Faculty Of Pharmacy Research Articles

Prioritizing Faculty Well-Being: Why it Matters, What Schools Can Do, and a Call for Action

Previous studies have identified high rates of burnout among healthcare workers and health professions faculty. Despite interventions being showcased at national meetings in both posters and platform presentations, there is minimal peer-reviewed published research focusing on professional well-being interventions and their assessments specific to pharmacy faculty. This commentary serves as a call to action to design and publish research related to work-system interventions to decrease burnout and promote professional well-being among all academic pharmacy faculty, and particularly subgroups who may be most at risk, such as women and assistant-level faculty. Leaders across colleges of pharmacy may consider implementing strategies suggested in the AACP Creating a Culture of Wellbeing guide.

Is access to leadership roles contributing to the gender pay gap in the pharmaceutical sciences?

Gender disparity in the pharmaceutical sciences contributes to the overall gender pay gap. The gender pay inequity is worse at later career stages. Salary data for pharmaceutical scientists has been reviewed from both the American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences (AAPS) Salary Survey and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Pharmacy Faculty Demographics and Salaries report. We share some potential causes of the pay inequity, including implicit bias, pipeline issues, family responsibilities, and others. We suggest how organizations can put processes in place to help narrow the gender pay gap. Additionally, we share suggestions for how women must take a proactive role to ensure they reach their full potential and pay equity.

Assessment of the geriatric patient’s prescription for the analysis of medications and diseases

Objective: Aging is broadly defined as a gradual functional decline in the living organism’s intrinsic ability to defend, maintain, and repair itself in order to keep working efficiently and has attracted attention throughout the history of civilization Methods: The recent work was an observational, prescription based study carried out in the nearby area of Jahangirabad Institute of Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, Barabanki UP., and India. A descriptive study was conducted for 3 months from March 2024 to June 2024. Elder from (50-100) years of age in outpatient department were recruited for this study. Results: The data reveals a higher number of male patients (446) compared to female patients (324), with 65% of patients in the 50-70 age range and a notable decline in those over 70. Commonly prescribed medications include Omeprazole (275) for heartburn, Diclofenac (272) for pain, and dietary supplements for weakness. Amoxicillin is the most frequently prescribed antibiotic (86 instances), followed by Ciprofloxacin (53) and Metronidazole (45). Parenteral antibiotics like Gentamycin and Ceftriaxone are used for severe infections. This information highlights the need for targeted healthcare services for middle-aged and early senior patients and reflects the reliance on both oral and parenteral antibiotics for treating infections. Conclusion: First and foremost, seniors should focus on living a healthy lifestyle. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep are all essential components of maintaining good health. Seniors should speak with their doctor to determine the best course of action for their specific health needs. This may include implementing a specific diet, taking vitamins, or engaging in physical activity.

Qualitative and Quantitative Tests on the Ingredients of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Fruit Extract as an Alternative Therapy for Infertility in Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease with complaints of pain, infertility, or both, up to 35-50%. The fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, has anticancer prospects and is expected to have ingredients as an alternative therapy for treating infertility in endometriosis. To conduct qualitative and quantitative tests on the content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract, which is expected to contain substances that act as an alternative to infertility therapy in endometriosis. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) was ripened, and its seeds were extracted using 95% ethanol twice. The results of extracts 1 and 2 were combined and then examined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The research was conducted at the Pharmacognosy-Phytochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Qualitative test showed that 95% ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. Quantitative test using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method obtained a flavonoid content of 131.51-189.89µg/ml, equivalent to quercetin, in 6 repetitions, with a wavelength of 510 nm. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The level of steroids contained in the fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) had not been obtained in this study.

Perceptions of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Anti-Racism Among Pharmacy Faculty by Racial and Ethnic Identity

ObjectiveTo compare perceptions of underrepresented minorities (URM), non-URM people of color (POC), and nonminoritized pharmacy faculty in academia in relation to workplace diversity, equity, inclusion, and anti-racism (DEIA) landscape in the United States. MethodsThis study utilized the DEIA Faculty Perceptions of College Climate (FPCC) scale, which was developed and validated by the authors. The FPCC scale was used to investigate perceptions of pharmacy faculty from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy membership directory regarding DEIA within their respective academic pharmacy institutions. Demographic differences were examined using a Pearson chi-square test, while response disparities in FPCC questions were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. ResultsA total of 846 respondents met the inclusion criteria for the study and were included in the analysis. Results indicate disparities in perceptions within all 4 DEIA domains of the FPCC survey among the 3 demographic groups. ConclusionThis study uncovers significant differences in how pharmacy faculty perceive DEIA within pharmacy education, with nonminoritized faculty expressing more positive views compared to their URM and non-URM counterparts. These results emphasize the need for focused interventions and institutional support to bridge DEIA disparities, emphasizing the importance of fostering an inclusive academic environment to enhance faculty well-being and empower the pharmacy profession to meet diverse needs more effectively.

Practice Faculty Also Need Sabbatical Leaves

The academic sabbatical in higher education has been used as a tool for personal and professional growth. Although sabbaticals for tenured faculty have been widely accepted and utilized, their use for nontenure, contract, and practice-based faculty are not well-understood. To explore the reason behind this, the authors undertook focus sessions among practice faculty who had taken a sabbatical leave or were considering a sabbatical leave. Two themes emerged from the conversations with participants: (theme 1) practice faculty assume they are not eligible for sabbatical leaves and (theme 2) practice faculty assume sabbaticals must result in/lead to significant grant funding. Based on these results, sabbatical leaves appear to be under offered to and misunderstood by practice pharmacy faculty. In a time where pharmacy programs are struggling to recruit and retain practice faculty required to prepare the next generation of pharmacists, sabbaticals for practice faculty may be an effective strategy to support practice faculty and incorporate innovation into educational experiences. We hope that this project stimulates a broader conversation within pharmacy academia about the importance of investment in our critically important practice faculty.

Utilizing machine learning to analyze trunk movement patterns in women with postpartum low back pain

This paper presents an analysis of trunk movement in women with postnatal low back pain using machine learning techniques. The study aims to identify the most important features related to low back pain and to develop accurate models for predicting low back pain. Machine learning approaches showed promise for analyzing biomechanical factors related to postnatal low back pain (LBP). This study applied regression and classification algorithms to the trunk movement proposed dataset from 100 postpartum women, 50 with LBP and 50 without. The Optimized optuna Regressor achieved the best regression performance with a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.000273, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0039, and R2 score of 0.9968. In classification, the Basic CNN and Random Forest Classifier both attained near-perfect accuracy of 1.0, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 1.0, precision of 1.0, recall of 1.0, and F1-score of 1.0, outperforming other models. Key predictive features included pain (correlation of -0.732 with flexion range of motion), range of motion measures (flexion and extension correlation of 0.662), and average movements (correlation of 0.957 with flexion). Feature selection consistently identified pain, flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and average movement as influential across methods. While limited to this initial dataset and constrained by generalizability, machine learning offered quantitative insight. Models accurately regressed (MSE < 0.01, R2 > 0.95) and classified (accuracy > 0.94) trunk biomechanics distinguishing LBP. Incorporating additional demographic, clinical, and patient-reported factors may enhance individualized risk prediction and treatment personalization. This preliminary application of advanced analytics supported machine learning's potential utility for both LBP risk determination and outcome improvement. This study provides valuable insights into the use of machine learning techniques for analyzing trunk movement in women with postnatal low back pain and can potentially inform the development of more effective treatments.Trial registration: The trial was designed as an observational and cross-section study. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee in Deraya University, Faculty of Pharmacy, (No: 10/2023). According to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study complies with the principles of human research. Each patient signed a written consent form after being given a thorough description of the trial. The study was conducted at the outpatient clinic from February 2023 till June 30, 2023.

Counting on Change: Conquering Challenges in Teaching Pharmaceutical Calculations

All pharmacists are expected to accurately perform pharmaceutical calculations to ensure patient safety. In recent years, there have been trends in declining performance on the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination related to calculations. Understanding the cause of this decline and determining methods to correct underlying issues could benefit pharmacy administration, faculty, students, and patients. The aims of this commentary are to present the factors impacting the students’ pharmaceutical calculations abilities, discuss the consequences of declining math skills, and provide a call to action for scholarship of teaching and learning pertaining to calculations, as well as increased administrative support to rectify this challenge.

Investigation into the impact of certain leaf extracts derived from Inula viscosa L. on various strains of pathogenic bacteria in poultry

The study was designed to investigate the efficacy of acetone, ethanol, hexane, diethyl ether, and aqueous extracts from clay plants against four pathogenic bacteria commonly found in poultry: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens. The research took place in the microbiology and drug laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Tartous, as well as the microbiology laboratory at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at Tishreen University. Tayon plant leaves were harvested in October and November of 2021 from the Safita region, dried, and stored for future use. The susceptibility tests were carried out on the four bacteria under investigation using the five different extracts. The findings revealed that Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens were all impacted by the extracts, except for Escherichia coli which displayed resistance to acetone, ethanol, hexane, and diethyl ether extracts, but not to the aqueous extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also exhibited resistance to the diethyl ether extract at concentrations of 20 and 40 μl, with no inhibition zone observed. At a concentration of 80 μl, the largest average diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone was observed for the acetone extract (4.82, 24.95, 15.41, and 22.14 mm), ethanol (9.32, 28.11, 22.98, and 29.24 mm), hexane (6.42, 18.91, 13.23, and 17.47 mm), diethyl ether (9.33, 21.22, 9.56, and 18.75 mm), and aqueous extract (23.45, 26.22, 15.71, and 24.12 mm), respectively, in comparison to concentrations of 20 and 40 microliters and the control. These results suggest that the plant leaf extracts possess antimicrobial properties against the pathogenic bacterial strains tested, indicating their potential as natural sources of antibiotics in the future.

Enhancing Academic Success: A mixed Study on the Influencing Factors among Pharmacy Students in Syrian Universities

Background Academic achievement is the result of both effort and perseverance exerted by the students. This mixed-methods study aims to investigate the factors affecting the academic achievement of pharmacy students in Syrian universities. Methods A convergent parallel mixed-methods study was utilized. In the quantitative phase, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 1008 students (773 females and 235 males) from 23 Syrian universities. A questionnaire consisting of 48 items was designed to be completed by pharmacy students using a 5-point Likert scale. In the qualitative phase, twelve questions were developed to interview thirty pharmacy students from five Syrian universities to obtain in-depth insights into the factors influencing their academic achievement. Results A significant number of students lacked effective time management skills, identified as a weakness among students. The majority of students faced challenges in maintaining a consistent study routine, averaging a score of (2.0). Motivation towards learning emerged as a crucial factor in enhancing academic performance. Lecturers in the pharmacy faculty employed traditional teaching methods (2.01), and the pharmacy curriculum was perceived as lacking modernity (1.92). Quantitative findings demonstrated that pharmacy students experienced exam-related anxiety (2.05), identified as a weakness in the qualitative phase. Factors associated with the Syrian crisis, like unreliable electricity (1.87) and transportation issues (1.83), could have an impact on academic achievement. Economic conditions were identified as challenging to students’ academic performance, negatively affecting the learning process (1.98). Conclusion The results of the study demonstrate that personal factors, lecturers, educational environment, exams, and the Syrian crisis influence the academic achievement of pharmacy students in Syrian universities.

Design and Refinement of a Faculty Workload Estimator

ObjectiveThis paper describes the creation and refinement of a Workload Estimator to be used at Colleges/Schools of pharmacy to calculate faculty workload. MethodsWe describe the initial development of the Workload Estimator for pharmacy practice faculty, including the consensus-building methodology and the implementation process. Additionally, we describe the annual refinement and expansion of use to pharmaceutical and administrative sciences faculty. ResultsThe final product is an Excel file with built-in multiplication factors used to estimate pharmacy faculty workload. ConclusionThis Workload Estimator was identified as the most comprehensive and readily adaptable tool to estimate pharmacy faculty workload in July 2023 by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Council of Faculties, and Council of Deans Task Force on Faculty Workload. The Workload Estimator is currently being studied in a multi-institutional implementation study across dozens of diverse programs across the country with norming data and qualitative perspectives on its use being collected and shared with the Academy in 2024.

Faculty of Pharmacy Shares Experience Transitioning from Traditional Lab Practicals to Objective Structured Pharmacy Assessment (OSPA)

The Faculty of Pharmacy revamped its curriculum for the Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours) 2019 cohort due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The Nutraceutical (PHC560) course transitioned its hands-on tablet formulation practical to a virtual format with recorded demonstrations. The third cohort's reassessment led to redesigning the lab component into an Objective Structured Pharmacy Assessment (OSPA), focusing on Ethics, Regulatory Aspects, Quality Assurance, and Case Study with Role Play. Positive outcomes have sparked optimism for continued OSPA implementation and potential extension to other courses.

Clinical Pharmaceutical Reasoning in Hospital Pharmacy Practice using the DRIP framework: a New Approach for a Perfectionist Profession

Clinical pharmacists are responsible for safe medication use in hospitals. Most clinical pharmacists are perfectionists. However, in their decision-making process, they have to embrace uncertainty, while interpreting available data, and integrating knowledge and clinical experience. In clinical practice, how to teach and master clinical pharmaceutical reasoning is unclear. We developed the DRIP framework including different aspects on drug, indication and patient and a stepwise approach to support clinical pharmaceutical reasoning by students, residents in hospital pharmacy and clinical pharmacists. The DRIP framework was first introduced during the daily report with residents and faculty of the clinical pharmacy. The framework was implemented in daily clinical practice to handle drug safety alerts, and to optimise drug therapy during ward rounds, multidisciplinary consultations, and in entrustmentbased discussions with residents. Pharmacists using the DRIP framework felt more confident that relevant aspects of a complex pharmaceutical problem had been considered, they learned to anticipate on the issues behind an apparently simple pharmaceutical question, and to explain their reasoning. Several CANMEDS roles can be simultaneously trained by using our approach. We are developing a course for residents in clinical pharmacy and pharmacology to teach the competency of clinical pharmaceutical reasoning using the DRIP framework.

PHARMACY STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ABOUT PROBIOTICS

Objective: Probiotics are an important and fast-growing functional food group. Pharmacy students, as pharmacists of the future, need to have sufficient knowledge on this subject. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about probiotics. Material and Method: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among students of Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Pharmacy in Türkiye between 9 October and 30 October 2023. The paper-based questionnaires consisted of 23 questions and were administered for approximately 10-15 minutes. Result and Discussion: The questionnaires were answered by 347 (74.7%) students. The mean±SD of the knowledge score was 5.14±1.53. The majority of respondents (79%) correctly identified probiotics. Approximately half of the participants knew the type of bacteria used in probiotic production The mean±SD of the attitude score was 11.13±1.44. Most respondents (91.9%) believed that probiotic consumption was beneficial for health. The mean±SD of the practice score was 3.72±2.77. 45.2% of respondents stated that they had used probiotic supplements before and 31.1% stated that they had sought additional information about probiotics from various sources. 40.6% of the respondents stated that they recommend probiotics to their family/close relatives. This study showed that although the attitudes of pharmacy students were acceptable, they had some knowledge deficiencies and their practices were poor. To increase the knowledge and practices of pharmacy students about probiotics, this subject should be given more space in undergraduate education and relevant scientific events should be organized.

Predictors of Stress and Burnout Among Pharmacy Faculty in the United States

ObjectiveStress and burnout may impact pharmacy faculty’s well-being, quality of life, and productivity. This research study aimed to assess pharmacy faculty’s overall burnout and stress levels in the United States and identify the characteristics associated with these 2 constructs while controlling for faculty characteristics. MethodsA total of 5245 faculty members were invited to participate in a survey between November 2021 and February 2022. Burnout was assessed using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Bivariate analyses were used to identify potential predictors of pharmacy faculty–perceived burnout and stress. The relationships between time allocation across different academic responsibilities and faculty’s perceived burnout and stress were assessed using linear regression analyses. ResultsOut of 5139 delivered invitations, responses were collected from 774 pharmacy faculty members (response rate = 15.1%). Faculty exhibited moderate levels of burnout, with an average score of 40.1 on a scale from 16 to 64. Additionally, they displayed moderate perceived stress levels, with an average score of 18.2 on a scale from 0 to 40. Faculty displayed significantly more burnout and stress if they were unmarried, nontenured, younger, female, had lower academic rank, or worked in pharmacy practice departments. Higher stress and burnout were associated with spending more time on teaching, whereas lower burnout and stress were associated with spending more time on administration. ConclusionThis study found that US pharmacy faculty experience moderate levels of stress and burnout. Some demographic factors and time allocation for teaching and administrative tasks influence these levels.

Assessing pharmacists' awareness of financial indicators in community pharmacy management: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundCommunity pharmacists play a vital role in the healthcare system, serving as accessible healthcare providers and entrepreneurs. To effectively manage community pharmacies, pharmacists must possess financial literacy and utilize appropriate financial indicators. However, studies addressing community pharmacists' awareness of financial indicator concepts are scarce. This study assesses the awareness of community pharmacists in Jordan regarding financial indicators. MethodsEmploying a cross-sectional study design, we utilized a structured and validated questionnaire to collect data from 353 community pharmacy owners across Jordan. The questionnaire assessed pharmacists' awareness and utilization of financial indicators in pharmacy management. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic data, while analytical statistics examined associations between demographic factors and financial indicator awareness. ResultsThe study revealed varying levels of awareness among pharmacists regarding financial indicators, with younger pharmacists exhibiting higher awareness levels. Factors such as educational background and years of experience were found to influence awareness. Furthermore, pharmacists predominantly utilize profitability indicators to assess financial performance. ConclusionThe findings underscore the importance of enhancing pharmacists' financial literacy and integrating financial management principles into pharmacy education. Continuous professional development programs are essential to improve financial competence among pharmacists. This study provides valuable insights into the awareness of financial indicators among community pharmacists in Jordan, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts from policymakers, pharmacy faculties, and associations to enhance financial education and promote research in this critical area.

Pharmacy faculty expectations of and experiences with parental leave: A cross-sectional exploratory study

IntroductionParental leave policies have the potential to adversely impact faculty well-being and retention if not designed and deployed in a beneficial manner. This exploratory study aims to determine the perceptions of and experiences with parental leave for faculty at pharmacy institutions. MethodsAn exploratory, cross-sectional survey was sent to pharmacy school deans to distribute to faculty. The survey obtained demographic information and asked questions pertaining to parental leave experiences and expectations, including workload coverage and the perceived impact on performance evaluations. Comments regarding ideal parental leave were qualitatively summarized. ResultsFifty-five respondents who had taken parental leave completed the survey, and 51 free text responses were received. A large effect size for the association between academic rank and planned timing of leave and a larger than medium effect size for the association with gender identity was identified. ConclusionThe availability, duration, and requirements of parental leave at pharmacy institutions have the potential to negatively impact faculty well-being and retention. This exploratory study provides initial insight into pharmacy faculty's experiences with and expectations of parental leave. Further research is needed to examine this issue on a broader scale and corroborate these findings.

Perceptions of Remediation Policies and Procedures in Pharmacy Education

ObjectiveThis study aimed to (1) explore the perceptions of current remediation processes among pharmacy program administrators and faculty, and (2) identify factors surrounding successful or unsuccessful remediation in a pharmacy program. MethodsThis qualitative study used the following 3 stakeholder focus groups with distinct perspectives: didactic faculty, experiential faculty, and administrators. A screening survey was used to identify eligible participants, and quota sampling was used to represent various institution types and stakeholder experience. Focus groups were conducted using structured interview questions by an expert interviewer who was not part of the research team. Data were coded using the constant comparison method until consensus was achieved on the identified themes. ResultsThree themes associated with remediation were identified with 12 coded categories. The codes discussed by all 3 stakeholder groups included methods to identify students who need remediation, types of remediation, remediation challenges, consequences of remediation, remediation effectiveness, and necessary improvements to the remediation process. The didactic and experiential faculty groups discussed the management of remediation plans, methods of remediation prevention, and lessons learned from remediation. The timing of remediation was discussed by didactic faculty. The experiential faculty noted the need for preceptor development to provide timely feedback and ensure successful remediation. All 3 groups mentioned having clear policies and procedures for successful remediation. ConclusionOverall, faculty and administrators had similar perceptions regarding remediation practices. The differences in concerns about remediation were most notable between the experiential and didactic faculty. While all 3 groups believed that remediation may be useful and necessary, challenges remain and monitoring is needed to determine the most effective practices, particularly in experiential education.

A Deeper Reflection on the Integration of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process

ObjectiveGiven the importance of developing student understanding and application of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP), programs may be able to use successful approaches from other institutions to enhance their curricular and experiential learning and assessment of student outcomes. The study objective was to explore successful methods of integrating the PPCP and outline areas of challenge. MethodsThis study used a qualitative study design with semistructured interviews to gain insight from participants’ lived experiences. Pharmacy faculty members participating in a national survey or who were authors of articles about PPCP initiatives were recruited to provide greater detail about building successful and innovative curricula. Thematic analysis identified commonalities and differences among the interviewed participants. ResultsA total of 10 interviews were conducted. The following 4 overarching themes arose from the data: discussions around intentional integration of the PPCP across multiple core courses may foster innovations in teaching strategies; intentional integration alone does not equate to PPCP integration across the curriculum; intentional integration may enhance program assessment; and PPCP data from experiential coursework may not be widely used in curricular continuous quality improvement. ConclusionPharmacy programs will ideally involve the entire faculty, including experiential and basic and social/administrative science members, in weaving the PPCP throughout the curriculum. Rigorous assessment can better inform interventions related to student competency in various steps of the PPCP. Pharmacy programs should also clarify how data obtained from preceptors observing student performance in each of the PPCP steps are used to assess student mastery of this critical skill.

Neck pain among students of the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Marrakech

Our objective was to investigate neck pain occurrence among students at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Marrakech (FMPM), pinpoint its associated factors, and propose effective prevention strategies. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate its medical and psychological impact on physical activity and study quality. To achieve our goals, we conducted over three-month period a cross-sectional study among FMPM students from 2nd to 7th year, using a self-questionnaire with both descriptive and analytical purposes, from June 2022 to September 2022.We considered students with neck pain as those who had undergone an episode of neck pain within the previous year. Our research consisted of 206 students, with a gender ratio of 3.4 and an average age of 23 years. The results indicated that the vast majority of students (81.1%) had experienced neck pain within the past year, but for most, the pain lasted less than a week. During the survey, neck pain was reported by 18.4% of students. Our analysis discovered that there was a significant correlation between the occurrence of neck pain within the past year and age, family history of degenerative disc diseases, prior neck pain, amount of sleep, and computer use for studying. Through our research, we have confirmed that neck pain is a significant health issue for FMPM students. In order to address this problem and decrease its occurrence and impact, we have suggested preventative measures. To achieve this, we have put up posters in the faculty hall and shared a link online within student groups, which provides information on exercises and proper posture.