Pharmacy Organizations Research Articles

Symposium on roles of and cooperation between academic- and practice-based pharmacy clinicians

The findings of an academic symposium as they relate to the history and role of the academic pharmacy clinician, the strengths and limitations of the academic pharmacy clinician model, and the framework for future synergistic work relations among clinical pharmacy practitioners are summarized. On April 23, 2008, a symposium was convened to bring key thought leaders together to discuss the relationship of the academic-based pharmacy clinician and the practice-based pharmacy clinician. Participants included clinical faculty and administrators from two colleges of pharmacy, practice-based clinical pharmacists and pharmacy managers from seven health care institutions, and representatives from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Symposium participants discussed the roles and expectations of clinical pharmacists based on primary affiliation within the contemporary practice model for academic- and practice-based pharmacy clinicians and identified sources of conflict for academic- and practice-based pharmacy clinicians. Symposium participants agreed that in order to succeed, the academic-based and the practice-based pharmacy clinicians must function in a true partnership as each individual has strengths, resources, and benefits to bring to the relationship. Furthermore, knowledge, consideration, and an understanding of the potentially different goals and objectives of each institution are critical. A symposium attended by clinical faculty members and administrators from two colleges of pharmacy, practice-based clinical pharmacists and pharmacy managers from seven health care institutions, and representatives from three national pharmacy organizations was conducted to discuss the roles of and cooperation between academic- and practice-based pharmacy clinicians.

Are Pharmacists the Ultimate Barrier to Pharmacy Practice Change?

for pharmacists to provide “optimal drug therapy outcomes for Canadians through patient-centred care” has been accepted by all Canadian pharmacy organizations. This means a shift from dispensing and technical duties to a particular focus on services that improve patient outcomes. However, practice change of this nature has been discussed for many years, and few programs have been fully successful or sustainable over the long term.

Opportunities and responsibilities for pharmacists on short-term medical mission teams

BackgroundAmerican medical mission teams commonly travel to developing countries for short-term provision of clinical services. Although medications play an important role in the work of these teams, how to plan and organize a mission field pharmacy has been seldom described in the literature. ObjectiveTo describe pharmacist participation in medical mission work. SummaryGlobal standards and policies, as well as traditional best practices, should be applied to the selection, acquisition, use, and disposition of medications taken into a host country. This report describes the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in planning and organizing a mission pharmacy and in delivering quality pharmacy services in the field. ConclusionPharmacists have an important contribution to make to medical mission teams. Pharmacist knowledge of drug products, regulatory issues, medication storage, dispensing, patient consultation, therapeutic substitution, and pharmacy organization and workflow is ideally suited for mission field work.

Significant publications on infectious diseases pharmacotherapy in 2008

Significant publications on infectious diseases (ID) pharmacotherapy in 2008 were compiled and summarized. On December 31, 2008, the Houston Infectious Diseases Network compiled a listing of published articles identified as having a significant impact on ID pharmacotherapy. The publication period was limited to January 1 through December 31, 2008. Articles were selected based on prior presentations at ID and pharmacy meetings or were listed as major articles in prominent ID journals. Priority was given to articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals and to treatment guidelines endorsed by major medical and pharmacy organizations. A bibliography of 56 articles (40 not related to human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection and 16 related to HIV infection) was distributed to members of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP) via an Internet survey in early January 2009. Members were asked to select 10 publications not related to HIV infection and 1 HIV-related publication that they believed made the greatest contribution to the antimicrobial-related medical literature in 2008. A total of 115 SIDP members participated in the survey. Summaries of the top articles selected, along with an interpretation of their effect on clinical practice, are included. The increasing number of articles in the peer-reviewed medical literature related to the diagnosis and treatment of ID has made it challenging to maintain a contemporary knowledge base of key publications. This summary of significant ID articles published in 2008 can help to alleviate this burden.

Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group International Pediatric Pharmacy and Pharmacology Symposium, 24–26 April 2009; Orlando, Florida, USA†

This milestone meeting, expertly organized by Mr David Knoppert (Scientist, Children’s Health Research Institute, Department of Pharmacy, St Joseph’s Hospital, London, ON, Canada), was the first international symposium on paediatric clinical pharmacy andpharmacology.Over 220paediatric pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists, representing more than 20 countries and all continents, were welcomed by Dr Stuart MacLeod (Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, and Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada) representing the International Alliance for Better Medicines for Children (IABMC). Plenary sessions, lectures, round table discussions and workshops were given/led by an international contingent of experts. The content reflected the interdisciplinary nature of paediatric therapeutics, covering, in addition to clinical pharmacy and pharmacology, drug policy, drug safety, pharmacogenomics, drug regulation, international health, pharmacy education and pharmaceutical formulation science. The themes of the symposium were outreach, translational research and clinical practice. Within this framework, presenters and attendees examined how paediatric pharmacy and pharmacology, through international collaboration, can contribute to optimal drug therapy for the world’s children. The need for multidisciplinary networks through enhanced communication and collaboration was evident throughout the meeting; practitioners, educators and researchers from industry, government and pharmacy organizations emphasised this. Representatives included Dr Agnes Saint Raymond (European Medicines Agency [EMEA]), Ms Sara Arenas (European Society of Clinical Pharmacy [ESCP]),Dr David Hoff (American College of Clinical Pharmacy’s [ACCP] Practice and Research Network [PRN]), Dr John van den Anker (European Society for Developmental Perinatal & Paediatric Pharmacology [ESDPPP]), Dr Michael Christensen (Pediatric Pharmacy AdvocacyGroup [PPAG]),DrGeorge Giacoia (National Institutes of Health [NIH]), Dr Suzanne Hill (WHO), Dr Sharon Conroy (Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group [NPPG]) and Dr Klaus Rose (Roche). They identified specific areas to target, including (i) enhancing undergraduate and graduate training in paediatric pharmacy; (ii) developing a system for data integration and information sharing across countries; (iii) focusing on collaborative research and capacity building of researchers/ clinicians; (iv) increasing the quality of paediatric drug clinical trials in all age groups (including neonates and pregnant women) and increasing the number of multicentre trials to maximize the use of a limited pool of patients; (v) advocacy of paediatric medication issues through government and nongovernment non-profit entities and the pharmaceutical industry; (vi) focusing on formulations, unlicensed use of medications, reference sources and prescription monitoring; (vii) identifying the players (product, supply, research, use, policy, pharmacoepidemiology) and including representatives inmultidisciplinary teams; and (viii) offering knowledge to developing countries and encouraging trained paediatric clinicians to reach out to the remote and underserved. There are both many challenges and opportunities. There is a lot of enthusiasm within the sector but the workload is huge, and paediatric pharmacists and pharmacologists are underrepresented. We need to learn from past mistakes, maximize

Letters

Letters

Letters

Letters

Pharmacy compounding of high-risk level products and patient safety

Issues surrounding pharmacy compounding as well as patient safety concerns surrounding compounding of high-risk level products are discussed. The practice of traditional pharmacy compounding is an established activity of pharmacists that serves a vital function to meet the prescribed medical needs of individual patients. However, legal and regulatory debate concerning the oversight of pharmacy compounding has arisen in recent decades, driven mostly by patient harm that has occurred as a result of compounding errors or deceptive practices. Federal and state government agencies and professional organizations have reported errors in pharmacy compounding, including subpotent and contaminated products that have caused patient harm. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter 797 serves to protect patients by requiring best practice and quality standards for the safe preparation and handling of compounded sterile preparations (CSPs). High-risk level CSPs pose the greatest risk to patients since non-sterile ingredients or containers are used, which mandates final product sterilization prior to dispensing. Pharmacists should understand and comply with federal, state, and USP chapter 797 requirements when preparing CSPs, particularly high-risk level CSPs. Professional pharmacy organizations, such as the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP), continue to support the practice of traditional pharmacy compounding through their guidelines, with patient safety as a central theme. Until the regulatory debate is resolved, pharmacists engaged in pharmacy compounding, particularly in the preparation of high-risk level CSPs, should remain competent in their skills and practice in accordance with federal, state, and USP chapter 797 requirements and, thereby, protect patients and the professionalism of pharmacy.

A latent class analysis of job satisfaction and turnover among practicing pharmacists

Background Research on job satisfaction and turnover using latent class analysis (LCA) has been conducted in other disciplines. LCA has seldom been applied to social pharmacy research and may be especially useful for examining job situation constructs in pharmacy organizations. Objective The objective of the study was to determine the probability of turnover among practicing pharmacists using LCA. Methods Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, 2400 randomly selected pharmacists with active licenses in Florida were surveyed. A model was created using LCA, then fit indices were used to determine whether underlying “job satisfaction clusters” were present. Once identified, these clusters along with the covariate practice site were modeled on a distal outcome turnover. Results A 5-class model appeared to best fit the data: a “pseudo-satisfied” class that contained 8% of the sample, a “career-goal” class that contained 11% of the sample, a “satisfied class” that contained 44% of the sample, a “job-expectation” class that contained 3% of the sample, and an “unsatisfied class” that contained 17% of the sample. In terms of predicting the distal outcome “turnover,” the calculated odds ratios indicate that compared with class 3 or the satisfied group, class 2 was 14 times more likely, class 4 was 17 times more likely, and class 5 was 26 times more likely to state that they do not intend to be employed with their current employer 1 year from now. Conclusion The LCA method was found to be effective for finding relevant subgroups with a heterogeneous at-risk population for turnover. Results from the analysis indicate that job satisfaction may be parsed into smaller, more interpretable and useful subgroups. This result holds great promise for practitioners and researchers, alike.

Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group International Pediatric Pharmacy and Pharmacology Symposium, 24–26 April 2009; Orlando, Florida, USA

This milestone meeting, expertly organized by Mr David Knoppert (Scientist, Children’s Health Research Institute, Department of Pharmacy, St Joseph’s Hospital, London, ON, Canada), was the first international symposium on paediatric clinical pharmacy andpharmacology.Over 220paediatric pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists, representing more than 20 countries and all continents, were welcomed by Dr Stuart MacLeod (Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, and Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada) representing the International Alliance for Better Medicines for Children (IABMC). Plenary sessions, lectures, round table discussions and workshops were given/led by an international contingent of experts. The content reflected the interdisciplinary nature of paediatric therapeutics, covering, in addition to clinical pharmacy and pharmacology, drug policy, drug safety, pharmacogenomics, drug regulation, international health, pharmacy education and pharmaceutical formulation science. The themes of the symposium were outreach, translational research and clinical practice. Within this framework, presenters and attendees examined how paediatric pharmacy and pharmacology, through international collaboration, can contribute to optimal drug therapy for the world’s children. The need for multidisciplinary networks through enhanced communication and collaboration was evident throughout the meeting; practitioners, educators and researchers from industry, government and pharmacy organizations emphasised this. Representatives included Dr Agnes Saint Raymond (European Medicines Agency [EMEA]), Ms Sara Arenas (European Society of Clinical Pharmacy [ESCP]),Dr David Hoff (American College of Clinical Pharmacy’s [ACCP] Practice and Research Network [PRN]), Dr John van den Anker (European Society for Developmental Perinatal & Paediatric Pharmacology [ESDPPP]), Dr Michael Christensen (Pediatric Pharmacy AdvocacyGroup [PPAG]),DrGeorge Giacoia (National Institutes of Health [NIH]), Dr Suzanne Hill (WHO), Dr Sharon Conroy (Neonatal and Paediatric Pharmacists Group [NPPG]) and Dr Klaus Rose (Roche). They identified specific areas to target, including (i) enhancing undergraduate and graduate training in paediatric pharmacy; (ii) developing a system for data integration and information sharing across countries; (iii) focusing on collaborative research and capacity building of researchers/ clinicians; (iv) increasing the quality of paediatric drug clinical trials in all age groups (including neonates and pregnant women) and increasing the number of multicentre trials to maximize the use of a limited pool of patients; (v) advocacy of paediatric medication issues through government and nongovernment non-profit entities and the pharmaceutical industry; (vi) focusing on formulations, unlicensed use of medications, reference sources and prescription monitoring; (vii) identifying the players (product, supply, research, use, policy, pharmacoepidemiology) and including representatives inmultidisciplinary teams; and (viii) offering knowledge to developing countries and encouraging trained paediatric clinicians to reach out to the remote and underserved. There are both many challenges and opportunities. There is a lot of enthusiasm within the sector but the workload is huge, and paediatric pharmacists and pharmacologists are underrepresented. We need to learn from past mistakes, maximize

Sister pharmacists and pharmacy organizations, 1900 to 1980

Catholic Sister pharmacists, in addition to their influence on the practice of pharmacy, became members of local, state and national pharmacy organizations. Many also served in leadership positions in these organizations. In researching the early membership records of the APhA through 1936, we

Interprofessional Education: Principles and Application A Framework for Clinical Pharmacy

With the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, advancements in health care technology, and growing complexity of health care delivery, the need for coordination and integration of clinical care through a multidisciplinary approach has become essential. To address this issue, the Institute of Medicine has called for a redesign of the health professional education process to provide health care professionals, both in the academic setting and in practice, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to work effectively in a multidisciplinary environment. Such programmatic redesign warrants the implementation of interprofessional education (IPE) across health care disciplines. Pharmacists play a critical role not only in the provision of patient care on multidisciplinary teams but also in the delivery of IPE. National pharmacy organizations have endorsed IPE, and several have articulated specific policies and/or initiatives supporting IPE. However, IPE has not yet been implemented effectively or consistently; moreover, the inability to effectively deliver IPE in the classroom and clinic has been correlated with a decrease in the quality of patient care provided. In addition, the incorporation of interprofessional patient care into daily practice has been compromised by workforce shortages within respective health care fields. This White Paper from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) addresses terminology, levels of evidence, environment‐specific models, assessment methods, funding sources, and other important implications and barriers as they apply to IPE and clinical pharmacy. Current instruments that have been tested and validated in the assessment of IPE are reviewed, including the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale, the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale, and the Attitudes Toward Health Care Teams Scale. Finally, strategies are suggested that ACCP might pursue to assist in the promotion and implementation of IPE both within and outside the pharmacy profession.

Medication errors: the importance of safe dispensing

1. Although rates of dispensing errors are generally low, further improvements in pharmacy distribution systems are still important because pharmacies dispense such high volumes of medications that even a low error rate can translate into a large number of errors. 2. From the perspective of pharmacy organization and quality assurance, pharmacists should intensify their checking of prescriptions, in order to reduce prescription errors, and should implement strategies to communicate adequately with patients, in order to prevent administration errors. More and better studies are still needed in these areas. 3. More research is also required into: dispensing errors in out-patient health-care settings, such as community pharmacies in the USA and Europe; dispensing errors in hospitals and out-patient health-care settings in middle- and low-income countries; and the underlying causes of dispensing errors.

Implications for Pharmacy from the Institute of Medicine's Report on Health Care Workforce and an Aging America

The Institute of Medicine's report "Retooling for an Aging America: Building the Health Care Workforce" concluded that the US health care workforce will require significant overhaul to care for the estimated 70 million adults 65 years and older by 2030. No profession trains the numbers of geriatric specialists needed to maintain the current provider to patient ratio. Pharmacy is no exception; currently less than 1% of pharmacists are certified or have specialty training in geriatrics. Schools of pharmacy, accrediting and professional organizations, and boards of pharmacy will need to collaborate to ensure that pharmacists have the core competencies to care for older adults.

Pharmacy practice residency programs in community hospitals

Traditionally, postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residencies are based in teaching institutions, such as academic medical centers and large health systems. However, with recent initiatives set forth by professional pharmacy organizations, the need for residency-trained pharmacists will increase in

A Qualitative Inquiry into the Practice Experiences of Community Pharmacy Managers

Background: The connection between community pharmacists' dual role as professionals and businesspeople is most profound for community pharmacy managers. A greater understanding for and appreciation of the practice experiences of community pharmacy managers within a continually changing practice environment was the focus of this study. Methods: Semi-structured, one-on-one telephone interviews with self-identified community pharmacy managers were conducted. Results: Seven interviews were conducted, with a total of 9 themes emerging from the interviews: autonomy, pharmacist behaviour, environment, future, human resources, image, incentives, professional standards and role as manager. Discussion: Despite their common bond as pharmacists and pharmacy managers, interviewees showcased the dynamic nature of community pharmacy practice. Some shared similar thoughts and feelings about the profession and other stakeholders, while others presented opposing views. Conclusions: Community pharmacy managers are the link between pharmacy organizations and employees, including staff pharmacists and others. The dynamic perspective shared by each of these unique professionals highlights the fact that many models and cultures exist in practice today. However, a common vision of putting patients first united all interviewees, a vision that must be relayed to all stakeholders, including patients and employing organizations.

La maladie d’Alzheimer et les pharmaciens en contact avec le public

All healthcare professionals are concerned by Alzheimer's disease, which in France will affect, in just a few years, over one million persons, mainly women. Pharmacists have shown particular interest, irrespective of their sector of activity. Here, we wanted to better define the role of colleagues who are constantly in contact with the public, i.e. in France in drug dispensaries and biology laboratories. Within the framework of the French pharmacy committee for health and social education, Cespharm, the Ethics and Communications working group of the 2008-2012 Alzheimer Disease Committee headed by Professor Joël Menard proposed a project worksheet which can be used by French pharmacists in their action to help Alzheimer patients and their caregivers. This project, prepared by Fabienne Blanchet, the Cespharm director and Christine Curty, mission head, was approved by the Menard commission and is inscribed in the National Alzheimer Plan 2008-2012 presented by this commission in November 2007. Here, our objective is to motivate pharmacists to participate in a structured initial and continuing training program proposed by specialists from the School of Pharmacy and other organizations duly approved by the High Committee for Continuing Education in Pharmacy. In keeping with the general operative procedures of Cespharm, information tools should be developed for colleagues and the public. Available interventions, in terms of prevention, diagnosis and treatment should be updated permanently and transmitted to professionals. Information which can be delivered to patients, and most importantly to their caregivers, concerning local assistance programs should be collected and transmitted to the local professionals. The role of the pharmacist can be summarized with four verbs: listen, reassure, orient, support. It is important to identify all available means enabling a confidential relationship with the persons needing help. Of particular interest are the relationship guides which have been developed to help allied professionals adapt their approach to the patient without evoking the diagnosis, which belongs to the medical physician. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the creation of multidisciplinary local networks where healthcare professionals, medicosocial workers, local public authorities, and patient groups and associations can unite their efforts to develop personalized assistance for patients and caregivers. We also mention the evaluation of the actions undertaken, their funding, and the remuneration of colleagues who devote time to these actions. Pharmacists have a special role to play in the assistance for persons suffering from Alzhiemer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. More than four million persons visit drug dispensaries or biology laboratories every day in France. These persons often confide in our colleagues, sharing their worries and problems related not only to their medical condition, but also to their psychological and social environment. We should provide our colleagues with the necessary means to fulfill their mission of assistance to patients and families suffering from a poorly understood disease. We encourage pharmacists to participate in the major public health action initiated by the President of the Republic and well defined in the Alzheimer Plan 2008-2012.

Medication Therapy Management Services

In the US, the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 required that Medicare Part D insurers provide medication therapy management (MTM) services (MTMS) to selected beneficiaries, with the goals of providing education, improving adherence, or detecting adverse drug events and medication misuse. These broad goals and variety in MTM programmes available make assessment of these programmes difficult. The objectives of this article are to review the definitions of MTMS proposed by various stakeholders, and to summarize and evaluate the outcomes of MTMS consistent with those that may be offered in Medicare Part D or reimbursed by State Medicaid programmes. MTM programmes are approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Pharmacy, medical and insurance organizations have provided guidelines and definitions for MTM programmes, distinguishing them from other types of community pharmacy activities. MTM has been distinguished from disease state management because of the focus on medications and multiple conditions. It differs from patient counselling because it is delivered independent of dispensing and involves collaboration with patients and providers. There is no consensus on the recommended mode of delivery (i.e. face-to-face or by telephone) for MTM. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify articles published after 2000 using the search terms 'medication therapy management' and 'medication management'. Studies with outcomes evaluating community-based programmes consistent with MTMS, regardless of MTMS reimbursement source, were included in the review. Seven publications describing four MTMS were identified. For each of the identified articles, we describe the study design, service setting, inclusion criteria and outcomes. An additional three surveys describing multiple MTMS were identified and are summarized. Finally, ongoing efforts by CMS to evaluate the success of MTMS in the US are described. To date, there are limited outcomes available for MTMS. The wide variety of MTMS offered means that evaluations of individual programmes are necessary. Despite the potential benefits of MTMS, there are numerous challenges to providing MTMS, including reimbursement, justification of the service and stakeholder acceptance of the services. There remains a need for adequately funded, prospective, controlled studies of MTM programmes using strong designs to advance our knowledge of the effectiveness of various interventions and methods of delivery, and for naturalistic studies assessing the impact of CMS approved MTM programmes.

Tuesdays with Mentors: An ALFP Experience

Mentoring, considered the primary method by which adults gain new knowledge and skills, has been recognized as a significant influence in faculty development. Although many pharmacy organizations are beginning to realize the importance of mentoring leaders or preparing individuals to become leaders, this seems to occur less often in academia. What is usually witnessed in academia is the action and cross your fingers approach--throwing individuals into academic leadership positions and then waiting to see if they sink, float, or (miraculously) swim. To help foster leadership in academic pharmacy, AACP established the Academic Leadership Fellowship Program (ALFP), with the first class of ALFP Fellows graduating in 2005. I entered the ALFP in July 2007, during my first year as Department Head of Pharmacy Practice and Science at The University of Arizona (UA). The ALFP experience was extremely valuable to my leadership development, and this Viewpoint advocates that many emerging pharmacy faculty leaders may also benefit from structured leadership mentoring. Furthermore, the age-old tradition of placing individuals in academic leadership positions with little to no support should be abandoned, and a new template of vigorous preparation and support, where mentoring is the norm rather than the exception, should be implemented. With increased demand for qualified leaders and an escalation in the volume of leadership positions available, this leadership paradigm recommendation comes at a critical time in academic pharmacy. As part of the ALFP program, I selected 3 mentors at the UA and participated in a leadership-centered curriculum developed in partnership with these individuals. Each mentor's curriculum was delivered in his/her own distinctive manner, and the blended mentoring facilitated a transformational experience--one that expanded my vision, perception, and interpretation of leadership. Each mentor met with me separately-although ironically, most mentoring sessions took place on Tuesdays. Here I share the top 10 leadership lessons reviewed during my ALFP experience with my 3 institutional mentors: Lesson 1. Be courageous. According to Ambrose Redmoon, is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than (1) Leading and being an agent of change requires significant courage in the face of decisions that may engender fear. Actions of a courageous leader include setting high standards and goals that others may perceive as unachievable. Sometimes the risk of failure may discourage one from making the attempt, and the choice prevails; however, this choice prevents growth and stifles potential. A courageous leader must be willing to go out on a limb and take chances that may involve not being safe to accomplish goals. Also, courageous leaders must remain steady in the wake of disappointment, while taking responsibility for their actions and holding others to these same standards. Lesson 2. Develop a and translate this into reality. Vision is seeing a future state with the mind's eye. (2) A leader's should be clear, consistent, simple, memorable, transformative, and communicated often. It should be timeless and inspirational, as well as provide the foundation for transparent decision-making. It has been stated that vision without action is a dream; action without is simply passing the time; and action with is making a positive difference. (2)(p70) Thus, great leaders have and translate that into action and positive results. There should be a direct correlation between a leader's and the organization's brand, that is, the image, symbol, or philosophy by which an organization such as a college or school of pharmacy is known (identified by) and which reflects the organization's fundamental values. The challenges of establishing a for any organization lie in: (a) creating a single out of the multiplicity of visions held by numerous individuals/groups within the organization (3); (b) effectively communicating that single vision; and (c) engaging support. …

Edwin Leigh Newcomb 1882-1950: Pharmacy's many-sided man

Edwin Leigh Newcomb 1882-1950: Pharmacy's many-sided man