Pharmacotherapeutic Groups Research Articles

CONSUMPTION DETAILS OF SYSTEMICALLY ACTING ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PREPARATIONS IN PERIOD OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS INFECTION SPREAD IN RETAIL SECTOR OF SAMARA REGION PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET

An analysis of the medicinal preparation consumption structure in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in the pharmacy network reflects the existing outpatient practice and makes it possible to draw generalized conclusions about its compliance with the pharmacotherapy standards.The aim. Comparative analysis of population consumption of antimicrobial and antiviral medicines sold in the retail pharmacies of the Samara region in 2015–2021.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the retail sector of the Samara region pharmaceutical market. The material of the study was the information on the list of items and dispensing volumes of antibacterial and individual antiviral drugs during the novel coronavirus infection spread (in 2020) in the network of the Samara region pharmacies. The data are compared with the indicators of the drug sales in 2015–2019. Methods of retrospective, comparative, graphical, methodological, content analyzes and statistical methods of analyses were used.Results. The authors have established a significant distortion in the consumption of systemic antimicrobial preparations in the Samara region pharmacy segment in the period of 2015–2019 with the predominance of the ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System) J01D group, primarily cephalosporins (38%), mainly by the parenteral administration route. The share of macrolides (J01F) consumption in volume terms was 14.9%, of fluoroquinolones (J01M) – 11.3%, beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors – 10.7%, beta-lactam antibiotics penicillins (J01C) – 8.1%. Compared to 2019, in 2020, under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the total consumption of AMPs increased by 2.1 times. In the “Other beta-lactam antibiotics” group with a predominant proportion of cephalosporins, there was an increase by 3.2 times, in the “Macrolides and lincosamides” group – by 3.5 times, in “Quinolone derivatives” – by 2.6 times. The noted facts should be assessed as the phenomenon that can have a direct impact on the growth of an antibiotic resistance on a population scale. Among antivirals, the largest consumption increase was noted for oseltamivir and rimantadine. In absolute terms, the volume of antiviral preparations consumption in 2020 increased by 2.4 times, which was accompanied by an increase in the cost of one package by 55.8%.Conclusion. In the period of spreading a novel coronavirus infection, a significant increase in the consumption of antimicrobial and antiviral preparations (up to 20 times for certain pharmacotherapeutic groups and names) was notified, which may negatively affect the growth of the antibiotic resistance in the population.

Drug Transport System Based on Phospholipid Nanoparticles: Production Technology and Characteristics.

One of the current trends in modern pharmaceuticals is the supply of drugs by transport systems. The use of delivery systems allows to increase the therapeutic efficacy, tolerability, and safety of drug therapy. Liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, blood cells, metal nanoparticles, oxides, etc., are used as transport systems. This work is aimed at obtaining a finished technological product based on soy phospholipids with particle size in the nanometer range and reproducible characteristics (size, charge). For this purpose, we carried out investigations to select the optimal conditions of technological process. The developed technology makes it possible to obtain phospholipid nanoparticles without the use of any solubilizers and/or surfactants, which increases its practical relevance for further work. The versatility of the technology is demonstrated by the example of incorporation of drugs of various chemical nature and pharmacotherapeutic groups.

MARKETING ANALYSIS OF SINUSITIS TREATMENT OTC MEDICATIONS

The total list of over-the-counter medications for sinusitis registered in Georgia is internationally patented (9), as well as homeopathic (8), herbal (3) and combined (10) with a total of 119 trade names, 177 medicines as simple (86%), As well as combined funds (14%), whose price range ranges from 1.10 GEL to 80 GEL. With regard to medicinal forms, the following forms of medicine have been identified: nasal sprays, tablets, nasal and oral drops, the import rate of which is high; In terms of pharmacotherapeutic groups, decongestants and nasal sympathomimetics for topical use are the clear leaders, followed by herbal secretory agents, antihistamines, etc.; According to the results of the research, the level of trust in the pharmacist is quite high, it is important to plan effective measures (specialized trainings to improve the management skills of sinusitis treatment).

Approaches to Assessing the Safety of Medicines during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using the Example of Azithromycin

Most of the medicines used to treat the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) are either approved under an accelerated procedure or not approved for the indication. Consequently, their safety requires special attention.The aim of the studywas to review methodological approaches to collecting data on the safety of medicines, using COVID-19 treatment regimens involving azithromycin as a case study.Materials and methods:PubMed® (MEDLINE), Scopus, eLIBRARY, and Cyberleninka databases were searched for publications on azithromycin as part of combination therapy for COVID-19 in 2020–2021. Search queries included names of the medicinal product or its pharmacotherapeutic group and words describing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during treatment.Results:the analysis included 7 publications presenting the results of studies covering the use of azithromycin as part of COVID-19 combination therapy in more than 4000 patients. Most commonly, the patients receiving COVID-19 therapy including azithromycin developed cardiovascular ADRs (up to 30% of azithromycin prescription cases). In 3 of the analysed publications, safety information was collected through spontaneous reporting and active identification based on the findings of laboratory and instrumental investigations performed during the clinical studies; in other 3, only spontaneous reports were used; and in the last one, ADR database information was studied.Conclusion:currently, information on ADRs associated with the use of medicines is mainly gathered via spontaneous reporting. Direct sourcing of information on personal experiences with a certain product from patients, among other means through social media analysis, opens a promising direction towards the improvement of existing approaches to collecting safety data.

PHARMACOTHERAPY IN THE OLDER ADULT: CHARACTERIZATION, MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MEDICATIONS

Introduction: Aging is a dynamic process in which biochemical and physiological changes are related to a higher frequency of pathological processes, which ultimately lead the human being to death. Part of these alterations and pathologies are improved using medicines, so older adults are great consumers of medicines. Several instruments have been used to evaluate the use of inappropriate medications in older adults, with Beers Criteria frequently used. The concept of medication adherence has undergone changes over time and represents the degree to which the patient’s behaviour corresponds and agrees with the recommendations of a doctor or other health professional. Medication non-adherence to entails a decrease in the quality of life of the patients and high costs for the health systems. Objectives: To characterize drug therapy in older adult users of a northern Portuguese community pharmacy, as well as to identify the presence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in the older adult and to assess medication adherence. Methods: Exploratory and descriptive study. The target population was older adult users of a community pharmacy in the municipality of Valpaços, Portugal. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire applied in the form of a structured interview. The potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) identification was based on the most recent version of the Beers Criteria published in 2019. The MAT (Measurement of Adherence to Treatments) scale was used to evaluate medication adherence. The statistical treatment included the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: 60 older adult people were interviewed, 53.3% of them women. The average age was 78.35 years. Among these, 55.0% were married/had a non-marital partner, 71.7% lived accompanied, 26.7% had primary school education, 40.0% received less than 300 Euros monthly and 95.0% lived in the municipality of Valpaços. Each older adult person consumes on average 6 different types of medication per day. Major polymerization was present in 66.7% of older adults, and 94.2% of the drugs being prescribed by the physician. In 34.7% of the cases, the medication had been used for at least 1 year and only 3.4% reported feeling adverse reactions. Of the total 326 drugs identified, the most prescribed pharmacotherapeutic groups were drugs acting in the cardiovascular system 27.2% and in the digestive system 24.2%. Additionally, 15 drugs classified as potentially inappropriate medication were identified in the older adult. Most of the older adults (76.7%) did not adhere to drug therapy, these being mainly females with primary education, living with a partner and less than 300 euros/month. Conclusion: Polymedication and the use of potentially inappropriate medications are common in older adults. Medication adherence is low.

Ultrasound-Guided Dry Needling for Trigger Point Inactivation in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia Mixed with Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Prospective and Controlled Clinical Study.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided dry needling for trigger point inactivation in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) mixed with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Methods A prospective and controlled clinical study was conducted. From January 2020 to December 2020, among the 100 patients who received PHN treatment in the pain department, 54 patients complicated with MPS were randomly divided into the dry needling group D (n = 28) and pharmacotherapeutic group P (n = 26). Visual analogue score (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were taken as primary indicators. Ultrasound-guided inactivation of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) with dry needling and intradermal needling combined with press needling were applied on group D and pharmacotherapeutic only treatment on group P respectively. The VAS score <3 and/or the MPQ score <2 represents effective treatment. The VAS score >3 and/or the MPQ score >2 represents recurrent in follow-up study three months after the treatment. Results After four weeks treatment, the effective rate of one month later of the group D was 92.9% and the effective rate of group P was 38.5%, respectively. The recurrent rate of group D was 7.1% and 34.6% for group P, respectively, for follow-up three months later. The satisfactory rate of group D was higher than that of group P. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided dry needling and intradermal needling combined with press needling were more effective than only pharmacotherapeutic treatment for PHN mixed with MPS, with lower recurrent rate and higher patient's satisfactory rate.

Analysis of the domestic market of 1,2,4-triazole-containing drugs

The modern market of medicines in Ukraine has the dynamics of constant development. At the same time, the dynamics of the pharmaceutical market depend entirely on the welfare of the population. Current features of quarantine restrictions have caused a number of distortions in drug consumption. Thus, after the introduction of quarantine in March 2020, part of the population panicked, which forced them to stockpile vital goods. At this time, there was a significant increase in sales of drugs, including antiviral, antiseptic, and disinfectant activity. The dynamics of drug balances on the shelves reached +50 %. However, there was a sharp decline in consumption between June-October 2020 and April 2021 due to the full effect of quarantine restrictions and March-April 2022 due to martial law in Ukraine. Today, the rate of purchases and balances of medicines on the shelves of pharmacies exceeds the rate of growth of their sales. The aim of the work is to conduct research and provide a description of the range of the national market of domestic 1,2,4-triazole-containing drugs. Materials and methods. The following methods were used in the work: analytical, information retrieval, descriptive, and generalization. The materials of the research were literature sources that contain information on the registration of domestic 1,2,4-triazole-containing drugs in Ukraine at present. Results. The search, analysis, characterization, and generalization of domestic drugs – derivatives of 1,2,4-triazoles were carried out. It was established that the Ukrainian market was moderately saturated with 1,2,4-triazole-containing drugs of domestic production based on the study of available information and scientific research. The drugs have a fairly wide range of applications in medicine, have different mechanisms of action, belong to different pharmacotherapeutic groups, and were used in veterinary practice and the agro-industrial economy. Conclusions. Elaboration, analysis, systematization, comparison, and generalization of modern sources of information indicated a fairly high biological activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, a wide range of applications, and moderate saturation of the national market with 1,2,4-triazole-containing drugs.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ РОССИЙСКОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ДЛЯ ФОТОДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРАПИИ

Abstract. Currently the using of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expanding in clinical practice. This type of treatment is used not only in oncology, but also in such areas as dentistry, cardiology, ophthalmology, surgery, dermatology, otolaryngology and cosmetology. An urgent task facing clinicians using photodynamic methods is to choose the optimal photosensitizer (PS) and modes of its photoactivation, the result of which will lead to the necessary therapeutic effect. Conditionally, the PS is divided into three generations. Hematoporphyrin derivatives are first-generation PS. The most well-known and widely used is Photofrin. The second generation of PS is represented by chlorines, phthalocyanines, benzoporphyrins, 5-aminolevulinic acid. Foscan is the strongest PS of the second generation. A serious drawback in the first and second generation of PS: their selective accumulation in the tumor cell is impossible. The third generation of PS is the means of the second generation associated with a carrier that provides minimal accumulation in healthy tissues with high specificity to the affected cancer cell. To create a complete picture of the main aspects of the application, it is necessary to know the physicochemical and commodity characteristics of such drugs. The authors of the article reviewed the range of PS registered in the Russian Federation and used in clinical practice. Their attitude to the pharmacotherapeutic group, distribution according to the anatomical and therapeutic classification are shown, physicochemical properties, indications, side effects are characterized. The classifications are compared, the advantages and disadvantages of photosensitizers used for the treatment of malignant tumors and other diseases by PDT are considered. A classification of PS is proposed based on their application in combination with physicochemical properties. It is indicated that the main active substances of Russian-made medicines are derivatives of porphyrins and aminolevulinic acid. Thus, at present, the range of PS allows to significantly expand the possible areas of application and increase the effectiveness of PDT in various diseases, but also to continue the search for the ideal drug for this type of therapy.

Clinical Case of Drug Allergy to Enzyme Replacement Therapy in a Patient with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II

Background. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with iduronate-2-sulfatase recombinant forms (idursulfase and idursulfase beta) is effective for the management of mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II). Patients with Hunter syndrome require lifelong ERT that can negate endogenous enzyme deficiency. However, hypersensitivity reactions may occur during ERT, and they significantly complicate the implementation of vital therapy.Clinical case description. This article describes clinical case of a child with hypersensitivity reaction to ERT. The patient with confirmed diagnosis of MPS II was administrated with idursulfase. Then, the drug was replaced with idursulfase beta due to the allergic reaction. Thus, even after the drug change, side effects maintained without sustained improvement with underlying glucocorticosteroids (GCS), antihistamines and with decreased infusion rate. Concerning the vital need to continue ERT, this patient with drug allergy to this pharmacotherapeutic group was further administered with combined therapy of cyclosporine and omalizumab. Personalised protocol for the administration of idursulfase beta with desensitization was developed. Such experience was firstly described In Russian patient.Conclusion. The presented personalised combination therapy made it possible to prevent hypersensitivity reactions during ERT in the patient with MPS II.

The current state of the veterinary drugs market in the Tyumen Region

Objective: to assess the current state of the veterinary medical product market in the Tyumen Region.Material and methods. The objects of the study included data from the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use for 2019–2022; veterinary pharmacy organizations and veterinary clinics in the Tyumen Region (33); price lists of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations; questionnaires of veterinary specialists (69) and consumers of medicinal products for veterinary use (93).Results. An analysis of the Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use registered in the Russian Federation revealed a positive trend in the registration of new positions: with 2190 registered drugs about 300 more positions are registered annually. It was determined that the ratio of veterinary drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups is critically uneven (31.05% – antibacterial agents; 28% – immunobiological drugs; 0.46% – cardiovascular drugs; 0.14% – antitumor drugs). The study of the wholesale segment of the veterinary drugs market on the territory of the Tyumen Region showed that the range of wholesale trade organizations in veterinary drugs mainly consists of products for animals (at the largest one veterinary drugs account for only 16%). As a result, low indicators of the assortment are observed (breadth and completeness coefficients for pharmacotherapeutic groups), and there are problems with the availability of veterinary drugs. The analysis of the assortment of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations and clinics (retail segment of the market) revealed low breadth coefficients for medicinal products for veterinary use (median 0.09). A sociological survey showed a low level of awareness of all veterinary drugs consumer groups about the scope of their circulation.Conclusion. The study of the current state of the veterinary medicinal product market in the Tyumen Region identified the problems of their availability both in the wholesale and retail segments, which need to be addressed with the help of state regulation (including the introduction of a minimum range of drugs for veterinary use) and normalization of the assortment policy at the level of veterinary pharmacies and clinics. Because of the lack of registration for some drugs necessary for the treatment of animals, veterinarians are forced to put into practice drugs for medical use, deliberately violating the law. Given the experience of many foreign countries, we consider it expedient to allow the use (in special cases) of medical drugs in veterinary medicine. This will solve the problem of pharmacotherapy availability and allow veterinarians to provide better care to animals.

Pharmacoepidemiological analysis of medication consumption in a multidepartmental hospital as an element of medical care quality management and the basis for assessing import substitution

Objective: pharmacoepidemiological analysis of medication list used in a multidepartmental hospital.Material and methods. The material for the analysis was the costs of medications for the reporting period of 2017–2018. We used the tools of ABC/VEN analysis and import substitution assessment. The assessment of import substitution in a medical organization was carried out in comparison of 2018 with 2017 by the change in costs for various pharmacotherapeutic groups of medications in two segments (domestic and foreign production) in percentage terms.Results. The results of the analysis revealed, that the antibiotics are the largest volume of the cost structure for various pharmacotherapeutic groups: 18.8% in 2017 and 15.6% in 2018. The analysis of the medication list used in a medical organization, regarding to the production segment, showed that in 2017 22.6% was spent on domestic medications. In 2018, this indicator increased by 15.2% and amounted to 37.8%. The correct, regular distribution of groups V, E, N in groups A, B, C was revealed. More than 80% of group A consists of medications from group V of all monetary costs and the share of medication belonging to group N is less than 3%. In total, the cost of medications of groups V and E is more than 90%.Conclusion. The use of these methods allows to optimize the costs of medications provision for therapeutic and diagnostic processes and to improve pharmaceutical diseases therapy. In 2018, compared to 2017, there is a redistribution of the cost structure for medications towards an increase in the share of Russian-made medications. Given the lower cost of Russian medications compared to imported analogues, this approach will allow in the future to save the money of medical organizations with no deterioration in the quality of treatment.

Drug-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: An Analysis of Reports to a National Pharmacovigilance Database.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a problem that can affect any phase of the sexual response cycle (such as sexual desire, arousal and orgasm) and individuals of any age. SD can be caused by physical reasons, such as medical conditions, alcoholism or drug abuse; psychological factors, such as stress and anxiety; and different medicines, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and their associated adverse effects. The aim of this study was to characterise drugs suspected to have caused SD adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients, by conducting a descriptive study based on pharmacovigilance reports. Reports submitted to the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb from January 2003 to December 2019 were used to investigate drug-induced sexual disorders. Selected reports had at least one ADR reported in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®) System Organ Class (SOC) 'Reproductive system and breast disorders' and the SOC 'Psychiatric disorders' relating to sexual disorders and corrected for drug utilisation (expenditure) for the Dutch population. A total of 2815 SD ADRs were reported in the observed period. Data were divided according to three variables: pharmacotherapeutic group, the drug itself, and sex. A total of 722 different SD/pharmacotherapeutic group pairs were observed. The pharmacotherapeutic groups with the highest frequency of SD reports were SSRIs (n=488, 17.58%), other antidepressants (n=172, 6.20%) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (n=149, 5.37%). Distinguishing ADRs by sex, men suffered more from erectile dysfunction, decreased libido and ejaculation disorders, while among women, libido disorders, dyspareunia and SD were the most common ADRs. Different reactions and disproportionality of reactions were detected between the sexes. Antidepressants, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, α-blockers, and anti-androgens were the pharmacotherapeutic groups with the highest number of SD reports and corresponding high odds ratios.

MARKETING RESEARCH OF THE MEDICINE MARKET FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER IN UKRAINE

the article presents the results of the study of the marketing market of medicines for the treatment of breast cancer in Ukraine during 2019-2020. Medicine treatment schemes based on a clinical protocol were analyzed. On December 1, 2019, 184 drugs were registered for the treatment of breast cancer in Ukraine, and on December 1, 2020 - 194. In 2020, the largest share among of the studied drugs belongs to the group of antineoplastic and immunomodulatory drugs - 82.0 %, and the group of drugs that affect the musculoskeletal system - 18.0 %. On December 1, 2020, drugs were represented by 43 manufacturers, of which 18.6 % were Ukrainian and 81.4 % were foreign. Among Ukrainian companies, the primacy belongs to Pharmex Group LLC (4.1 %), Teva Ukraine LLC (3.1 %) and Farmak JSC (2.6 %). The largest share of foreign suppliers occupies Great Britain - 26.3 %, Switzerland and India by 11.9 %. At that time, in 5 pharmacotherapeutic groups (L01AA01, L01BA01, L01CA04, L01XC07, M05BA03) is not represented by any drug Ukrainian manufacturer. Analysis of the assortment of drugs for the treatment of breast cancer by dosage form in 2020 showed that the main share (35.6 %) is represented by concentrate for solution for infusion, 21.6 % - tablets and 20.6 % - lyophilisate for solution for infusion. Other dosage forms form a total of 22.2 % of the total assortment of drugs, studied in the Ukrainian market.&#x0D;

STUDY OF THE QUALIT Y OF PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OFTHE PROPER USE OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS

RELEVANCE. Bronchial asthma, along with cardiovascular and oncological diseases, is one of the three most common chronic non- communicable diseases. For the most part, anti-asthmatic drugs (LP) are presented in the form of aerosols, powders, solutions for inhalation and other dosage forms intended for administration directly into the human respiratory tract. It is obvious that misunderstanding of the method of application and / or insufficient effectiveness of LP due to improper use can lead to a decrease in patients’ adherence to the prescribed therapy. In this regard, the availability of pharmaceutical information in the instructions becomes important, i.e. the more accessible the information in the instructions is to the patient, the higher the probability of proper use of the drug, maintaining patient compliance and preserving the patient’s quality of life. PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to analyze the completeness of pharmaceutical information provided in the instructions for the medical use of anti-asthmatic drugs (LP) and on the websites of manufacturing companies, from the standpoint of patients’ compliance with the rules for the use of LP. The main objectives of the analysis were: identification of the proportion of anti- asthmatic drugs that have a detailed scheme of use in the instructions; analysis of the instructions of anti-asthmatic drugs from the position of having indications of additional features of the use / use of drugs; analysis of instructions for anti-asthmatic drugs, the use of which is possible for groups of patients with physical or cognitive disabilities; identification of the share of companies producing anti-asthmatic drugs that support patients by conducting a specialized consulting service on the use of drugs. METHODS. The assessment of the quality of pharmaceutical information for patients was carried out on the basis of an analysis of 165 instructions for the medical use of pharmacotherapeutic groups of drugs designated in GINA-2021 (Global Initiative for Asthma-2021) and Federal Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma of the Russian Respiratory Society (2019) as anti-asthmatic drugs. The analysis was also carried out in relation to the information content of the websites of anti-asthmatic LP manufacturers, additionally, by creating a direct search query, the presence of a private page on the Internet for specific LP was determined. In the course of the research, methods of logical, comparative analysis, as well as generalization and grouping were used. To process the results obtained, the Excel computer program of the Microsoft Office 10 package was used. RESULTS. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the vast majority of anti-asthmatic drugs of all the studied pharmacotherapeutic groups are intended for administration directly into the respiratory tract, the article presents the results of a study on the ratio of inhaled and non-inhaled dosage forms in the context of the analyzed pharmacotherapeutic groups. The article presents data on the proportion of anti-asthmatic drugs that have a detailed description in the instructions in addition to the standard method of application (figure, diagram, pictogram) the method of introduction / use of LP. The fact of the absence of a detailed method of application in the instructions of various pharmacotherapeutic groups has been established. The results of the analysis of the number of instructions with the additional properties of LP indicated in them, allowing the use of LP data in patients with physical or cognitive characteristics (limitations), are presented. The number of companies producing anti-asthmatic drugs that have posted detailed information for consumers regarding the use of these drugs on their websites, as well as the number of drugs that have their own website, has been revealed. CONCLUSION. The information in the instructions for the medical use of anti-asthmatic drugs and on the official websites of the manufacturing companies (holders of registration certificates) of the studied drugs is not always exhaustive in terms of the use of inhaled dosage forms, which does not fully ensure the safe and effective receipt of anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy. According to the authors, improving the quality of information for patients about the rules of using drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma will simplify the use of dosage forms specific for its therapy, increase patients’ adherence to prescribed pharmacotherapy, reduce the risks from insufficient effectiveness of anti-asthmatic pharmacotherapy and preserve the quality of life of patients associated with the disease.

MARKETING RESEARCH OF THE MEDICINE MARKET FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER IN UKRAINE

the article presents the results of the study of the marketing market of medicines for the treatment of&#x0D; breast cancer in Ukraine during 2019-2020. Medicine treatment schemes based on a clinical protocol were ana-lyzed. On December 1, 2019, 184 drugs were registered for the treatment of breast cancer in Ukraine, and on De-cember 1, 2020 - 194. In 2020, the largest share among of the studied drugs belongs to the group of antineoplastic&#x0D; and immunomodulatory drugs - 82.0 %, and the group of drugs that affect the musculoskeletal system - 18.0 %. OnDecember 1, 2020, drugs were represented by 43 manufacturers, of which 18.6 % were Ukrainian and 81.4 % wereforeign. Among Ukrainian companies, the primacy belongs to Pharmex Group LLC (4.1 %), Teva Ukraine LLC (3.1%) and Farmak JSC (2.6 %). The largest share of foreign suppliers occupies Great Britain - 26.3 %, Switzerlandand India by 11.9 %. At that time, in 5 pharmacotherapeutic groups (L01AA01, L01BA01, L01CA04, L01XC07,&#x0D; M05BA03) is not represented by any drug Ukrainian manufacturer. Analysis of the assortment of drugs for the treat-ment of breast cancer by dosage form in 2020 showed that the main share (35.6 %) is represented by concentrate for&#x0D; solution for infusion, 21.6 % - tablets and 20.6 % - lyophilisate for solution for infusion. Other dosage forms forma total of 22.2 % of the total assortment of drugs, studied in the Ukrainian market.

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of drug supply of the military personnel with chronic bronchitis

Despite the superiority of bronchitis in the structure of respiratory diseases in the military personnel, its course develops with certain peculiarities due to the peculiarities of military service. Consequently, the optimization of the costs of providing the military personnel with medicines is becoming more and more of medical and social importance. Reasonable selection of medicines in the treatment of chronic bronchitis is the result of the choice of effective and safe drugs, considering the cost of the components for military health care. Aim. To perform a pharmacoeconomic analysis of drug supply to the military personnel with chronic bronchitis. Materials and methods. The materials of the study were a database of drugs registered in Ukraine, presented on the official website of the State Institution “State Expert Center” of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The study employed “cost – effectiveness” method, which allows comparing the cost of a particular treatment method and its effectiveness. Results. The scheme of the pharmacoeconomic analysis method has been offered. According to the results of the previously formed list of drugs for the treatment of military personnel with chronic bronchitis, a further analysis of the proposed range of drugs is conducted using an expert survey. By calculating the efficacy ratio within each presented pharmacotherapeutic group, a 10-item list of the most optimal drugs for the treatment of chronic bronchitis has been compiled. Conclusions. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of medical supply to the military personnel is a constructive solution in the process of identifying manufacturers as potential suppliers of medicines to cover the needs of the medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Based on the results of the pharmacoeconomic analysis of the drug supply to military personnel with chronic bronchitis, a recommended list of drugs for their treatment has been formed. However, this list can be expanded to include drugs with the highest efficacy – according to the expert assessment. In the future it may become the basis for inclusion of drugs in the clinical protocols of medical care and could be used for the development of cost standards for the relevant nosological forms, which will improve the efficiency and quality of treatment and will provide economic benefits.

Scientific and practical approaches to optimizing the pharmaceutical supply of pediatric palliative patients with paralytic syndromes

Today, palliative care (PC) as a system has a complex structure with stable orderliness, interrelated elements and subsystems. The problem of providing PD with an appropriate level and quality to the children population is particularly acute; it is due to differences in the duration of provision, the necessity to provide educational services, and the socialization of palliative children. At the same time, an important aspect in achieving an appropriate quality of life for children and their families related to health is the assessment of not only medical and social, but also pharmaceutical provision.&#x0D; The aim of the work is to substantiate the approaches to optimization of pharmaceutical support of pediatric palliative patients with paralytic syndromes.&#x0D; The study objects were data from medical records, theactual consumption of medicines by pediatric patients of the Kharkiv healthcare institution where palliative care was provided, as well as data on the state registration of medicines in Ukraine. During the study, clinical and anamnestic, sociological, and marketing methods were used.&#x0D; Based on the results of the analysis of clinical and anamnestic data and the overall assessment of symptoms in a sample group of palliative children with paralytic syndromes, which was 115 people, pathological conditions that led to frequent or permanent distress were identified. Among them, the spastic syndrome prevailed in 100% of cases, the pain syndrome in 66% of cases, the convulsive syndrome in 59%, respectively, and digestive disorders were observed in 82.6% of patients in the sample. It was found that a large proportions of drugs for pharmacological correction of symptoms in the sample of patients were formed by antiepileptic drugs, laxatives and centrally acting muscle relaxants. The results of the marketing analysis of a definite segment of the pharmaceutical market showed a rather limited range of drugs for pediatric dosage forms and concentrations, and it on average ranged from 3.1% to 25% in the pharmacotherapeutic groups studied.&#x0D; Thus, the results obtained prove the need to develop mechanisms for optimizing the pharmaceutical supply of pediatric palliative patients, in particular, expanding the range of medicines approved for use in pediatric practice.

The analysis of prolonged-release drugs at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market

Aim. To analyze the range of prolonged-release dosage forms at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market focusing on the pharmacotherapeutic groups that are insufficiently saturated with prolonged-release drugs, in particular to determine the proportion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Materials and methods. The research was conducted in accordance with the data of the State Registry of Medicines of Ukraine and the АТС classification system. The methods of scientific analysis, in particular methods of grouping and comparison, marketing methods of analysis were applied. Results. The study of the assortment of prolonged-release drugs registered at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market has been performed. The structure of the assortment by manufacturer, dosage forms, the АТС classification system has been analyzed. As a result of the study, it has been found that 202 trade names of prolonged-release drugs are registered in Ukraine. Most of them (196 names, 84 %) are medicines of foreign manufacturers. Prolonged-release drugs registered in Ukraine are mostly presented in the form of tablets and capsules, but tablets (72.77 %) are the largest part. The analysis of distribution of prolonged-release drugs by the ATC classification groups has shown that a significant number of prolonged-release drugs belongs to group N – Nervous system (80 trade names), and group C – Cardiovascular system (44 trade names). The share of group M – Musculoskeletal system, in particular prolonged-release NSAIDs, is insignificant (9 trade names). Conclusions. The marketing research of the prolonged-release drugs conducted allowed us to characterize the structure of the assortment of the Ukrainian market by pharmacotherapeutic groups, manufacturers and dosage forms. As a result of the research, the current assortment of prolonged-release NSAIDs has been determined.

Peculiarities of administration of medications to patients with circulatory system diseases within the framework of the federal program of preferential provision of medicines

Objective:to analyse of medicines prescriptions for federal beneficiaries with circulatory system diseases and to identify the main trends in the implementation of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region in 2014–2017.Material and methods.The authors reviewed the nomenclature of medicines used to treat circulatory system diseases (CSDs) and distributed to the population of the Samara Region as part of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines for the period from 2014 to 2017. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of data grouping according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results.In 2014–2017 the share of financial costs for the purchase of medicines in the total budget of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region did not exceed 6%. Still, in physical terms (in terms of the number of packages) the share of medicines of this pharmacotherapeutic group in the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines averaged about 25%. Nomenclature of medicines of the analyzed group prescribed to federal beneficiaries in 2014–2017 ranged from 90 to 107 nomenclature items. The number of international nonproprietary names (INN) decreased from 51 in 2014 to 36 in 2017. During the period under review, there was a decrease in the acquisition cost of medicines for the treatment of circulatory system diseases and the weighted average cost of one package (by 63% and 53%, respectively).Conclusion.Perindopril-containing medicines occupied the maximum consumption volumes in monetary terms. There was a decrease in the average cost of one package in 2017, which may be associated with the replacement of original medicines with generics and a concomitant reduction in the number of INN within the subgroup.

The role of excipients of trometamolum and meglumine in the formation of biopharmaceutical properties of medicinal products of various pharmacites

At the present stage of development of the pharmaceutical industry, the use of many functional excipients (DopR), which are important components of pharmaceutical formulations, becomes relevant. DopR is one of the most influential biopharmaceutical factors on the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, increasing the therapeutic effect and safety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the formation of optimal compounds and appropriate dosage forms by chemical modification of the molecule responsible for pharmacological activity.&#x0D; The purpose of the work is to analyze the literature on determining the role of excipients of trometamol and meglumine as biopharmaceutical factors in drugs of different pharmacotherapeutic groups; summarize and systematize data on their impact on the bioavailability of finished drugs.&#x0D; The objects of the study are excipients trometamоlum (TНAM) and meglumine (MGA) in the composition of drugs of different pharmacotherapeutic groups. Methods of a systematic approach, bibliographic, information retrieval, generalization and analysis were used in the research.&#x0D; A systematic study of the composition of drugs of the State Register of Medicinal Products (January 2021) showed that chemically modified drugs are supplied to the pharmaceutical market not only by domestic manufacturers, but also by pharmaceutical companies from 16 countries. The general nomenclature of drugs makes 82 trade names, from them 66% – with TMM and 34% – with MGA.&#x0D; A significant number of chemically modified insoluble and sparingly soluble APIs of different pharmacotherapeutic groups indicates a significant role of TMM and IGA in the development of new effective drugs.&#x0D; Thus, organic aminoproton acceptors: trometamol and meglumine – many functional excipients that increase the activity of active molecules, their release from dosage forms, stimulate the pharmacotherapeutic effect of drugs aimed at activating the protective forces (sanogenesis) and compensatory mechanisms of the body and thus, improve the pharmacological properties of drugs, reduce the risk of adverse reactions.