Pharmacy Management Research Articles

Evaluation of Mental Health and Well-Being Among Kansas Pharmacists Post-COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background COVID-19 has profoundly affected pharmacists, causing burnout from heavier workloads, personal stressors, and disrupted healthcare delivery. Research on pharmacists' mental health during the pandemic, especially in rural areas like Kansas, remains limited. Objectives This study aimed to understand perceptions, experiences, and impacts on the mental, emotional, and psychological well-being of active Kansas pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic, includingevaluatingworkplace modifications on mental health. Methods Kansas licensed pharmacists were recruited via email distributions through five Kansas pharmacy organizations and informal referrals among colleagues. After consenting, respondents completed a 15-minute, 28-question survey via Qualtrics. The survey included 11 questions concerning demographics and employment characteristics, along with 17 questions designed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on mental health, structured according to existing literature. Participation was uncompensated, and incomplete surveys were omitted from the analysis. Results One hundred and seven respondents (83.59% completion) represented 3.25% of Kansas's 3,290 pharmacists. They were aged 26-66 (M=38.7), the majority female (72.57%) and white (84.84%), with 14.24 years average practice duration (SD=10.94). Data covered 12 rural and 11 urban counties, with 50.91% staff pharmacists and 22.73% pharmacy managers. Many worked over 40 hours weekly in 13 settings. Findings showed increased workload (24.68%), medication shortages (24.03%), and burnout (24.32%) affecting job considerations. Workplace changes impacted personal mental health, with the main stressors being work-related factors (19.21%), social distancing (18.95%), and health concerns (12.63%). Conclusion This study underscores the pandemic's profound toll on Kansas pharmacists' mental, emotional, and physical health, leading to burnout, job dissatisfaction, and decreased effectiveness. It emphasizes the urgency of organizational interventions.

Patterns of self-medication and intention to seek pharmacist guidance among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Macao: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionSelf-medication was remarkably popular during the COVID-19 pandemic. In older populations, the risk of self-medication is higher. Pharmacists are well positioned to provide public health education and disease prevention. This study aims to explore the self-medication patterns and intention to seek pharmacist guidance among older adults in Macao.MethodsA face-to-face cross-sectional survey was subsequently performed in March-April 2023 among older adults in Macao. The questionnaire was designed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of self-medication behavior and multiple linear regression analysis to determine whether the TPB construct was the predictor of older adults’ intention to seek guidance from pharmacists.ResultsA total of 412 participants completed the questionnaire. The self-medication rate among older adults in Macao was 64.2%. The most commonly used types of medications were over-the-counter and traditional Chinese medicine, mainly from government anti-pandemic packages. The majority of individuals engaged in self-medication to treat COVID-19 symptoms or prevent COVID-19 infection. The prevalent reasons for self-medication were the perceived non-seriousness of the illness. 85 years old or older and university degree were significantly associated with self-medication behavior. Older adults had moderate intention to seek pharmacist guidance on medication use. The average scores (standard deviation) were 3.43 (1.10) for Attitude, 2.69 (0.99) for Subjective Norm, 3.56 (1.04) for Perceived Behavioral Control, and 3.07 (1.43) for Intention. Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control were all strong predictors of intention, which explained 53% of the variance in intention. In demographic factors, age was identified as a significant predictor of intentions.ConclusionsSelf-medication was widely practiced in Macao during the COVID-19 pandemic. To better control the risks associated with self-medication, the role of pharmacists is paramount. Enhancing the recognition and trust of pharmacists within society, modifying pharmacy management models, and strengthening pharmacists’ self-perception of their profession are all pivotal directions areas to further enhance their role.

Cross-sectional description of hospital pharmacy services in Puerto Rico in 2022 using the Practice Advancement Initiative 2030 Self-Assessment Tool.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) developed the Practice Advancement Initiative 2030 (PAI 2030) to support the continuous improvement of hospital pharmacy services in the United States. Puerto Rico (PR) hospitals' level of compliance with PAI 2030 recommendations is not currently known. The primary objective of this study was to describe the hospital pharmacy scenario in PR in the 5 areas addressed in PAI 2030 recommendations. Through a collaboration between the state affiliate, a school of pharmacy, and ASHP, completion of the PAI 2030 Self-Assessment Tool was promoted among hospital pharmacy directors between August 2022 and March 2023. A total of 18 out of 66 hospitals completed the survey. The results were compared with national data provided by ASHP from 163 US hospitals. Areas where PR hospitals rated high were in PAI 2030 domain A (Pharmacy Technician Role, Education, and Training) and domain E (Pharmacist Leadership in Medication Use and Safety). PR hospitals rate their performance lower in domain A (Patient-Centered Care) and domain B (Pharmacist Role, Education, and Training). Specific focus areas for improvement by PR hospitals include pharmacist participation in medication reconciliation, 24/7 access to advanced clinical pharmacy services, expansion of the pharmacist's scope of practice, and training through the Board of Pharmacy Specialties and residency programs. This study illustrates how the PAI 2030 Self-Assessment Tool can be used to benchmark pharmacy services at the state level. We suggest that changes are needed to close the gap between hospital pharmacies working towards optimizing the role of pharmacists in healthcare systems and those still struggling with dedicating staff to well-recognized pharmacist roles and responsibilities.

Strategies for Reducing Medical Errors and Enhancing Profitability in Retail Pharmacy Management: A Holistic Approach

This study explores effective strategies to reduce medical errors and improve healthcare profitability, offering insights and evidence-based recommendations for managers and supervisors. It focuses on enhancing both patient safety and financial stability.The study analyzes strategies to mitigate medical errors and boost financial stability, such as optimizing workflows, minimizing distractions, ensuring proper medication storage, implementing prescription reviews, and providing comprehensive patient counseling. It also examines the role of organizational culture, adequate staffing, and balanced workloads in fostering a safety-oriented environment.The findings emphasize the importance of a system-oriented approach and the role of managers in promoting a culture of safety. Implementing cost-effective measures enhances patient safety and contributes to financial health.A multifaceted approach, integrating effective strategies, supportive culture, and active manager participation, is essential for reducing medical errors and improving profitability. Balancing financial goals with patient care ensures sustainability and success. Further research is needed to explore effective strategies in various healthcare settings.

The study of modern professional competences for pharmaceutical positions that determine the effective activities based on the analysis of opinions of pharmacy professionals

Aim. To study modern professional competencies – hard skills (including knowledge, abilities, skills) and soft skills (personal skills) that determine the effective activity of pharmacy professionals (PP) in certain pharmaceutical positions (pharmacy manager, pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant) and determine the most important of them for pharmacy retail in today’s conditions. Materials and methods. To collect and process data, such scientific methods as the analysis of literary sources, the method of questionnaire survey, the method of comparison, comparison, and generalization, were used. The results of the analysis were processed using licensed software products of Microsoft Office Excel. The methods of descriptive statistics and statistical analysis, such as the Epitools service (Ausvet Ltd., Australia), a STATISTICA 13 statistical package (TIBCO Software Inc., USA) were used to process the questionnaire data. Results. As part of our study, a survey, in which 200 PP took part, was conducted. The questionnaire contained open-ended questions, in which it was necessary to specify 3-5 hard skills (professional skills) or soft skills (personal skills) that are necessary for the effective performance of the professional duties of PP in the relevant position, as well as select one of the most important ones from this list. At the same time, three positions were differentiated: pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant, and pharmacy manager. According to the survey results, hard skills and soft skills, which, according to the majority of PP, were the most necessary for each position. were identified. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study conducted, it has been found that the actualization of professional competences and soft skills is an important step for effective work by position in pharmacy institutions in today’s conditions. It has been determined that such soft skills as sociability, responsibility, stress resistance, honesty, intelligence, purposefulness, hard work, love for the profession, experience, energy and reliability are equally important for the positions of a pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant and pharmacy manager. At the same time, specific hard and soft skills are distinguished for each of the positions: empathy and attentiveness are more important for pharmacists and pharmacist’s assistants, while organizational skills, managerial qualities, desire for professional development and knowledge of legislation are important for pharmacy managers. Responsibility is a key quality for pharmacy managers, professionalism and knowledge – for pharmacists, and attentiveness – for pharmacist’s assistants. Differences in the perception of the importance of these hard and soft skills are also related to the age, qualification and type of pharmacy institutions where respondents work.

The substantiation of the feasibility of implementing stress management in pharmacies

The stress level of pharmaceutical workers in Kharkiv was studied. The results of pharmacists' own assessment of their mental health and the level of satisfaction with work in a pharmacy were obtained. An assessment of the frequency of stressful situations among specialists while working in a pharmacy was carried out, and the factors influencing the development of stress among pharmaceutical workers were determined.

Real-world clinical and economic outcomes for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer enrolled in a clinical trial following comprehensive genomic profiling via liquid biopsy.

Oncology clinical trial enrollment is strongly recommended for patients with cancer who are not eligible for established and approved therapies. Many trials are specific to biomarker-targeted therapies, which are typically managed as specialty pharmacy services. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) of advanced cancers has been shown to detect biomarkers, guide targeted treatment, improve outcomes, and result in the clinical trial enrollment of patients, which is modeled to offset pharmacy costs experienced by US payers, yet payer policy coverage remains inconsistent. A common concern limiting coverage of CGP by payers is the potential of identifying biomarkers beyond guideline-recommended treatments, which creates a perception that insurance companies are being positioned to "pay for research." However, these biomarkers can increase clinical trial eligibility, and specialty pharmacy management may have an interest in maximizing the clinical trial enrollment of members. To investigate if clinical trial enrollment following liquid biopsy CGP for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is clinically and/or economically impactful from a payer claims perspective. Clinical and economic outcomes were studied using a real-world clinical genomic database (including payer claims data) from patients with NSCLC who enrolled in clinical trials immediately following liquid biopsy CGP (using Guardant360) and matched NSCLC patient controls also tested with liquid biopsy CGP. Real-world overall survival was significantly (log-rank P < 0.0001) better for patients enrolled in clinical trials with similar costs of care, albeit with more outpatient encounters among those enrolled compared with matched controls. The results, together with previous analyses, suggest that, in addition to the clinical benefits associated with targeted therapies directed by CGP and other testing approaches, payers and specialty pharmacy managers may consider clinical trial direction and enrollment as a clinical and economic benefit of liquid biopsy CGP and adopt this into coverage decision frameworks and formularies.

INVESTIGATING THE MEDIATING INFLUENCE OF WORK MEANINGFULNESS, JOB SATISFACTION, AND JOB STRESS ON TURNOVER INTENTION AMONG MALAYSIAN COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS

Turnover is a challenging issue for many organizations. Turnover caused organization suffer a loose of competent employees as well as costs associated with employee turnover and hiring new employees. High turnover among community pharmacists presents a significant concern due to its potential negative impact on the quality of pharmaceutical care and patient safety. Addressing this issue requires a thorough investigation of turnover intention, as it has been found to be positively associated with actual turnover. Turnover intention, although not synonymous with immediate departure, serves as a critical indicator of an employee's inclination to leave their current position. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the job satisfaction and job stress, that affect turnover intention among community pharmacists in northern region of Malaysia. The meaningfulness of work was added as mediator. A quantitative study was conducted with 228 community pharmacists who participated in this study voluntarily. The data collection based on self-administered questionnaire. The findings emphasize the critical role of job satisfaction and job stress in influencing turnover intention. The insights offered by this research are valuable for top management in community pharmacies, providing them with the necessary knowledge to formulate effective strategies for managing employee turnover intention. Implementing these strategies can foster a more stable and engaged workforce, ultimately benefiting both employees and the organization as a whole.

The application of healthcare failure mode and effect analysis in reducing medication errors in the emergency department of Regional Public Hospital

Introduction: Medication or medication error is an essential issue in the world of health, both in the world and in Indonesia. The emergency department is a health service unit that provides emergency services 24 hours non-stop, which is very likely for medication errors to occur. Most medication incident errors can be prevented. One method that can be used is of healthcare failure mode and effect analysis (HFMEA). Applying HFMEA in hospitals helps avoid and identify possible or potential problems or errors in healthcare services. Methods: This qualitative study used the HFMEA approach to conduct risk analysis regarding medication events and errors in the emergency department (ER), at Regional Public Hospital, Central Java. Brainstorming and focus group discussion were conducted with all members of the HFMEA team at the regional public hospitals’ ER in Central Java following HFMEA guidelines. Results: Four process flows in ER drug or medication administration services were identified, encompassing 14 service sub-processes and 57 failure modes. Of the 57 failure modes, only 34 were subjected to hazard analysis, and only 24 failure modes required control measures. From these data, four control strategies were obtained. Conclusion: This study found 24 failure modes need to be addressed and suggested four control strategies, including enterprise risk management formats according to the needs of ER’ health workers, improving ER service management, improving standard operational procedures for medical services, and improving pharmacy management.

Crisis management in community pharmacies during a pandemic

BackgroundAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic required community pharmacies to implement several adaptation strategies to ensure medicines' and services’ availability, related empirical research based on crisis management theory is lacking. ObjectiveThis study sought to holistically depict crisis management in Finnish community pharmacies and explore whether (1) pre-existing crisis plans, (2) crisis teams, (3) shared decision-making or (4) collaboration and communication with external stakeholders can protect staff resilience, pharmacy owners' resilience, organisational cohesion (‘team spirit’) and pharmacies' resources or finances during the pandemic. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was developed based on the crisis management process model and sent to Finnish community pharmacy owners (n = 602) during the pandemic's second wave in October–November 2020. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and logistic regression analysis was performed to explore effects of crisis management efforts. Open-field responses were analysed qualitatively using deductive content analysis. ResultsIn total, 221 (36.7 %) pharmacy owners participated in the study. Pharmacies responded to the pandemic with increased order volumes and new suppliers, home deliveries and remote consultations, hand sanitiser production and additional customer counselling concerning the COVID-19. Shared decision-making with pharmacy colleagues (p = 0.025) and collaboration with peers or stakeholders in the supply chain (p = 0.015) protected pharmacy owners' resilience during the pandemic. Additionally, shared decision-making protected pharmacies' finances (p = 0.040). Crisis teams or collaboration with social and healthcare operators did not provide advantage to pharmacies. However, pre-existing pandemic plans associated with reduction of pharmacies’ resources (p = 0.006). ConclusionsCommunity pharmacies responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with several measures to ensure the continuity of pharmaceutical services and care and the availability of medicines, disinfectants and personal protective equipment. Developing shared decision-making in pharmacies and active collaboration with peers and supply-chain stakeholders could improve pharmacies' finances and their owners’ resilience in future crises.

Assessing pharmacists' awareness of financial indicators in community pharmacy management: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundCommunity pharmacists play a vital role in the healthcare system, serving as accessible healthcare providers and entrepreneurs. To effectively manage community pharmacies, pharmacists must possess financial literacy and utilize appropriate financial indicators. However, studies addressing community pharmacists' awareness of financial indicator concepts are scarce. This study assesses the awareness of community pharmacists in Jordan regarding financial indicators. MethodsEmploying a cross-sectional study design, we utilized a structured and validated questionnaire to collect data from 353 community pharmacy owners across Jordan. The questionnaire assessed pharmacists' awareness and utilization of financial indicators in pharmacy management. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data, while analytical statistics examined associations between demographic factors and financial indicator awareness. ResultsThe study revealed varying levels of awareness among pharmacists regarding financial indicators, with younger pharmacists exhibiting higher awareness levels. Factors such as educational background and years of experience were found to influence awareness. Furthermore, pharmacists predominantly utilize profitability indicators to assess financial performance. ConclusionThe findings underscore the importance of enhancing pharmacists' financial literacy and integrating financial management principles into pharmacy education. Continuous professional development programs are essential to improve financial competence among pharmacists. This study provides valuable insights into the awareness of financial indicators among community pharmacists in Jordan, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts from policymakers, pharmacy faculties, and associations to enhance financial education and promote research in this critical area.

Review of Antifungal Resistance in West Africa

Knowledge of local and regional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important for clinical decision-making. However, surveillance capacity for fungal infections let alone antifungal resistance is lacking throughout West Africa, and current antifungal resistance data are sparse. We sought to address this gap by summarizing all available high-quality data on antifungal resistance in West Africa. We searched the PubMed database, African Journals Online archives, and free web searches in October and December 2023 using the terms "antifungal resistance" and "West Africa" to find articles published from 2010 onwards. Only 11 articles were included in our analysis most of which were cross-sectional and descriptive in design; relatively high levels of antifungal resistance (AFR) to commonly used antifungals were reported including (24-75%) resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole, two of the most frequently-prescribed antifungals in this region. There is a high level of resistance to griseofulvin, ketoconazole, cotrimoxazole, and fluconazole among dermatophyte infections (80-100%) with 100% resistance to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole reported by the invasive fungal disease-causing pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Resistance to commonly used anti-fungal drugs is prevalent; raising concern that these drugs may no longer be useful for treating moderate or severe fungal infections in West Africa hence calling for countries to promote acceptance of antimicrobial stewardship as a programmatic strategy not just focused on bacterial resistance but also fungal resistance including pharmacy management, laboratory complete mycological investigations and dissemination of standard fungal susceptibility profiles.

ASHP National Survey of Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings: Operations and Technology - 2023.

Results of the 2023 ASHP National Survey of Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings are presented. Pharmacy directors at 1,497 general and children's medical-surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed using a mixed-mode method of contact by email and mail. Survey completion was online using Qualtrics. IQVIA supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from IQVIA's hospital database. The response rate was 21.6%. Inpatient pharmacists independently prescribe medications in 26.7% of hospitals. Advanced analytics are used in 5.7% of hospitals. Basic analytics are used in 87.3% of hospitals. Pharmacists work in ambulatory or primary care clinics in 54.2% of hospitals operating outpatient clinics. Most hospitals (86.1%) use automated dispensing cabinets as the primary method of maintenance dose distribution. Machine-readable coding is used in 73.6% of hospitals to verify doses during dispensing in the pharmacy. Autoverification functionality in the electronic health record system is used in 73.4% of hospitals. Most hospitals report some integration of pharmacy services to optimize patient care transitions (60.0%), while 24.9% report no integration. Traditional technician activities still predominate, but more advanced roles are emerging. Technologies to assist sterile product preparation are used in 62.8% of hospitals. Drug distribution continues to trend toward decentralized models with medications available closer to patients. Technologies are enabling this transition to occur without a significant negative impact on patient safety. The pharmacy workforce is stable, and more advanced responsibilities are being assigned to pharmacy technicians, enabling pharmacists to increase their clinical role.

Penerapan Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Berbasis Metode Pareto ABC dan Optimasi Kualitatif untuk Efisiensi Pengadaan Obat

Drug procurement at Amandha pharmacy is still carried out with uncertain considerations, resulting in irregular scheduling, this will have an impact on inventory costs due to the accumulation of inventory in the warehouse or the absence of drug inventory, pharmacy managers have difficulty in making decisions for drug procurement, due to factors that must be considered, namely the number of drug item sales, investment and cost allocation. The purpose of this study is to create software with the application of the Pareto ABC method and qualitative optimization which will be one of the considerations in decision making in ordering drugs. In this new system, the number of drug procurements to be ordered is based on 3 values ​​as considerations, namely use value, investment value and critical index value, with reference to the Pareto ABC method having a class level divided into class A with an investment value of 70%, class B 20% and class C 10%, the system will provide recommendations as considerations for the agency in ordering drugs. The function of this research is as a consideration in solving problems and improving the quality of drug procurement. The results of the research are in the form of software for drug procurement decision support systems as a consideration in preparing a strategic ordering plan that supports increasing efficiency, effectiveness and benefits of the agency.

ABC-VEN analysis of drug use in outpatients at a neurology department in Indonesia

ABC-VEN analysis of drug use in outpatients at a neurology department in Indonesia

SHORTAGE OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY FROM COMMUNITY PHARMACIES

Background: The drug shortage is a very serious issue regarding the quality of Health System of any country. The problem is increased in the pandemic causing serious issues to the health system. Objectives: The objective of current study was to evaluate the factors responsible for the drug shortages in Pakistan and way forward to avoid these problems in the future. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in different cities of Pakistan. An online form was designed after thorough literature review. The study population included Staff pharmacists, Pharmacy managers and pharmacists self-owning pharmacies. Data was then collected, analyzed using SPSS-26. Results: The majority of pharmacists agreed that Global restrictions on trade activities added to drug shortage during COVID-19. The knowledge was relatively higher in pharmacists of Punjab as compared to pharmacists of other provinces. Majority of pharmacist (52%) from Punjab province of Pakistan strongly believed that Provincial drug regulatory department should play its role effectively during the emergency crisis to prevent drug shortages during the pandemic. Conclusion: In order to prevent the problem of drug shortages, efforts should be made to control the factors responsible for the drug shortages and local production should be enhanced along with proper control by regulatory authorities.

The impact of digital health technologies on pharmacy services and patient care

This comprehensive review delves into the profound impact of digital health technologies on the landscape of pharmacy services and patient care. The integration of electronic prescribing medication adherence apps, and tele-pharmacy services has revolutionized medication management in pharmacies. This amalgamation has not only streamlined processes but has also significantly minimized errors, leading to enhanced operational efficiency. Pharmacists, equipped with wearable devices, now engage in remote patient monitoring, allowing for personalized interventions and proactive healthcare strategies. The incorporation of genomic data, data analytics, and clinical decision support systems marks a transformative shift towards precision medicine within pharmacies. These technologies empower pharmacists to design tailored treatment plans based on individual genetic profiles, thereby optimizing therapeutic outcomes. As pharmacies increasingly embrace these digital tools, they metamorphose into dynamic healthcare hubs. Beyond traditional roles, pharmacies now offer virtual consultations and actively participate in patient education initiatives. This paradigm shift underscores a commitment to patient-centered care, exemplified by improved medication safety and a more interconnected healthcare ecosystem. The ongoing integration of digital health technologies holds promise for continued advancements in pharmacy services. This trajectory signifies a significant departure towards a more proactive, personalized, and technologically driven approach to patient care. The review underscores the transformative potential of digital health technologies in redefining the role of pharmacies and elevating the standards of patient-centered healthcare delivery.

The appointment-based model in community pharmacies: Patient demographics and reimbursable clinical services uptake in Ontario.

Community pharmacies typically require patients to request medication refills. The appointment-based model (ABM) is a proactive approach that synchronizes refills and schedules patient-pharmacist appointments. These appointments provide opportunities for medication reviews, medication optimization and health promotion services. The primary aim of this study was to describe the types of patients who received an ABM service in a community pharmacy in Ontario in 2017. The secondary aim was to describe reimbursable clinical service uptake. In September 2017, the ABM was implemented across 3 Ontario community pharmacies within a Canadian pharmacy banner. Patients who filled at least 1 chronic oral medication and consented to enrolment were eligible. In December 2018, data were extracted from pharmacies using pharmacy management software. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were generated. Analysis of 131 patients (51.1% female; mean ± SD age 70.8 ± 10.5 years) revealed patients were dispensed a mean ± SD of 5.1 ± 2.7 medications, and 73 (55.7%) experienced polypharmacy. Hypertension (87.8%) and dyslipidemia (68.7%) were the most common medical conditions. There were 74 (56.5%) patients who received ≥1 medication review service (MedsCheck). Of 79 unique drug therapy problems (DTPs) identified, the most common categories related to patients needing additional drug therapy and adverse drug reactions. Patients enrolled in the ABM were generally older adults experiencing polypharmacy. The ABM presented opportunities for DTP identification and delivery of reimbursed services. Findings support continued exploration of the ABM to support integration of clinical services within community practice.

Design of a multi-category drug information integration platform for intelligent pharmacy management: A needs analysis study.

A drug store was never just an area to fill personal solution. Patients considered drug specialists to be counsels, somebody who could help them pick an over-the-counter treatment or understanding the portion and directions for a solution. Drug stores, similar to the remainder of the medical services business, are going through changes. Nowadays, one of the main highlights of any structure is the board. The executives give the refinement needed to wrap up any responsibility in a particular way. The executive framework of a drug store can be utilized to deal with most drug store related errands. This report has provided data on the best way to fabricate and execute a Pharmacy Management System. The primary objective of this system is to expand exactness, just as security and proficiency, in the drug shop. This undertaking is focused on the drug store area, determined to offer engaging and reasonable programming answers to assist them with modernizing to rival shops (helping out other equal modules in a similar examination program). This study will clarify the system's thoughts concerning the board issues and arrangements of a drug store. Likewise, this study covers the main parts of the Pharmacy application's investigation, execution, and look.

Barriers and facilitators to guideline for the management of pediatric off-label use of drugs in China: a qualitative descriptive study

BackgroundDespite being a global public health concern, there is a research gap in analyzing implementation strategies for managing off-label drug use in children. This study aims to understand professional health managers’ perspectives on implementing the Guideline in hospitals and determine the Guideline’s implementation facilitators and barriers.MethodsPediatric directors, pharmacy directors, and medical department directors from secondary and tertiary hospitals across the country were recruited for online interviews. The interviews were performed between June 27 and August 25, 2022. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was adopted for data collection, data analysis, and findings interpretation to implement interventions across healthcare settings.ResultsIndividual interviews were conducted with 28 healthcare professionals from all over the Chinese mainland. Key stakeholders in implementing the Guideline for the Management of Pediatric Off-Label Use of Drugs in China (2021) were interviewed to identify 57 influencing factors, including 27 facilitators, 29 barriers, and one neutral factor, based on the CFIR framework. The study revealed the complexity of the factors influencing managing children’s off-label medication use. A lack of policy incentives was the key obstacle in external settings. The communication barrier between pharmacists and physicians was the most critical internal barrier.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this study significantly reduces the implementation gap in managing children’s off-label drug use. We provided a reference for the standardized management of children’s off-label use of drugs.