Drug Research Articles

Manufacturing Sub-Sector Dynamics and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1981-2022)

This study examined the impact of manufacturing sub-sectors dynamics on economic growth in Nigeria covering the period 1981-2022. Data for the study were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and World Development Index (WDI) 2022. The method of data analysis used is the linear regression method with the application of the Error Correction Model (ECM). The major findings of the study reveal that Cement production (CP) contributes positively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria (β = 2.622724 and p-value = 0.4414 > 0.05), Beverages and Tobacco Production (BTP) contributes positively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria (β = 2.040513 and p-value = 0.0018 > 0.05), Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Production (CHP) contributes negatively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria (β = -17.39120 and p-value = 0.5188 > 0.05) and Pulp paper and paper products (PPP) contribute positively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria (β = 56.85029 and p-value = 0.5062 > 0.05). It is therefore the recommendation of the study that the government should create an enabling environment and adjust its taxation rate on these companies which is currently at 24% to around 18% and the federal and state governments should create a system to protect forests from illegal loggers who are indiscriminately exploiting and felling the national trees.

Veliparib: Analytical Tools and Process Design Strategies for the Control of Mutagenic Impurities and Other Drug Substance Critical Quality Attributes

Veliparib: Analytical Tools and Process Design Strategies for the Control of Mutagenic Impurities and Other Drug Substance Critical Quality Attributes

Pharmaceutical Residues in Fishes and Macro Invertebrates around the Wastewater Treatment Plant Site at the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Introduction: Hospital effluents are one of the main sources of dissemination of pharmaceutical residues in hydro system. Worldwide, analyses of these effluents have revealed the presence of various pharmaceuticals. Very few studies assessing the contamination of solid matrices by pharmaceutical residues have been carried out in Africa, specifically in Cameroon. Objectives: The study aimed to detect pharmaceutical residues in solid environmental matrices at sites around the discharge of the effluent from the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. Methods: Four hundred and fifty-nine (459) macro invertebrates and twenty (20) Nile tilapia were collected in three sampling sites before and beyond the wastewater treatment plant of the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. The specimens were conserved in a cooler prior to freeze drying and grinding. The powders were sent for analysis at the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University in South Africa. The analysis was carried out using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. Results: A total of ninety-nine pharmaceutical residues related to seventeen pharmacological classes were detected in all samples of macro invertebrates (72) and Nile tilapia (55 for fish viscera and 58 for fish flesh) collected. Antibiotics were the most represented (23.2 %), followed by anti-inflammatory (18.2 %), and anti-parasitics (9.1 %). More than half (53.6 %) of the drug residues detected in the fish samples were of the anti-inflammatory (21,71 %), antihypertensive (17,67 %) and antibiotic (13,13 %) classes. The number of drug residues detected in the macroinvertebrates before the treatment plant (41) was smaller than those detected after the treatment plant (67). Conclusion: Five therapeutic classes (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antihypertensive, antiparasitics and hormones) were mostly represented.These results are in line with the importance of considering diet of fishes and/or humans as an exposure pathway based on the great similarity in pharmaceutical composition between macroinvertebrates and Nile tilapia.

Combining the Nonnatural Activity of Lipase and Electrocatalysis in One Pot: Sustainable and Regioselective Synthesis of C‐3 Alkylated Oxindoles

AbstractIn this study, we report an environment‐friendly protocol by integrating the nonnatural catalytic activity of lipase with electrocatalysis for synthesizing C‐3 alkylated oxindoles, which are part of many natural and pharmaceuticals products. Gratifyingly, Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is found to be highly active and regioselective for catalyzing the nonnatural C‐3 alkylation reaction at indole when combined with an electrochemical C‐2 oxidation process in the same vessels. Further, the generality and feasibility of the developed protocol are shown by employing several functional groups on the indole moiety and obtaining the desired products in moderate to good yield. Besides, the control experiments are set up along with the molecular docking studies to substantiate the role of the active site of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in carrying out the regioselective C‐3 alkylation reaction. In addition, control experiments and cyclic voltammetry are performed to get insight into the electrochemical C‐2 oxidation process and as a result, a plausible mechanism for the integrated process is presented.

Advances in Loading Techniques and Quality by Design for Fused Deposition Modeling in Pharmaceutical Production: A Systematic Review

Advances in Loading Techniques and Quality by Design for Fused Deposition Modeling in Pharmaceutical Production: A Systematic Review

In silico formulation optimization and particle engineering of pharmaceutical products using a generative artificial intelligence structure synthesis method

Pharmaceutical drug dosage forms are critical for ensuring the effective and safe delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to patients. However, traditional formulation development often relies on extensive lab and animal experimentation, which can be time-consuming and costly. This manuscript presents a generative artificial intelligence method that creates digital versions of drug products from images of exemplar products. This approach employs an image generator guided by critical quality attributes, such as particle size and drug loading, to create realistic digital product variations that can be analyzed and optimized digitally. This paper shows how this method was validated through two case studies: one for the determination of the amount of material that will create a percolating network in an oral tablet product and another for the optimization of drug distribution in a long-acting HIV inhibitor implant. The results demonstrate that the generative AI method accurately predicts a percolation threshold of 4.2% weight of microcrystalline cellulose and generates implant formulations with controlled drug loading and particle size distributions. Comparisons with real samples reveal that the synthesized structures exhibit comparable particle size distributions and transport properties in release media.

How to Keep Lactose Avoiders Healthy

A large portion of the world’s population has lactose intolerance. Fundamentally, this condition occurs when the small intestine does not produce enough of the lactase enzyme, which digests the disaccharide lactose in milk. Lactose avoiders might unconsciously decide to limit or exclude milk and dairy products from their diets. This group includes people with lactose intolerance, people with an allergy to milk protein, vegans, and those expressing personal preferences. Lactose avoiders are often self-reported as being milk intolerant. In this review, specific amounts of lactose in different types of milk and milk products are presented. The amounts of micro- and macronutrients in them are compared with the daily requirements established by accepted sources. Foods are suggested that can play vital roles in permanently avoiding lactose-containing dairy products, for example, brussels sprouts, as a good source of vitamin B1; kale, as a source of vitamin K; and cereals at breakfast for vitamin B6. Attention is paid to mature cheeses as they are extremely beneficial for health due to their rich vitamin and elemental compositions, and they are also suitable for people with lactose intolerance due to their low lactose content. This information is rarely provided on packaging. In addition, the current state of labeling for the presence of lactose in food and pharmaceutical products is discussed. The term “hidden lactose” is introduced to include added lactose in unexpected foods, drinks, and even medicines.

A yeast surface display platform for screening of non-enzymatic protein secretion in Kluyveromyces lactis.

Enhancing the secretion of recombinant proteins, particularly non-enzymatic proteins that predominate in food and pharmaceutic protein products, remains a significant challenge due to limitations in high-throughput screening methods. This study addresses this bottleneck by establishing a yeast surface display system in the food-grade microorganism Kluyveromyces lactis, enabling efficient display of model target proteins on the yeast cell surface. To assess its potential as a universal high-throughput screening tool for enhanced non-enzymatic protein secretion, we evaluated the consistency between protein display levels and secretion efficiency under the influence of various genetic factors. Our results revealed a strong correlation between these two properties. Furthermore, screening in a random mutagenesis library successfully identified a mutant with improved secretion. These findings demonstrate the potential of the K. lactis surface display system as a powerful and universal tool for high-throughput screening of strains with superior non-enzymatic protein secretion capacity. We believe this study could pave the way for efficient large-scale production of heterologous food and therapeutic proteins in industries. KEY POINTS: • A YSD (yeast surface display) system was established in Kluyveromyces lactis • This system enables high-throughput screening of non-enzymatic protein secretion • This technology assists industrial production of food and therapeutic proteins.

Construction and Application of Au NRs/4-MBA/PAM Ratiometric Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate for Fish Veterinary Drug Residue Detection

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is widely used for trace detection of substances, and the key to this technology lies in the preparation of the substrate material. In this study, a composite SERS material of Au NRs/4-MBA/PAM was constructed and characterized to better immobilize the reference molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA). Electron transmission microscopy results demonstrated that the PAM film helps Au NRs to pack closely, enhancing the stability of the material structure and reducing the interference of external environmental factors on the response of 4-MBA, thus improving the accuracy of quantitative determination. Comparative experimental results with the Au NRs/4-MBA substrate showed that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the detection results for MG on different batches of Au NRs/4-MBA/PAM were less than 8.0%, and the RSDs of different points on the same material were less than 10.0%, indicating that the Au NRs/4-MBA/PAM has higher uniformity, better reproducibility, and higher sensitivity in detecting malachite green (MG). Applying this material in the recovery determination of fish extract showed that the recovery rates of MG were between 75.60% and 83.24%. Therefore, the Au NRs/4-MBA/PAM substrate can accurately detect and quantify veterinary drug residue in complex matrices such as food tissue.

Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with multi-omics technologies to engineer secondary metabolite productions in medicinal plant: Challenges and Prospects.

Plants acts asliving chemical factories that may create a large variety of secondary metabolites, most of which are used in pharmaceutical products. The production of these secondary metabolites is often much lower. Moreover, the primary constraint after discovering potential metabolites is the capacity to manufacture sufficiently for use in industrial and therapeutic contexts. The development of omics technology has brought revolutionary discoveries in various scientific fields, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and genome sequencing. The metabolic pathways leading to the utilization of new secondary metabolites in the pharmaceutical industry can be identified with the use of these technologies. Genome editing (GEd) is a versatile technology primarily used for site-directed DNA insertions, deletions, replacements, base editing, and activation/repression at the targeted locus. Utilizing GEd techniques such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9), metabolic pathways engineered to synthesize bioactive metabolites optimally. This article will briefly discuss omics and CRISPR/Cas9-based methods to improve secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants.

Investigating novel thin-film nanocomposite membranes for sustainable water recovery using fertilizer-driven forward osmosis – Experimental and machine learning approaches

Water recovery from municipal wastewater can augment freshwater resources to meet increasing demand. An osmotic-driven membrane separation process- forward osmosis (FO) is currently being explored as a sustainable technology. This work proposes to address the challenges associated with FO namely (i) robust membrane and (ii) draw solute (DS) recovery. Robust thin-film nanocomposite membranes incorporating a) nickel ferrite or b) nitrogen-enriched nanoporous polytriazine (NENP-1) covalent organic framework were fabricated with enhanced hydrophilicity, surface roughness and anti-fouling properties. The optimum membranes M2 and C2 displayed a pure water flux of 4.86 ± 0.11 and 5.4 ± 0.2 L/m2h respectively and a specific reverse solute flux (SRSF) <<1 when using 1 M NaCl solution as the DS (feed solution – DI water). Fertilizer-driven FO (FDFO) was proposed as the diluted DS need not be recovered but could be used directly for irrigation. The pure water flux for both M2 and C2 membranes were in the following order for the fertilizers used as DS (1 M) - (NH4)2SO4 + (NH₄)₂HPO₄ > (NH4)2SO4 > (NH₄)₂HPO₄ which indicates that the mixed ions in the DS enhanced the water permeance. In all cases, the SRSF was < 1 g/L indicating the feasibility of the process. The membranes exhibited a TOC removal of > 90 % from synthetic municipal wastewater containing persistent organic pollutants and personal & pharmaceutical care products and the membranes could be regenerated after washing with a 10 mM solution of SDS for 5 cycles of operation. Further, ANN was used to develop a predictive model for water flux in FO membranes and the optimized architecture of 7–5–50–40–1 displayed a remarkable overall R2 value of 0.98 (MSE= 0.027). The FDFO process using the fabricated thin-film nanocomposite membranes holds enormous potential to be investigated in larger-scale studies.

Dairy Chain Safety in the Context of Antibiotic Residues—Current Status of Confirmatory Liquid Chromatography Methods: A Review

With ever-developing analytical capabilities, the protection of the dairy chain from contamination by residues of veterinary drugs is improving. Legislative requirements are an inherent part of this process. Of antibiotics in dairy farming, representatives of the beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, (fluoro)quinolones, aminoglycosides, or polypeptide antibiotics are the most widely used. Due to the typically low levels of antibiotic residues in milk, mass spectrometry is the most commonly used detection technique. However, the interference of the sample matrix is one of its main limiting factors, and therefore, it needs to be eliminated. In the first step, the lipid fraction is removed and proteins are precipitated, followed by solid-phase or liquid–liquid extraction. The current trends include the reduction in the consumption of organic solvents (to reduce occupational hazards and burden to the environment) and automation, eliminating the influence of human error and optimizing the workflow. These trends lead to the development of new microextraction and automated techniques as well as the use of new sorbents and/or (green) solvents of natural origin. To capture the latest developments in the field and the relatively recent aforementioned trends, this review focuses on papers investigating antimicrobial residues in milk that were published between 2015 and 2024, providing an overview of emerging techniques applicable to antibiotic residue detection in milk samples.

Roles of Individual Institutions in Achieving Pharmaceutical Sovereignty as Exemplified by the Medical Technology Transfer Centre of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products

INTRODUCTION. The strengthening of the health system and the improvement of access to medicines directly depend on the development and marketing authorisation of national innovative medicinal products. Technology transfer is a key tool in bringing medicinal products to market.AIM. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the Medical Technology Transfer Centre of the Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’) in facilitating the implementation of federal projects in medical science and in achieving of pharmaceutical sovereignty.DISCUSSION. This article is an overview of the main trends in and features of the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation and around the world. The article highlights significant federal decisions made to attain pharmaceutical sovereignty and improve access to medicines for the population. The authors consider documents regulating the work of the Medical Technology Transfer Centre and outline its roles and responsibilities. Additionally, the authors analyse the ability of the Medical Technology Transfer Centre to provide project support throughout the medicinal product development process and to address issues pertaining to efficient pharmaceutical development, patent law, and product commercialisation. The article assesses the role of the Medical Technology Transfer Centre in the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation.CONCLUSIONS. The Medical Technology Transfer Centre supports projects as part of efforts to implement federal projects in human medical science. The Medical Technology Transfer Centre can be considered a driver of effective innovative development in the national pharmaceutical industry.

Elements of Strategic Planning of Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical Inventions

INTRODUCTION. The commercial success of innovations in medicine and pharmaceutics depends on the strategic planning of patent protection, with the main elements for consideration being the type of patent protection, the scope of the invention, and the order of obtaining protection documents.AIM. This study aimed to analyse specific aspects of the strategic planning of patent protection for pharmaceutical inventions.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study applied analysis and comparison methods to patent information. Statistical data were prepared using patent databases, including the Rospatent search platform and Questel.RESULTS. In the Russian Federation, invention patents for methods of treatment and diagnosis are more abundant than pharmaceutical product patents. The most reasonable method for protecting intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry is the stepwise obtaining of different types of protection documents for different objects of patent protection, including inventions, utility models, and industrial designs, as part of one project. The strategy of patent protection for a pharmaceutical invention should consider the type of patent (protection combining the use of patents for inventions, utility models, and industrial designs), the correct determination of the object of patent protection (obtaining a product (substance) patent), and stepwise obtaining and strategic accumulation of different protection documents.CONCLUSION. The described strategy helps to cover the fullest possible range of rights protection options, prevent patent infringement, and extend the patent protection period for an invention.

Trace-level quantification of NDMA in levosulpuride active pharmaceutical ingredient and tablet formulation Using UFLC-MS/MS

Nitrosamine impurities identified in several pharmaceuticals during recent times has raised concerns leading to product recalls worldwide and necessitating sensitive liquid and gas chromatographic methods for trace level detection of nitrosamine impurities. This study developed and validated a ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of NDMA in Levosulpuride drug substance and tablet formulation. Current method utilizes a triple quadrupole analyzer, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ionization source and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan mode for the analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Gemini NX-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) maintained at 40 °C. The mobile phase consisted of a binary gradient of solvent A (0.1 % formic acid in water) and solvent B (methanol), with a total run time of 18 minutes. Current method achieved excellent linearity, recovery, precision, and sensitivity. Greenness of the developed method was evaluated using the GAPI, AGREE, and AES metrics. Current method is sensitive and selective for NDMA in levosulpuride drug substance and tablet formulations and can be employed for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industry.

Indirect photodegradation of pharmaceutical and personal care products in dissolved black carbon solution: The role of microheterogeneous distribution of hydroxyl radical and sorption

Dissolved black carbon (DBC) with a hyperconjugated structure is ubiquitous in nature, and plays a crucial role in the migration and transformation of environmental contaminants due to its prominent properties of accepting electrons and sorption. However, little is known about the DBC-induced phototransformation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural waters. Herein, the photodegradation kinetics of PPCPs were investigated in DBC solution under simulated solar irradiation and compared with those in Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution. The decay rates for the positively charged PPCPs (mean 1.484 ± 0.041 h-1) were significantly higher than those for the negatively charged PPCPs (mean 0.014 ± 0.002 h-1) in DBC solution due to the charge interaction. Moreover, the decay rates for the positively charged PPCPs in DBC solution were approximately 3–16 times of those in SRNOM solution due to the discrepant sorption and ability to produce bonded HO•. Finally, a microheterogeneous photodegradation mechanism of HO•-labile PPCPs in DBC solution involving the sorption and subsequent reaction with bonded HO• in the DBC microphase was proposed, which was verified using isopropanol and isopropamide as selective HO• scavengers. This work will provide useful insights into the photochemistry of DBC and also the DBC-involved phototransformation of PPCPs in aquatic environments.

Reported recreational drug and new psychoactive substance use versus laboratory detection of substances by high-resolution mass spectrometry in patients presenting to an emergency department in London with acute drug toxicity

Introduction Clinicians managing patients with acute recreational drug or new psychoactive substance toxicity typically depend on self-reported drug(s) used. This study compares patient self-report (and/or from other sources) to the substance(s) that were subsequently identified in serum. Methods A prospective sample of 1,000 adults presenting to a tertiary care, urban emergency department in London, United Kingdom, with acute recreational drug/new psychoactive substance toxicity was collected from 1 February 2019 to 2 February 2020. A total of 939 appropriate samples underwent qualitative analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry with comparison to a database of drugs/metabolites. Data on the stated drug(s) used were extracted from the routine medical chart/records; results were batched by drug class, when appropriate, and analysis was performed using R software. Results Seven hundred and ninety-nine (85.1%) patients were male with a median (IQR) age of 34 years (27 to 42 years). Six hundred and thirty-five (67.6%) patients reported using two or more drugs. The median (IQR) positive predictive value of a self-report substance having been taken was 0.68 (IQR: 0.44–0.86); conversely, the median negative predictive value of a substance having not been taken was 0.90 (IQR: 0.53–0.95). There was variability in the accuracy of reporting. For example, self-reported opioid use had a 90.5% likelihood that opioids were detected on analysis, whereas hallucinogens were only detected in 18.8% of samples when use was reported. Individuals were also mostly accurate in not underreporting substances. For example, those not explicitly reporting gamma-hydroxybutyrate use were 97.5% truly negative. Discussion Overall, most users were relatively accurate in their self-report of what class of drugs they had used, although there was variability in this accuracy. However, other drugs were present even when not reported, for example, opioids with disproportionate detection of prescription and over-the-counter (non-prescription) opioids that were unreported. Conclusions Self-report (and/or collateral reports) had overall relatively high concordance with the likelihood that a substance was, or was not, recently used. Therefore, clinicians can make initial treatment decisions based on the self-reported drug(s) used in most cases.

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for highly concentrated tacrolimus and cyclosporine samples prepared from pharmaceutical products to assess drug loss from feeding tubes

IntroductionTacrolimus and cyclosporine are common immunosuppressants utilized post-organ transplantation to manage allograft rejection. Both have narrow therapeutic indices and are frequently measured to support dose adjustments. Although nasogastric tubes are commonly used to provide nutritional support and serve as a route for immunosuppressant administration, they were never validated for such purposes. ObjectiveTo develop and validate a liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for highly concentrated tacrolimus and cyclosporine samples prepared from pharmaceutical products to support the validation of feeding tube administration of these immunosuppressants. MethodsThe method involved stepwise dilutions with dimethyl sulfoxide before analysis using online sample preparation and LC-MS/MS. It was validated in a CLIA-certified clinical laboratory that measures immunosuppressants by LC-MS/MS and is designed to support clinical studies evaluating drug loss from feeding tubes. ResultsThe method was linear between 6.8 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL for tacrolimus, and between 0.9 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL for cyclosporine, with r2 > 0.99 and total precision <5 % at all QC levels. The method demonstrated good recovery using certified cyclosporine reference material, European pharmacopeia reference standard tacrolimus, and prepared pharmaceutical products. Minimal matrix effects were observed. ConclusionAn analytical method was developed and validated for in vitro studies with simulated administration of tacrolimus or cyclosporine to assess loss during drug administration using feeding tubes.

Effects of gamma and electron-beam irradiations on the stability of free radicals, bioactive compounds and microbial characteristics of turmeric powder

Turmeric is a functional ingredient commonly used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products due to its health benefits and bioactivity, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer benefits. Irradiation is a common technique used to decontaminate microorganisms and extend the shelf life of spices. However, there are scientific debates over the use of irradiation in food products. This study aimed to assess the effects of ionizing radiation, including gamma rays and electron beams, on bioactive compounds and microbial characteristics of turmeric powder. Technically, high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detection was used to assess bioactive compounds. Another aim of the present study was to determine free radicals in irradiated and non-irradiated samples within one month of storage using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Results showed that gamma and electron-beam irradiations could decrease microbial contamination of turmeric by approximately 5 and 6 log cfu/g, respectively. Contents of bioactive compounds increased in irradiated samples and curcumin contents in gamma and electron-beam irradiated samples were 232–248 and 215–266 mg/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Furthermore, the study detected that free radicals increased in all irradiated samples immediately after irradiation but decreased over time. Decrease in EPR signals was faster in gamma-irradiated samples during storage. Numbers of free radicals induced by gamma and electron-beam irradiations were 6.59–4.70, 2.69–1.60, 1.61–1.34, and 0.99–1.05 on days 0, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. After 21 days of storage, the numbers of free radicals in all non-irradiated and irradiated samples were similar. Therefore, free radicals induced by irradiations were degraded during storage and eliminated after 21 days.

3D Printed Personalized Colon-targeted Tablets: A Novel Approach in Ulcerative Colitis Management.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that are increasing in frequency and incidence worldwide, particularly in highly industrialized countries. Conventional tablets struggle to effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs since the inflammation is localized in different areas of the colon in each patient. The goal of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutics is to create personalized drug delivery systems (DDS) that are tailored to each individual's specific needs. This review provides an overview of existing 3D printing processes, with a focus on extrusion-based technologies, which have received the most attention. Personalized pharmaceutical products offer numerous benefits to patients worldwide, and 3D printing technology is becoming more affordable every day. Custom manufacturing of 3D printed tablets provides innovative ideas for developing a tailored colon DDS. In the future, 3D printing could be used to manufacture personalized tablets for UC patients based on the location of inflammation in the colon, resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes and a better quality of life.