Pharmacological Characterization Research Articles

A comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 8 potent species of southeast Asia.

Genus Prunus comprising around 430 species is a vast important genus of family Rosaceae, subfamily amygdalaoidae. Among all 430 species, around 19 important species are commonly found in Indian sub-continent due to their broad nutritional and economic importance. Some most common species of genus Prunus are Prunus amygdalus, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus, Prunus cerasoides, Prunus domestica, Prunus mahaleb, etc. A newly introduced species of Prunus i.e Prunus sunhangii is recently discovered which is morphologically very similar to Prunus cerasoides. Plants of Prunus species are short to medium-sized deciduous trees mainly found in the northern hemisphere. In India and its subcontinent, it extends from the Himalayas to Sikkim, Meghalaya, Bhutan, Myanmar etc. Different Prunus species have been extensively studied for their morphological, microscopic, pharmacological and phytoconstituents characteristics. Total phenolic content of Prunus species explains the presence of phenols in high quantity and pharmacological activity due to phenols. Phytochemical screening of species of genus Prunus shows the presence of wide phytoconstituents which contributes in their pharmacological significance and reveals the therapeutic potential and traditional medicinal significance of this genus. Genus Prunus showed a potent antioxidant activity analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical assay. Plant species belonging to the genus Prunus is widely used traditionally for the treatment of various disorders. Some specific Prunus species possess potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic etc. activity which makes the genus more interesting for further research and findings. This review is an attempt to summarize the comprehensive study of Prunus.

New synthetic opioids: Advances of receptor assays as tools for pharmacological characterization and analytical screening

New synthetic opioids: Advances of receptor assays as tools for pharmacological characterization and analytical screening

The Application and Mechanism Exploration of N-Butylphthalide in the Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

This study comprehensively explored the application and the mechanism of action of N-Butylphthalide (NBP) in the treatment of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The article begins with an overview of the physiological impacts of CO poisoning, particularly highlighting its inhibition of blood oxygenation function and its extensive damage to the nervous system. Subsequently, the paper delves into the pharmacological characteristics of NBP, discussing its potential role in neuroprotection, and supports the application value of NBP in the treatment of CO poisoning with animal experiments and preliminary clinical data. Although current research results have preliminarily confirmed the neuroprotective effects of NBP, key parameters such as the specific dosage, therapeutic time window, and long-term safety in the treatment of CO poisoning still require further investigation and clarification. The paper concludes with a proposal for future studies to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of action of NBP, explore its synergistic effects with existing treatments, and validate its efficacy and safety in the treatment of CO poisoning through extensive clinical trials. In summary, as an emerging neuroprotective agent, NBP shows significant potential in the field of CO poisoning treatment, and it is hoped that future research will provide more effective and safe treatment options for patients with CO poisoning.

An in-depth review of thalidomide's basic moieties

Thalidomide, also referred to as N-phthalimido glutarimide, was initially made available as a sedative by Chemie Grunelthal GmbH in West Germany in 1957. Thalidomide's chemical structure primarily consists of two rings: the phthalimide ring and the glutarimide ring. Although small substitutions in one or both rings might be tolerated without a reduction in toxicity, both of these groups were necessary for embryopathic action. A cyclic chemical structure that is a component of thalidomide is the phthalimide ring. The phthalimide ring is thought to contribute to both the teratogenic (causes birth defects) and some therapeutic aspects of the medication. Another cyclic structure seen in the chemical makeup of thalidomide is the Glutarimide Ring. The pharmacological characteristics of thalidomide are also connected to this portion of the molecule. Based on their activities and structural connections, this review study gives an overview of the interaction between phalidimide and the glutarimide ring for teratogenicity of the thalidomide type. Understanding how thalidomide interacts with the human body, both for its intended therapeutic effects and its negative side effects, especially when taken during pregnancy, is important given the combination of these rings in the drug's chemical structure.

Exploring cocrystals and polymorphism in pharmaceutical science: A comprehensive review

The pharmaceutical industry has been working hard in recent years to find ways to control polymorphism, which involves many solid drug forms due to their various physical and chemical characteristics. Creating cocrystals and salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is one potential research direction. These substances have drawn a lot of attention because they can improve crucial pharmacological features without reducing therapeutic efficacy. It is significant to note that not all compounds having multiple hydrogen bond donor/acceptor groups and polymorphism properties will form cocrystals; this behavior varies. Pharmaceutical firms and researchers alter APIs, frequently by generating cocrystals, salts, or polymorphs. This review discusses analytical approaches for solids drug forms such as diffraction, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and pharmaceutical characterization. These techniques enable us to investigate solid APIs thoroughly, from their bulk characteristics to their molecular composition. They offer vital details regarding the composition, attributes, purity, and probable changes of the substance. These technologies are also useful for continuous monitoring and analysis of drug development physical procedures.

Impact of different dose reduction criteria on dose assignment of current DOACs and related outcomes: an analysis from 4-year data of the ETNA-AF Europe programme

Abstract Background Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the standard treatment for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Pharmacological characteristics and dose reduction criteria of the four currently available DOACs are different. Several studies have reported frequent use of non-recommended doses of DOACs associated with worse clinical outcomes. Data from real-world studies, such as the edoxaban Treatment in routiNe clinical prActice (ETNA)-AF, may help assessing the size of this phenomenon and its impact on clinical outcomes. Purpose To evaluate the distribution of dose reduction criteria and explore associated outcomes in a large, unselected, real-world population using 4-year data from the ETNA-AF EU study. Methods The ETNA-AF EU is a prospective, observational, study to evaluate safety and effectiveness of edoxaban in patients with AF from Europe. Patients with available data regarding the SmPC dose reduction criteria of the four currently available DOACs were included. Patients with a creatinine clearance <30 mL/min were excluded. Patients were classified by dose reduction criteria for the different DOACs (i.e., full dose for all [FULL], reduced dose for all [REDUCED], patients not included in previous groups [INTERMEDIATE]). Results We included 12,866 patients from the ETNA-AF EU study. According to the SmPC dose reduction criteria, the percentage of patients that would be eligible for a dose reduction in the ETNA population was highly heterogenous across different DOACS: 5.7% for apixaban, 16.8% for rivaroxaban, 23.8% for edoxaban and 52.9% for dabigatran. Moreover, differences in the dose reduction criteria included in each SmPC was reflected by the distribution of patients in the three pre-specified groups. Among the 11,003 assignable patients, 42.4% would receive a full dose, 5.1% would receive a reduced dose and the largest percentage, 52.5%, was in the INTERMEDIATE group, which would receive either a full or reduced dose of any DOAC depending on the selected agent. Of the patients included in the INTERMEDIATE group, 65.2% received a full dose of edoxaban due to its specific labelling. Interestingly, the INTERMEDIATE group included the vast majority of patients known to be at risk of adverse events: very elderly (i.e., ≥85 yrs; 76.5%), frail as per investigator (73.3%), history of previous stroke (60.4%) or history of bleeding (61.3%). Clinical outcomes at four years were significantly higher in both the INTERMEDIATE and the REDUCED groups compared to the FULL group, with the only exception of haemorrhagic stroke (Table). Conclusion(s): According to the different dose reduction criteria of currently available DOACs, notable percentage of patients could receive either a full or a reduced dose depending on the DOAC chosen by the physician. Considering that the chosen dose of the DOAC has an impact on clinical outcomes, patients in the INTERMEDIATE group need careful assessment, which warrants further analysis.

In Silico Assisted Identification, Synthesis, and In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Potent and Selective Blockers of the Epilepsy-Associated KCNT1 Channel.

Gain-of-function (GoF) variants in KCNT1 channels cause severe, drug-resistant forms of epilepsy. Quinidine is a known KCNT1 blocker, but its clinical use is limited due to severe drawbacks. To identify novel KCNT1 blockers, a homology model of human KCNT1 was built and used to screen an in-house library of compounds. Among the 20 molecules selected, five (CPK4, 13, 16, 18, and 20) showed strong KCNT1-blocking ability in an in vitro fluorescence-based assay. Patch-clamp experiments confirmed a higher KCNT1-blocking potency of these compounds when compared to quinidine, and their selectivity for KCNT1 over hERG and Kv7.2 channels. Among identified molecules, CPK20 displayed the highest metabolic stability; this compound also blocked KCNT2 currents, although with a lower potency, and counteracted GoF effects prompted by 2 recurrent epilepsy-causing KCNT1 variants (G288S and A934T). The present results provide solid rational basis for future design of novel compounds to counteract KCNT1-related neurological disorders.

Neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of herbecetin against thioacetamide induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via upregulation of AMPK and SIRT1 signaling pathways

Acute liver injury, there is a risky neurological condition known as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Herbacetin is a glycosylated flavonoid with many pharmacological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of herbacetin to protect against the cognitive deficits associated with thioacetamide (TAA) rat model and delineate the underlying behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms. Rats were pretreated with herbacetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 30days. On 30th day, the rats were injected with TAA (i.p. 350 mg/kg) in a single dose. In addition to a histpathological studies, ultra-structural architecture of the brain, liver functions, oxidative stress biomarkers, and behavioral tests were evaluated. Compared to the TAA-intoxicated group, herbacetin improved the locomotor and cognitive deficits, serum hepatotoxicity indices and ammonia levels. Herbacetin reduced brain levels of malodialdeyde, glutamine synthetase (GS), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 B (IL-1β), annexin v, and increased brain GSH, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) expression levels. Also, herbacetin improve the histopathological changes and ultra- structure of brain tissue via attenuating the number of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Herbacetin treatment significantly reduced the toxicity caused by TAA. These findings suggest that herbacetin might be taken into account as a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis associated with TAA.

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Melatonin's Anesthetic Applications in Pediatric Care.

Anesthesia is critical to pediatric care, ensuring the safety and comfort of children undergoing medical procedures. With a growing interest in alternative anesthetic agents, melatonin has emerged as a promising candidate due to its sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This comprehensive review explores the potential applications of melatonin in pediatric anesthesia. We delve into the pharmacological characteristics of melatonin, its anesthetic properties, and its clinical applications in pediatric care, including preoperative sedation, adjunct to general anesthesia, postoperative pain management, and prevention of emergence delirium. Additionally, we discuss the safety profile of melatonin, potential adverse effects, and comparative analysis with traditional anesthetics. Finally, we highlight future research directions to provide insights into melatonin's role in pediatric anesthesia and its implications for clinical practice.

Development of a Risk Model and Genotyping Patterns Based on Disulfidptosis-Related lncRNAs to Predict Prognosis and Immune Landscape in Osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent orthopedic malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs (DRLncs) may be related to the progression of OS, but their potential molecular regulatory role is still unclear. Based on the data collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we conducted correlation analysis and the univariate Cox analysis to screen prognosis-related DRLncs, followed by developing genotyping patterns and corresponding classifier. Subsequently, the survival analysis, enrichment analysis, drug sensitivity analysis and immune infiltration analysis were performed. Afterward, multivariate Cox regression was used to construct a risk model, which was further validated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The aberrant expression of hub DRLncs in OS was validated using the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. We identified 262 DRLncs and eleven prognosis-related DRLncs through filtering. We then constructed two distinct expression patterns of prognosis-related DRLncs and developed a classifier. We obtained 393 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different subtypes, which were significantly enriched in biological processes related to the extracellular matrix, integrin binding, focal adhesion, and Wnt signaling pathways. Through immune infiltration analysis, the activated CD4 memory T cells, resting natural killer (NK) cells, M1 macrophages, and resting dendritic cells (DC) were observed to exhibit different abundance in distinct subtypes. In the drug sensitivity analysis, tamoxifen showed a promising effect for drug-resistant OS. Furthermore, we identified five hub DRLncs and constructed a risk model. The RT-qPCR confirmed the aberrant expression of five hub DRLncs in OS. The present study identified DRLncs in OS, and conducted a comprehensive investigation of DRLncs-related expression patterns, survival status, immune landscape and drug sensitivity to reveal the difference in prognostic, pharmacological and immunological phenotype characteristics between distinct subtypes. Additionally, we developed a risk model to predict the prognosis, and constructed a genotyping classifier to predict the above phenotype characteristics in OS.

Kinetically Inert Platinum (II) Complexes for Improving Anticancer Therapy: Recent Developments and Road Ahead.

The search for better chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate the deficiencies of existing platinum (Pt) drugs has picked up the pace in the millennium. There has been a disparate effort to design better and safer Pt drugs to deal with the problems of deactivation, Pt resistance and toxic side effects of clinical Pt drugs. In this review, we have discussed the potential of kinetically inert Pt complexes as an emerging class of next-generation Pt drugs. The introduction gives an overview about the development, use, mechanism of action and side effects of clinical Pt drugs as well as the various approaches to improve some of their pharmacological properties. We then describe the impact of kinetic lability on the pharmacology of functional Pt drugs including deactivation, antitumor efficacy, toxicity and resistance. Following a brief overview of numerous pharmacological advantages that a non-functional kinetically inert Pt complex can offer; we discussed structurally different classes of kinetically inert Pt (II) complexes highlighting their unique pharmacological features.

Molecular insights into the antioxidant and anticancer properties: A comprehensive analysis through molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics studies.

Plants are rich sources of therapeutic compounds that often lack the side effects commonly found in synthetic chemicals. Researchers have effectively synthesized pharmaceuticals from natural sources, taking inspiration from traditional medicine, in their pursuit of modern drugs. This study aims to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid content of Solanum virginianum seeds using different solvent extracts, enzymatic assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylactivity, reducing power, and superoxide activity. Our phytochemical screening identified active compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The methanol extract notably possesses higher levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content in comparison to the other extracts. The results highlight the superior antioxidant activity of methanol-extracted leaves, demonstrated by their exceptional IC50 values, which surpass the established standard. In this study, molecular docking techniques were used to assess the binding affinity and to predict the binding conformation of the compounds. Quercetin 3-O beta- d-galactopyranoside displayed a binding energy of -8.35 kcal/mol with several important amino acid residues, PHE222, TRP440, ILE184, LEU192, VAL221, LEU218, SER185, and ALA188. Kaempferol 3-O-beta- l-glucopyranoside exhibited a binding energy of -8.33 kcal/mol, interacting with specific amino acid residues including ALA 441, VAL318, VAL322, MET307, ILI409, GLY442, and PHE439. The results indicate that the methanol extract has a distinct composition of biologically active constituents compared to the other extracts. Overall, seeds exhibit promise as natural antioxidants and potential agents for combating cancer. This study highlights the significance of utilizing the therapeutic capabilities of natural compounds and enhancing our comprehension of their pharmacological characteristics.

Review on Moringa oleifera Plant

The most extensively grown species of the monogeneric, Moringaceae family, which is native to south Asia, is Moringa oleifera, sometimes known as "The Miracle Tree." The medium-sized agroforestry tree Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is native to south Asia but has now naturalized in many other nations. Moringa is also thought to be a treatment for malnutrition. It has several pharmacological characteristics, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. It was discovered that every portion of the plant contains bioactive components. To far, over a hundred chemicals, comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes, have been identified from various sections of Moringa oleifera. These leaves have been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. These leaves have the potential to avert the plague of starvation and associated illnesses due to their potent nutritional content. In this article, we will keep an eye on Moringa Oleifera Plant overview. Keywords: Moringa Oleifera plant, Miracle Tree, Herb, Drumstick, Herbal Medicine

Ananas comosus (Pineapple): A Comprehensive Review of Its Medicinal Properties, Phytochemical Composition, and Pharmacological Activities

Herbal medicine, also known as phytomedicine, utilizes various plant parts like leaves, fruits, roots, bark, or flowers for their health benefits, standing as an alternative healthcare approach to conventional medicine. Traditional herbal remedies, integral to medical systems worldwide, notably in China and India, are gaining global recognition for their efficacy and fewer side effects. Approximately 80% of the world's population relies on traditional herbal medicine for primary healthcare, as per the World Health Organization. Ananas comosus (L.) Merril, commonly known as pineapple, belongs to the Bromeliaceae family, encompassing about 50 genera and 200 species. Pineapple, a perennial herbaceous plant, exhibits unique physical attributes, with its main parts including the stem, leaves, peduncle, multiple fruit, crown, shoots, and roots. Pineapple contains various amino acids, including tyrosine and tryptophan, along with bromelain, an enzyme aiding digestion by breaking down proteins. This review outlines previous research on the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Ananas comosus, highlighting its diverse medicinal properties. From antimicrobial and anticancer activities to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects, pineapple demonstrates significant therapeutic potential across multiple health domains. Additionally, its nutritional value and traditional uses further underscore its importance as a versatile herbal remedy. Keywords: Ananas comosus, pineapple, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, medicinal properties, bromelain.

Synthesis, Characterisation, and In Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activity of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids.

In recent decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered research interest for their noteworthy properties, such as thermal stability, low or no flammability, and negligible vapour pressure. Moreover, their tunability offers limitless opportunities to design ILs with properties suitable for applications in many industrial fields. This study aims to synthetise two series of methylimidazolium ILs bearing long alkyl chain in their cations (C9, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20) and with tetrafluoroborate (BF4) and the 1,3-dimethyl-5-sulfoisophthalate (DMSIP) as counter ions. The ILs were characterised using 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF, and their thermal behaviour was investigated through DSC and TGA. Additionally, the antimicrobial, anticancer, and cytotoxic activities of the ILs were analysed. Moreover, the most promising ILs were incorporated at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 wt%) into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by solvent casting to obtain antimicrobial blend films. The thermal properties and stability of the resulting PVC/IL films, along with their hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, IL surface distribution, and release, were studied using DSC and TGA, contact angle (CA), SEM, and UV-vis spectrometry, respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of blends were analysed. The in vitro results demonstrated that the antimicrobial and antitumor activities of pure ILs against t Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, and the breast cancer cell line (MCF7), respectively, were mainly dependent on their structure. These activities were higher in the series containing the BF4 anion and increased with the increase in the methylimidazolium cation alkyl chain length. However, the elongation of the alkyl chain beyond C16 induced a decrease in antimicrobial activity, indicating a cut-off effect. A similar trend was also observed in terms of in vitro biocompatibility. The loading of both the series of ILs into the PVC matrix did not affect the thermal stability of PVC blend films. However, their Tonset decreased with increased IL concentration and alkyl chain length. Similarly, both the series of PVC/IL films became more hydrophilic with increasing IL concentration and alkyl chain. The loading of ILs at 5% concentration led to considerable IL accumulation on the blend film surfaces (as observed in SEM images) and, subsequently, their higher release. The biocompatibility assessment with healthy human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and the investigation of antitumoral properties unveiled promising pharmacological characteristics. These findings provide strong support for the potential utilisation of ILs in biomedical applications, especially in the context of cancer therapy and as antibacterial agents to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the unique properties of the PVC/IL films make them versatile materials for advancing healthcare technologies, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and antimicrobial coatings to diagnostic devices.

Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and phytochemical profile of Pennisetum glaucum cultivated in central-southern Morocco and imported from India

Alternative methods of producing food sustainably are being considered due to rapid expanding population, increasing food needs, declining agricultural soils fertility, and ongoing drought. To achieve that, we examined the pharmacological, functional, and nutritional characteristics of two cultivars of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), which are distinguished by their ability to tolerate a variety of climates compared to other cereal grains. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of two seeds cultivars: one cultivated in Morocco and the other grown in India. In addition to having a higher energy value (403.91 Kcal), higher protein (9.13 %) and lipid content (7.11 %), and a lower capacity for self-oxidation than the Indian variety due to its fatty acid composition, the content of phenolic compounds of Moroccan millet is well concentrated in its seeds, making it more powerful as an antioxidant and hypoglycemic plant. The ethanolic extract of Moroccan pearl millet showed the greatest total phenolic content (36.278 mg GAE/g extract), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 152.286 and 252.480 μg/mL respectively), α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 84.439 μg/mL and 224.103 μg/mL respectively). The evidence gathered in this study indicates that P.glaucum possesses characteristics that qualify it as a food, medicinal, and productive plant.

Antioxidant and toxicity activities of kayu manis hutan (Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Ex Blume Laureceae) leaf extracts

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume Laureceae which is known in Malaysia as “kayu manis” has a wide range of traditional applications for certain plant parts, including the leaves, bark, and stem and it has pharmacological features, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Unfortunately, there is a lack of reports regarding the antioxidant and toxicity activities of ethanolic C. iners crude leaf extracts. The objective of the study was to determine the total phenolic content and its antioxidant activities of ethanolic C. iners crude leaf extracts from two different age maturity, as well as its toxicity activity. The extracts were tested for total phenolic content and its antioxidant activities in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryllhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging- and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The toxicity assay was tested using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. The total phenolic content of the extracts for young and old leaves C. iners resulted in 248.06±12.77 and 351.11±8.62 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging showed results for young and old leaf extracts were IC50 of 31.92 µg/mL and 27.62 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the value of FRAP for young and old leaf extracts were 8.574±0.21 and 9.155±0.36 TEAC mg/g dw, respectively. The ABTS antioxidant activity for the young and old leaf extracts were 305.23±7.02 and 316.86±8.22 Trolox equivalence mg/g dw, respectively. Based on the toxicity assay, both young and old leaf extracts exhibited LC50 at 19.627 and 13.201 mg/mL, respectively. The findings indicate that C. iners leaves crude extracts have exhibited high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and the extracts were not toxic against brine shrimp. Thus, C. iners leaf extracts could be developed as potential natural antioxidant agents.

Exploring the structure and dynamics of a fluorescent schiff base (1E,1′E)-1,1′-(1,4-phenylene) bis(N-(4-chlorophenyl) methamine: Synthesis, spectroscopic analysis, thermal, electronic and crystallographic study with biological applications

Schiff bases have emerged as attractive biological agents with a wide range of uses due to the extraordinary physical, chemical, and pharmacological characteristics that they possess. This study focuses on the effective synthesis of a Schiff base that is produced from 4-chloroaniline and terephthaldehyde. The success of this synthesis is supported by a variety of spectroscopic methods and Single crystal XRD analysis. The chemical that was synthesised had significant fluorescence qualities, with measured values at 457.13, 481.49, and 524.15 nm, highlighting the fact that it has the potential to be utilised in a variety of applications within the field. Using thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of the compound was studied, which revealed an excellent stability at 399 °C. Thermal stability is an essential component of compound usefulness. Molecular insights were obtained by the utilisation of Density Functional Theory, which revealed an energy gap of 1.70 electron volts (eV) and electrophilic behaviour in certain atoms. The distribution of charges was brought to light through the use of Mulliken charges and molecular electrostatic potential analysis, which brought attention to the distinctive qualities of the subject molecule. An examination of the electron localization function revealed that the electron density inside carbon, nitrogen, and chlorine atoms had been delocalized. Additionally, the localised orbital locator wave function and reduced density gradient maps offered vital insights into the non-covalent interactions that were taking place within the system under investigation. In the course of the evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy, it was discovered that the chemical exhibited more powerful antibacterial activity against gram-positive B. subtilis than the conventional antibiotic amoxicillin. The antibacterial findings were further supported by molecular docking tests, which involved using particular proteins from the target species. These investigations showed that B. subtilis had a higher affinity for binding. These findings were further validated by molecular dynamic simulations. The synthesised chemical was subjected to in silico toxicity assessment using seven models, which demonstrated its non-irritating properties on the skin and eyes. The extensive analysis that is given here lays the groundwork for more targeted research on novel antibacterial drugs, with a particular focus on the safety, molecular interactions, and effectiveness of these compounds. As a result of the compound's potential applicability in biocompatible antimicrobial formulations, it is a viable candidate for improving the development of antibacterial medicines that are both effective and safe.

In-depth Exploration of the Pharmacological, Analytical, and Pharmaceutical Attributes of Irbesartan

Irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), has gained prominence in the management of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy due to its potent antihypertensive and Reno protective effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological, analytical, and pharmaceutical characteristics of Irbesartan. Pharmacologically, Irbesartan selectively antagonizes the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors, leading to vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and consequently blood pressure lowering. The drug also exhibits favourable effects on renal function, making it a cornerstone therapy for diabetic nephropathy. Analytically, various chromatographic methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) have been developed and validated for the quantification of Irbesartan in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations, owing to its importance in pharmacokinetic studies and quality control processes. Moreover, spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry have been utilized for Irbesartan determination due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Pharmaceutical considerations encompass formulation strategies, stability studies, and bioavailability enhancement techniques aimed at ensuring the efficacy and safety of Irbesartan formulations. The regulatory approval of Irbesartan-containing products by major health authorities underscores its clinical significance and quality assurance.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators Using GRABeCB2.0 Sensor.

Cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are G-protein coupled receptors acted upon by endocannabinoids (eCBs), namely 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), with unique pharmacology and modulate disparate physiological processes. A genetically encoded GPCR activation-based sensor that was developed recently-GRABeCB2.0-has been shown to be capable of monitoring real-time changes in eCB levels in cultured cells and preclinical models. However, its responsiveness to exogenous synthetic cannabinoid agents, particularly antagonists and allosteric modulators, has not been extensively characterized. This current study expands upon the pharmacological characteristics of GRABeCB2.0 to enhance the understanding of fluorescent signal alterations in response to various functionally indiscriminate cannabinoid ligands. The results from this study could enhance the utility of the GRABeCB2.0 sensor for in vitro as well as in vivo studies of cannabinoid action and may aid in the development of novel ligands.