESD for superficial pharyngeal cancer using an ultrathin endoscope. Patients and methods This feasibility study was conducted at NTT Medical Center Tokyo between June 2020 and September 2021, and data from a total of 20 consecutively superficial pharyngeal cancers were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was the R0 resection rate. The ESD completion rate, en bloc resection rate, procedure time, and frequency of intraoperative and postoperative adverse events (AEs) were also evaluated as secondary outcome measures. Results Data from 16 patients with 20 lesions were included in the analysis. All of the lesions were successfully resected by ultrathin endoscope ESD, and the en bloc and R0 resection rates were 100 % and 85.0 % (17/20), respectively; the procedure time was 37.8 ± 28.2 minutes. No intraoperative or postoperative AEs were encountered in any cases. Conclusions ESD using an ultrathin endoscope is feasible for superficial pharyngeal cancers and has potential to be a safe and effective treatment option for these cancers.

NLP and oral health information.

NLP and oral health information.

Trend incidencije i mortaliteta od karcinoma usana, usta, ždrela i druge lokalizacije u centralnoj Srbiji u periodu od 1999. do 2020. godine

Introduction: Cancer is causing death in countries with more or less economic development, and it is expected that the burden will grow worldwide, especially in countries with less developed populations, where about 82% of the global population lives. The aim of this study was to present and estimate trends in incidence, mortality rate and MIR of malignant neoplasm of otherand ill-defined sites of lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer in Central Serbia from 1999 to 2020. Material and methods: The registry-based study was conducted using the data from the publically accessible Yearbooks of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia: Incidence and Mortality in Central Serbia, from 1999 to 2020. Joinpoint regression was used to determine the trend and annual percentage change (APC) of the incidence and mortality rate with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total number of 558 cases (436men and 122women) of other and ill-defined lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer sites registered in Central Serbia from 1999 to 2020. The crude rate (CR) and age-standardized rate (ASR-W) of incidence in males increased (p&lt;0.001, for both) during the study period with APC of 4.8% and 9.0%, respectively. The crude rate (CR) and age-standardized rate (ASR-W) of mortality in males decreased (p&lt;0.001, for both) during the study period with APC of -7.5%, and -7.2%, respectively. The mortality rate decrease was followed by the decline in MIR between 2001 and 2020 with anAPC of -5.6 (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Our results reveal that the incidence of other and ill-defined lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer sites in Central Serbia increased through the study period. The mortality rate and MIR for this cancer decreased during 22 years.

Cancers Attributable to Smoking and Obesity in Turkey: a population-based study

Objective: Cancers are the second most common cause of mortality following cardiovascular diseases in Turkey. Tobacco and obesity are the two major etiological factors for cancer progression, which are highly prevalent in Turkey. This study aimed to evaluate the new cancer cases in Turkey attributable to these two main risk factors. Material and methods: The tobacco-related cancers based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs were esophagus, oral cavity, gastric, pancreatic, larynx, lung, renal, and bladder cancers, and the obesity-related cancers based on the IARC's and World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Continuous Update Project's reports were esophagus, colon, rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, ovary, endometrium, and breast cancers. The cancer incidences were obtained from the national cancer statistics. A lag time of at least 10 years was regarded adequate to observe the effects of past exposures on the new cancer cases. Prevalence of tobacco smoking was based on Peto-Lopez approach, and the obesity prevalence was obtained from the National Burden of Disease and Cost-Effectiveness Project Household Survey, 2003 Report in Turkey. Using these incidence and prevalence data, we estimated the population-attributable fractions (PAF) of cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Turkey. Results: For tobacco-related cancers, the highest PAFs were found in lung cancer (89.8%), larynx cancer (86%), oral cavity and pharynx cancer (77.2%) in males, and larynx cancer (46.5%), lung cancer (43%), and esophagus cancer (31.4%) in females. For obesity-related cancers, the highest PAFs were found in esophagus adenocarcinoma (31.4%), kidney cancer (19.8%), gallbladder cancer (15.1%) in males, and esophagus adenocarcinoma (33.9%), endometrium cancer (32.8%), and postmenopausal breast cancer (22.8%) in females. When all tobacco-related cancers were considered, 41283 cases in males and 3853 cases in females were attributable to tobacco smoking, and when all obesity-related cancer types were considered, the number of attributable cancer cases to obesity was 2653 in men and 7387 in women Conclusion: The current situation of avoidable cancer burden in Turkey shows that eliminating the tobacco smoking and obesity may result with preventing more than 50000 cancer cases in Turkey.

Advanced smokeless stove towards green environment and for sustainable development of rural women

Maximum family members in India are using traditional stoves to prepare their three meals per day. Generally, raw wood, cow dung and rice husk are the main fuels for running traditional stoves. Due to improper design of conventional stoves, incomplete combustion of fuel occurs which creates air pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 4 million people die prematurely each year from diseases caused by indoor air pollution caused by inefficient eating practices. The survey also found that 60% to 70% of rural women are suffering from throat cancer and most of them are respiratory system problem. Accordingly, the AYUSH Department of the Government of India found that most of the deaths during the Corona period were due to failure of the respiratory system. To solve the problem of air pollution from traditional home stoves. We have developed a smokeless stove that uses wood as primary fuel and superheated steam as secondary fuel. Due to supply of hot steam, the built-in stove is used for household and community purposes. The main objective of this work is to establish complete combustion of fuel, provide a smoke free environment and thereby reduce health hazards in rural households, especially among women.

RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER PATHOLOGY

The aim of the study is comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer in the total burden of death. Materials and methods: A comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer within the overall burden of deaths was carried out based on the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), data from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine. The methods of comparative analysis, systematic approach and system analysis, bibliosemantic and medical-statistical methods were used. Results: Higher attributable risk of death in most nosological forms of cancer among the population of Ukraine (bronchial, tracheal and lung cancer, laryn-geal, pharyngeal, lip and esophageal cancer) have been observed. Behavioral factors at the level of Ukraine, compared to the world level, are characterized by signi!cantly higher rates of attributable risk with regard to tobacco smoking (cancer of the larynx, pharynx, lower lip, esophagus) and alcohol consumption (pharynx, liver, lower lip). Environmental and occupational factors in Ukraine do not exceed the global exposure rates, and are lower for some cancer nosol-ogies, namely bronchial, tracheal, lung and laryngeal cancer. Unlike global trends, metabolic factors prevail among the mortality risks of patients with liver, esophageal, uterine and kidney cancer in Ukraine. Conclusions: Behavioral, occupational, environmental and metabolic risk factors for cancer mortality have high attributable risk. Behavioral risk factors for cancer mortality have the most pronounced impact both globally and in Ukraine, and notably, for the majority of nosological forms of cancer in Ukraine mortality risks are higher compared to the global data.

LSD1 silencing inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of hypopharyngeal cancer cells by inducing autophagy and pyroptosis.

Hypopharyngeal cancer is a subtype of the head and neck malignancies. We aimed to explore the role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) in the progression of hypopharyngeal cancer and to identify the potential mechanisms. First, LSD1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues and the correlation between LSD1 and the stage of HNSC were analyzed by the University of ALabama at Birmingham CANcer data analysis Portal (UALCAN). Following LSD1 silencing, proliferation of pharyngeal cancer cell line FaDu cells was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Wounding healing and transwell assays were used to measure the capacities of migration and invasion. In addition, expression of proteins related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and pyroptosis was tested by Western blot analysis or immunofluorescence. After treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor MCC950, the malignant biological properties were measured again. High LSD1 expression was observed in HNSC tissues, which was correlated with stage. LSD1 knockdown significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of hypopharyngeal cancer cells. Moreover, autophagy and pyroptosis were induced by LSD1 depletion, observed by the enhanced fluorescence intensity of LC3, gasdermin-D (GSDMD)-N, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), accompanied by upregulated expression of LC3II/LC3I, Beclin-1, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase 1, ASC, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 and downregulated expression of p62. Importantly, 3-MA or MCC950 addition obviously reversed the inhibitory effects of LSD1 silencing on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of hypopharyngeal cancer cells. To sum up, LSD1 silencing could restrain the progression of hypopharyngeal cancer cells by inducing autophagy and pyroptosis.

Paradigm Shift in Design of Tongue Condoms for Genitals or Anal Foreplay and Oral Intercourse: The Game Changer ApproachPhase four Category

Paradigm Shift in Design of Tongue Condoms for Genitals or Anal Foreplay and Oral Intercourse: The Game Changer ApproachPhase four Category