Pharmacognostic Evaluation Research Articles

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Development of Quality Control Parameters for Root of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,1,101-111.DOI:10.5530/097484900263Published:December 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Deshraj Shyamkant Chumbhale, and Mahendra Shivshankar Khyade Author(s) affiliations:Deshraj Shyamkant Chumbhale1, Mahendra Shivshankar Khyade2,* 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, INDIA. 2Department of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D.J. Malpani Commerce and B.N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Background: In traditional medicine, Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik, which belongs to the Malvaceae family, has been used to treat boils, sores, sprains, inflammations, tuberculosis, and leucoderma. Objectives: The objective of this study was to establish identification and quality control standards. Materials and Methods: For pharmacognostic evaluation, macroscopy, micromorphology and physicochemical constants have been used. Microchemical colour reaction tests and HPTLC studies were performed for qualitative phytochemistry. Results: Externally the root is yellowish-brown to yellowish-white and has a distinct odour, bitter taste, wavy shape, and smooth texture. The periderm was composed of 4-5 thin-walled cells. The secondary phloem has dilated rays and broad pyramid-shaped mucilage-packed rays. The fibres have thin walls and are narrow, and the secondary xylem is a compact circular cylinder with eight to eight radial lines of vessel chains. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, lignified long, narrow, thick-walled fibres with parenchyma cells, lignified cork cells, and cylindrical vessel elements were discovered in powdered samples. Physicochemically, the ash value was found above 8% which shows more than 75% solubility in acid whereas water and methanol extractive values were found to be just above and below 8% respectively. In UV-fluorescence study, very distinctive colour changes of the powdered root have been recorded. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. GC-MS and HPTLC are also used to characterize lipid and phenolic molecules. Conclusion: These findings will help in the future identification and quality control of A. manihot as reference standards. Keywords:Abelmoschus manihot, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemistry, PhytochemistryView:PDF (854.67 KB)

Investigation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Tinospora cordifolia by In-vitro Methods

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Tinospora Cordifolia were performed by In-vitro Methods. For this study stem of plant Tinospora cordifolia where collected and dried under shade. Morphological characteristics and Physio-chemical parameters of Tinospora cordifolia stem were investigated. Plant materials were extracted by Soxhlet extraction method then Pharmacognostical evaluation of extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests for preliminary identification of various phytoconstituents. The free radicals scavenging potential of standard and extract tested by DPPH method are depicted in with a characteristic absorption at 517nm. Effects of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated against gram positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria and antifungal activity was obtained against Candida Albicans and Aspergilus Niger. Antimicrobial activities were estimated by disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of stem of tinospora were evaluated in the term of zone of inhibition. Methanolic steam extract of Tinospora cordifolia was significantly against both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). it was observed that the extract was not significantly effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, while, Methanolic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia was more effective against Candida Albicans and A niger.
 Keyword: Tinospora cordifolia, antioxidant, Antimicrobial,

Pharmacognostic evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants from Maharashtra

Pharmacognostic evaluation of some Indian medicinal plants from Maharashtra

Pharmacognostic Study of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) and its Clay Mask Against Acne-Causing Bacteria

<a name="_Hlk53342230">Previous studies have shown that the ethanolic extract of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) can inhibit acne-causing bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a pharmacognostic evaluation of Bawang Dayak and make a clay mask for acne vulgaris. Bawang Dayak bulbs were extracted using a percolator with 96% ethanol. The qualitative test is carried out using several methods, including the identification of organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical compounds with thin-layer chromatography. Furthermore, the physical and microbiology test was conducted on the clay mask using the disc diffusion technique against acne-causing bacteria. The result showed the physico-chemical parameters of bulbs as 8.67% loss on drying, 0.21% foreign organic matter, 13.31% water-soluble, 10.52% alcohol soluble, 0.53% total ash, 0.85% acid insoluble ash, and 1.67% water-soluble ash. The qualitative test of the phytochemical compound showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and catechols. The best eluent TLC for the ethanolic extract was n-hexane: ethyl acetate (8:2) or ethyl acetate: ethanol: water (8:2:1). Furthermore, the clay mask has moderate activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis and weak activity against P.acnes. Conclusively, pharmacognostic studies on Bawang Dayak simplicia bulbs met the set parameters, and the clay mask of Bawang Dayak inhibits acne-causing bacteria.<o:p></o:p>

Pharmacognostic evaluation of Eranthemum indicum extracts for its in-vitro antioxidant activity, acute toxicology, and investigation of potent bioactive phytocompounds using HPTLC and GCMS

BackgroundNortheast India has a rich resource of herbal plants, and it is essential to validate their therapeutic activity with proper scientific evidence. This study aims to identify active phytocompounds found in the extracts of Eranthemum indicum (E. indicum) and to determine its antioxidative activities and toxicity.ResultsIn vitro free radical scavenging activity of the aqueous extract (AE) and methanol extract (ME) of E. indicum (leaves) was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant activity (TAC). ME depicted better inhibitory concentration when compared to AE. This indicates the effective extraction capacity of methanol, which is consistent with the fact that ME had a higher polyphenol and flavonoid, resulting in their antioxidative activity. HPTLC analysis using the solvent system of ethyl acetate/methanol/ammonia 28–30% (40:10:10) showed better fingerprinting separation, especially in the ME. Furthermore, DPPH radical solution, when used as a derivatizing agent in HPTLC analysis, confirmed that ME has better in vitro antioxidant activities than AE. GCMS analysis of AE identified 3-beta-hydroxy-5-cholen-24-oic-acid as active compound, while in ME Beta.-l-arabinopyranoside and 2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-oxetane were identified as the major bioactive compound. Acute toxicological investigations have shown that both E. indicum extracts have a high L.D. 50 value of 1533 mg/kg b.w for AE and 1567 mg/kg b.w for ME making them safe and non-toxic.ConclusionsExtraction and identification of these phytocompounds in the extracts of E. indicum can help us scientifically document its medicinal importance, and its benefit in pharmaceutical industries. Since it showed promising free radical scavenging activity, it can also be a potent antioxidant source.

Microscopic Studies and Preliminary Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Leaves and Roots of Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight

Death and suffering caused by cancer have been a major concern throughout the history of mankind. Extensive research has been undertaken in the plant kingdom to find out an effective drug for the treatment of various cancer diseases. Drugs derived from plants and microorganism plays a major role in the chemotherapy of cancer. Monoterpene indole alkaloid camptothecin (CPT) is a potent anticancer agent first isolated and reported from extracts of the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata (Nyssaceae). Thereafter camptothecin was isolated from plants of different families mainly Ophiorrhiza mungos and Nothapodytes nimmoniana. The genus Ophiorrhiza is a potent natural source of camptothecin. The presence of fortyseven species and nine varieties of Ophiorrhiza was reported in the Indian subcontinent. Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight is an erect subshrub species, its anticancer potential and detailed phytochemical analysis are yet to be studied. Our aim is to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of leaves and roots of Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight. Our objective is to identify characteristic microscopic features of leaves and roots of the plant and to study the quantitative microscopy, ash value, loss on drying, phytochemical screening, fluorescence analysis, and powder analysis of leaf and roots of Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight. The thickness of the midrib, lamina, leaf margin, and epidermal trichome is measured. It showed the presence of paracytic stomata. Non-glandular epidermal trichomes are common in leaf powder. Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight is a promising anticancer plant; this is a pioneer work to explore the anatomical features of Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight. Keywords: ,, , , And

Pharmacognostical investigation of Clitoria ternatea L. leaves

Clitoria ternatea L. (Family: Fabaceae) is also commonly known as Aparajita or Shankapushpi. The folklore claims the use of whole plant for curing various ailments. The leaves are used for hepatic problems, otalgia and eruptions. Pharmacognosy is an indispensable aid in standardization of herbal drugs. For the present investigation, pharmacognostical evaluation of C. ternatea L. leaf is carried out for quality standards. The study involves the following parameters like macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical analysis, powder microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical analysis. The keystone characteristic of microscopic studies under light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of sclerenchyma ring around the vascular bundle in the midrib region and; two types of non-glandular bicellular trichomes, first type is smooth walled with curved apex, and second type is warty walled with blunt apex. The presence of wax crystalloids on the surface of the leaflets was clearly observed in ESEM. Powder study goes concurrent with microscopy. The physicochemical studies revealed i.e. total ash (8.15 %), water soluble ash (6.58 %), acid insoluble ash (1.88 %) and sulphated ash (9.05%); water soluble extractive value (14.92%) and alcohol soluble extractive values of (9.66%) which are comparatively higher to other solvents. The preliminary phytochemical and histochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. In the current studies, pharmacopeial standards are laid down for the leaves of C. ternatea L.

Pharmacognostic Evaluations of Leaves and Rootback of Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. Ex Keay (False Shea)

Pharmacognostic Evaluations of Leaves and Rootback of Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. Ex Keay (False Shea)

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Indian Traditional Medicine

Indian traditional medicines have been used to boost health since the time of immemorial and the achievement of contemporary medical science mainly depends on drugs initially obtained from natural resources. In the past, a large number of antimicrobial compounds were discovered from synthetic and natural products for the treatment and control of infectious agents. Adhatodavasica, Tinosporacordifolia, Glycyrrhizaglabra, Boerhaviadiffusa, and Eclipta Alba are ethnomedicinal plant. They are used in different diseases like breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. They are vital component of many Ayurvedic formulations. Despite the common utilization of these plants, convincing study required for reporting the pharmacognostic evaluation along with their antimicrobial activity.

Pharmacognostical Study of Bark of Shimshapa (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb)

Purpose: Pharmacognostical evaluation of bark of Dalbergia sissoo is done for identification in field and differentiates from other species of Dalbergia. Methods: Drug is studied taxonomically and its macroscopic, microscopic features were studied including powder microscopy of bark with suitable instruments. Results: Macroscopic study reveals on drying bark is flat curved inward with presence of cracks color reddish brown outer surface rough warty while inner surface was tough, longitudinally striated whereas microscopic study reveals outline of transverse section (TS) exposed rhytidome covering the upper part of section. It was continue with cork cells followed wide zone of secondarycortex. Concentric rings of fibres were present throughout the secondary phloem. The detailed TS showed dark coloured rhytodome cells followed by multilayered cork cells. Secretory cells containing tannin was present in secondary cortex zone. Presence of calcium oxalate crystals present in rays cells and parenchyma cells of cortex. Starch grains were present throughout the parenchyma cells. Powder was dark red in colour, bitter .taste , fruity odor. Powder microscopy reveals fragments of cork cells, stone cells, septate fibres, Pitted medullary ray cells, Prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, simple starch grains and fragments of fibres found present. Conclusion: Finding of this study will falicitate pharmacognostic standardization of plant material and become an aid for identification as well as preparation of herbal monographs for the species and to enjoy the Ayuvedic classical claims.

Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil contains citral-derived chemicals with a variety of pharmacological effects, although there has been minimal research on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and biological aspects.&#x0D; AIM: This research aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and chemical components of C. winterianus stem essential oil.&#x0D; METHODS: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water extractive values, ethanol extractive values, and essential oil yield. The oil was extracted by ethanol steam distillation method, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS.&#x0D; RESULTS: Cymbopogon winterianus stems are 15-35 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with a rough, stiff, and thin texture, with prominent fibers on the top and bottom surfaces. It has a bitter and slightly spicy taste with a distinctive lemony aroma and was greenish yellow in hue with a blend of purplish-red colors. The upper and lower epidermis was examined under a microscope, which revealed sclerenchyma fibers, trichomes, parenchyma, calcium oxalate (rosette), cortex, stem pith, oil cells, stomata (Gramineae type), trachea (ladder and spiral thickening), and collenchyma. The water content was 7.16±0.72%, the water-soluble extractive value was 12.152±0.003%, the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 12.290 ±0.76%, and the essential oil content was 6.46±0.50%. Essential oil constituents were 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, formate; trifluoroacetyl-lavandulol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl-; palmitic acid vinyl ester; glycidyl palmitate; 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; glycidyl palmitoleate; 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene; and cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The essential oil constituents and preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus stem can provide useful data for further phytochemical analysis, quality control, and standardization of Cymbopogon winterianus. Citronellyl formate detected as citral derivatives as the main compound in the ethanol steam distillation method.

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf of Jatropha nana var. bengalense C.H. Rahaman and S. Mondal: An Endemic Member of Euphorbiaceae

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,204-210.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.29Published:April 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Swarnendu Mondal, and Nayan Roy Author(s) affiliations:Swarnendu Mondal1,*, Nayan Roy2 1Department of Botany, Tribal Medicine and Pharmacognosy Lab., MUC Women’s College, Burdwan, West Bengal, INDIA. 2Department of Zoology, Ecology Research Unit, MUC Women’s College, Burdwan, West Bengal, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies helps to maintain the quality of herbal products and purity of crude drugs by means of standardized parameters which will lead to developing the safest and efficacious natural products. Objectives: This study was undertaken to carry out pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of the leaves of the Jatropha nana var. bengalense (Euphorbiaceae), an ethnomedicinal plant. Materials and Methods: Epidermal Micromorphology, physical and physicochemical constants like ash value determination and UV-fluorescence study have been employed for pharmacognostic evaluation. For qualitative phytochemistry, microchemical color reaction test and TLC studies performed. Variations in different biochemical parameters of leaves of different developmental stages have been examined and the obtained data statistically analyzed following standard methods. Results: Typical paracytic type of stomata is found in hypostomatic condition distributed in irregular-shaped epidermal cells. Index of these stomata was found 20.251%. Phytochemical analysis in qualitative and quantitative approaches has also been done to describe its chemical variability. Ash value was found above 8% which shows more than 50% solubility in acid whereas water and ethanol solubility is found to be just below and above the 30% respectively. In UV- fluorescence study very distinctive colour changes of the powdered leaf have been recorded. Alcoholic extracts have shown positive results for presence of most of the phytochemical groups. Quantitative phytochemical analysis confirms that a range of phytochemicals are present in good amount in the leaves of this medicinal plant which could vary in amount in different developmental states. Thin Layer Chromatography has been carried out on ethanolic extract in two different solvent systems which show 6 different Rf values further indicates the presence of important phytochemical derivatives. Conclusion: This study will finally be needful for standardization of identification of the genuine drug, its adulterants and of the chemical constituents present in the leaves and finally bioprospection. Key words: Adulteration, Bioprospection, Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha nana var. bengalense, Pharmacognosy. View:PDF (450.58 KB)

Pharmacognostic Pharmacognostic evaluation and investigation of revitalizer herb Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

Medicinal plants have been used from ancient time for the treatment and well-being of human beings. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. is also been extensively used as traditional medicine in various culture. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. is often prostrate, slender and wiry with long hairs. The plant is common in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The metabolites of the plant are considered to be effective in treating many ailments. Various dosage forms and a wide array of extracts have been used in traditional system of medicine with potent therapeutic activity. It has anticonvulsant, nootropic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anxiolytic, cardio protective effects. The present study deals the pharmacognostic evaluation and investigation of systematics, macro-microscopy, physico-chemical studies, phytochemical studies and TLC assay &amp; HPTLC analytical studies of this medicinally important plant species. Study not only covers critical aspects of pharmacognosy but also important phytochemical investigation with reference to its known bioactive secondary metabolites. It helps in the quality evaluation and standardization of herbal drug. Pharmacognostic diagnosis is very helpful to improve cultivation procedure, plant safety, drug quality and its efficacy along with authentication of commercial samples, used in various formulations.

Phytochemical and Pharmacognostical evaluation of an anti-inflammatory and Hapatoprotective poly-pharmaceutical preparation “Qurs-e-Zarishk”

Since the time Hippocrates man has made the use the different Unani medicines for the treatment of various ailments and still vast majority of population depends on these drugs. So the herbal drugs are gaining more and more attention all over the world due to their long historical clinical practice and less side effects. “Qurs- e- Zarishk” is one of the most important poly-pharmaceutical Unani formulation widely used for the treatment of liver disorders and anemia. Since the formulation has a very effective role in curing such diseases with zero side effects (unlike in Modern Medicine) so all the ingredients used in this preparation are required to be authenticated and standardized properly for quality control purposes. The present paper deals with different physicochemical and biological parameters like botanical identification, microbial load, aflatoxin, pesticide residue, determination of heavy metals, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phyto-chemical constituents, solubility in alcohol and water, successive extractions, pH values, ash values, quantitative estimation of total phenolics, resins etc. Besides, TLC studies of successive extracts have also been carried out.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Establishment of Quality Parameters of Leaves of Prosopis cineraria

The present work focus to evaluate the physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the leaves of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (family: Fabaceae). The plants resources which are used in pharmaceutical formulation standardization was evaluated on the basis of various organoleptic properties, physical characteristics, and physico-chemical properties. Different Physicochemical parameters ash values, extractive values, loss on drying, foreign matter, fluorescence analysis, pH, TLC and HPLC were evaluated. Macroscopically seeds the total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were found to be 7.06%, 3.14%, and 69.3% w/w respectively. Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water soluble extractive values (hot)were 4.865 %, 19.092 %, 12.19%, 24.82%w/w respectively. The pH of 1% and 10% aqueous solution was found to be 6.4 and 6.8 respectively. Primary phytochemical screening indicated the existence of sterols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, saponins and alkaloids. Thin layer chromatographic studies also had been done on ethanolic and hexane extracts. HPTLC fingerprinting is a valuable method for the quantitative determination of phytochemicals present herbal medicine. HPTLC fingerprinting Showing the presence of Gallic acid in ethonolic extract.Rf value calculated and repoted.in plant organoleptic and physico-chemical properties changed due to geographical diversity and time of collection of sample. The present work therefore, attempts to report necessary pharmacognostical and standardization parameters the leaves of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (family: Fabaceae) which will help to identify and development of the drug.

Pharmacognostic evaluation and coagulant analysis of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae)

Ocimum gratissimum belongs to the group of plants known as spices. The plant is an erect small plumb with many branches usually not more than 1m high. It is of the familylabiatae, genus Ocimum and species gratissimum. It is commonly known as scent leaf. This project is focused on the pharmacognostic and coagulant activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum. The ethanol leaf extract of the plant was obtained using cold maceration with ethanol and then filtered and concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract was used for coagulant evaluations, pharmacognostic evaluation and chromatographic (thin layer chromatography) analysis. The LD50 was determined in rats using Lorkes method. Microscopic result shows the presence of a covering or uniseratetrichomes, sclerenchyma none pitted with lumen and diacytic stomata. The numerical data obtained were 8.75%, 12% and 8.45% for moisture content, alcohol extractive value and total cash value. The LD50 shows that there was no death recoded because of the holistic use of the plants. The result of the coagulation research are as follow: Group 1 clotting time 1: 69 min and bleeding time 2: 62min, group 2 clotting time 1: 39 min and bleeding time 4: 79min, group 3 clotting time 1: 37 min and bleeding time 1: 99min, group 4 clotting time 1: 81mins and bleeding time is 2: 28mins, group 5 clotting time is 1: 47mins and bleeding time is 2: 49mins) This shows that the ethanol extract of Ocimum gratissimumon rats exhibited coagulant property. The phytochemical analysis of this plant reveals that it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides and resins. It can therefore be concluded that the ethanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum possesses coagulant activity. This study can be of great importance to the development of new coagulant drugs. Citation: Osualaet al.(2021) Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Coagulant screening of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves ofOcimumgratissimumL. (Lamiaceae) Journal

Comparative Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Ashodhita and Gomutra Shodhita Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) Seed

Background: Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) has immense therapeutic attributes and widely prescribed drug in skin disorders especially Shvitra (vitiligo). Its medicinal usage is found depict in Indian pharmaceutical codex, the Chinese, British and the American pharmacopoeias and in different traditional system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Classic emphasized the Shodhana of Bakuchi seed as pre-treatment before its therapeutic use. Considering this, study was planned for pharmacognostical evaluation of Shodhita and Ashodhita Bakuchi seeds. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical study, physicochemical analysis, and psoralen chemical test were performed for the Ashodhita and Gomutra Shodhita Bakuchi seeds powder. Results and Conclusion: Endosperm cells, palisade cells, and trichomes were found disturbed from their normal structure in Ashodhita sample. Oil globules are released from their site. Crystalline structure was observed in Shodhita sample. These changes were found due to the process of alkaline hydrolysis during Shodhana procedure. Alkaline pH (7.4) is found in suspension of Shodhita Bakuchi powder due to employed Shodhana process. Results of ash value, acid insoluble Ash, water-soluble extractives, and alcohol soluble extractives are found within normal limit as described in Ayurveda pharmacopoeia of India. These observations can be of use in future studies.

Pharmacognostıc Evaluatıon of Osyrıs quadrıpartıta Salz. ex Decne

The comprehend assess the pharmacognostic characteristics of an important ethnomedicinal plant, O. quadripartita Salz. ex Decne. The pharmacognostic evaluation was executein terms of taxonomic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence analysis, and phytochemical analysis.&nbsp;The Osyaris members heartwood majorly used to make furniture and perfumes. The Osyris plant members are known for fragrance and volatile oil constituents. The microscopic features of stem bark were observed as cork, cortex,

Pharmacognostic evaluation on four commonly used antianemic plants: Spinach, amla, ashwagandha, and kakachiya

Pharmacognostic evaluation on four commonly used antianemic plants: Spinach, amla, ashwagandha, and kakachiya

Pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of Huberantha senjiana (Annonaceae) leaf: An endemic tree of Gingee Hills Tamil Nadu India

Context: Huberantha senjiana (Annonaceae) is a small tree found in dry rocky soils. It is an endemic species native to the Gingee hills of the Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. The literature survey provides no scientific evidence on its pharmacognostical as well as pharmacological aspect. Aims: To evaluate the detailed pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical characters of H. senjiana leaves. Methods: The pharmacognostic evaluation, such as macroscopic and microscopic characters of fresh leaf and powder, was done. Physicochemical constants like moisture content, extractive values, ash values, foaming index, swelling index, and fluorescence analysis were carried out. The phytochemical screening test and elemental analysis of the powdered leaves were also studied. Results: Microscopy of the leaf revealed a single layer of square-shaped epidermal cells, the adaxial epidermal layer is apostomatic, and the abaxial epidermal layer is stomatiferous with paracytic stomata, an arch-shaped vascular bundle, clusters of prismatic crystals, spongy parenchyma cells, and palisade cells. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, fibers, epidermal trichomes, palisade mesophyll, xylem vessels, and a fragment of the epidermal cell with paracytic stomata were also identified in the microscopy of powdered samples. The phytochemical analysis of sequential extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, and steroids. The elemental analysis revealed the presence of heavy metals within the standard limit and trace elements in different concentrations. Conclusions: The pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical data have been reported for the first time, which provides referential information for the right identification and standardization of this unexplored species.