Pharmaceutical Industry Research Articles

Comparison of different parts of Plumbago zeylanica L. through UPLC-MS/MS metabolite profiling and evaluation of their antioxidant and antifungal potential

The metabolites were extracted from the leaves (BHY), roots (BHG), and stems (BHJ) of Plumbago zeylanica L. (P.zeylanica) using 70 % ethanol. Subsequently, the metabolite profiles, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. The highest contents of total phenols (91.63±1.08 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoids (146.5±5.48 mg RE/g DW) were found in BHJ. All extracts of P.zeylanica effectively neutralized DPPH (83.47 %-93.44 % in 5 mg/mL) and ABTS radicals (99.42 %-102.1 % at 5 mg/mL), demonstrating potent antioxidant properties, particularly in BHG. The DPPH activity of P.zeylanica extracts (3.0 mg/mL) showed higher radical scavenging activity when compared with the positive control, ascorbic acid. The extracts of P.zeylanica displayed significant antifungal effects against all tested microorganisms (B.cinerea, F.moniliforme, B.dothidea, P.expansum, and G.candidum), with inhibition rates ranging from 37.96 % to 99.65 % and MIC values between 0.063 and 1.00 mg/mL. The most susceptible strain was G.candidum (average inhibition rate: 95.47 %). BHG demonstrated the highest effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of P.expansum, G.candidum, and F.moniliforme, while BHJ showed the strongest activity against B.cinerea and B.dothidea. 2116 metabolites were identified by UPLC-MS/MS, of which 2026 were common to the three extracts. Notably, BHG was found to be a rich source of alkaloids and quinones (including the pharmacologically active compound plumbagin), with superior antioxidant and antifungal capacities. Most of the metabolites were isolated and identified for the first time in P.zeylanica, including Hydroxyplumbagic acid, 3′-O-Beta-D-xylopyranosyl plumbagic acid, Loliolide, Atractylolide III, Cinchonain Ib, and Cinchonain Ic. Correlation analysis identified 115 potential metabolic biomarkers, primarily consisting of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which likely explain some of the potent observed bioactivity. As regards the results mentioned above, all parts of the P.zeylanica could be utilized as a promising source of bioactive compounds for potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to its notable antioxidant and antifungal properties.

Epoxidation of Chalcone Derivatives under Visible-Light Irradiation: An Organophotoredox Catalytic Approach

AbstractEpoxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones under visible-light irradiation constitutes a significant chemical transformation with potential applications in the synthesis of epoxypropane derivatives. An organophotoredox catalytic system is herein reported to facilitate efficient aerobic epoxidation. This protocol enables the conversion of α,β-unsaturated ketones into their corresponding epoxy products with moderate to high yields under benign reaction conditions. The methodology demonstrates broad functional-group compatibility, providing a reliable and direct route to a variety of functionalized epoxypropane compounds. Additionally, the absence of heavy metals in this strategy renders it particularly suitable for the pharmaceutical industry, offering a new avenue for the synthesis of epichlorohydrin drugs.

Effects of Chicken Egg Powder, Bovine Colostrum, and Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders

Natural-based products are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry as potential sources of novel medicinal compounds. They are also used by consumers/patients as standalone therapies or as an adjunct to Western medicines. Two natural-based products of interest are chicken egg and bovine colostrum (the milk produced in the first few days following calving). Both products are rich in immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, and macro- and micro-nutrients. In vitro, in vivo, and a limited number of clinical studies suggest therapeutic benefits of both components given alone and together. Combination therapy is of particular interest, as preclinical studies suggest synergistic effects on growth, repair, and gut protection, including microbiome-induced damage. This article describes the main constituents of egg and bovine colostrum, studies of their use alone and together for a wide range of conditions, highlights areas requiring further research, and describes novel indications such as GLP-1-associated gut symptoms. While well placed in the food supplement arena, additional high-quality clinical trials are required to establish their benefits in clinical practice.

Optimizing Compressed Air Operations for Electrical Energy Savings: A Case Study in Pharmaceutical Packaging Manufacturing

This study in pharmaceutical packaging manufacturing focuses on improving compressed air efficiency through targeted strategies at both the source and user levels by establishing a baseline to analyze energy consumption patterns. Key measures, including minimizing air leaks, adjusting pressure, and optimizing compressor performance, aim to achieve a 20-50% increase in efficiency, thereby supporting environmental sustainability. The User Point and Source Point approaches are expected to lower Specific Power Consumption (SPC), with data collected from December 2020 to May 2022 providing insights into potential energy savings. Establishing this baseline, based on machine runtime and productivity, offers a solid foundation for evaluation. Results show a 23% reduction in compressor electricity usage and a 7-8% decrease in compressed air consumption. A structured improvement process and strong collaboration between engineering and management are essential for enhancing productivity and achieving sustainable energy efficiency in the industrial sector.

The Moderating Role of Supply Chain Agility on the Relationship Between Strategic Flexibility and Organizational Market Performance in Nigerian Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry is key to the survival of the human race, but equally becoming increasingly susceptible to global disruptions. In Nigeria, records have shown that the industry is plagued with several problems, inclusive of low employee productivity, poor market share, low innovation performance, poor and marginal sales growth and low profitability, which are likely a result of a lack of strategic flexibility in the face of increasing environment turbulence and intense competition. Despite efforts from researchers, the moderating role of supply chain agility has been largely overlooked in the literature. Therefore, this study examines the moderating role of supply chain agility on the relationship between strategic flexibility (resource flexibility, coordination flexibility, proactive flexibility, reactive flexibility and futurity) and organisational performance. A survey research design was used to collect data from 642 management and senior staff employees of six pharmaceutical companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group. A total enumeration method was adopted for the study, with a well-structured adapted questionnaire, having Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.725 to 0.945. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was chosen to achieve the research goal. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that strategic flexibility positively affects organizational performance (β = -0.093, p> 0.050, Q2 = 0.644). However, supply chain agility negatively moderates this effect, indicating that while agility is beneficial independently, it can counteract the positive impact of strategic flexibility when combined. The study recommended that the management of pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria should pay serious attention to strategic flexibility as an organizational capability that can enhance performance in the face of increasing uncertainties in and unpredictability nature of the business environment.

Open Innovation and Regulatory Challenges in New Modality Development: The Pivotal Role of Contract Development and Manufacturing Organisations in Advancing Antibody Drugs.

Ensuring regulatory-compliant manufacturing capability is an essential challenge for new treatment modalities, but its internalisation is not easy for pharmaceutical companies, especially start-ups. This study examines the functions and requirements of contracted development and manufacturing organisations (CDMOs) using the development process of antibody medicines as a case study. Utilizing PubMed, Cortellis and Patent Integration databases, this study delves into publication and contractual trends in monoclonal antibody drugs (mAbs) development, alongside an analysis of patent filings by CDMOs, offering a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape in mAbs innovation. In the early stages of mAbs development, dedicated bio firms (DBFs) led R&D with superior drug discovery technology but lacked manufacturing capability, which was complemented by CDMOs. This collaboration was an opportunity for CDMOs to expand their capabilities beyond manufacturing technology into antibody drug candidate discovery and structural optimisation technology. From mid-development onwards, it established a technology platform based on these capabilities and developed and established partnerships with existing pharmaceutical companies, including mega pharma. The impact of institutions and regulations on the innovation process was assessed during this development process. These findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the innovation system for new modalities.

Targeted protein degradation via cellular trafficking of nanoparticles.

Strategies that selectively bind proteins of interest and target them to the intracellular protein recycling machinery for targeted protein degradation have recently emerged as powerful tools for undruggable targets in biomedical research and the pharmaceutical industry. However, targeting any new protein of interest with current degradation tools requires a laborious case-by-case design for different diseases and cell types, especially for extracellular targets. Here we observe that nanoparticles can mediate specific receptor-independent internalization of a bound protein and further develop a general strategy for degradation of extracellular proteins of interest by making full use of clinically approved components. This extremely flexible strategy aids in targeted protein degradation tool development and provides knowledge for targeted drug therapies and nanomedicine design.

Sources and Methods for the Production of Xyloglucan, a Promising Stimulus-Sensitive Biopolymer: A Review

Xyloglucan is a highly promising ‘green’ polymer that has found its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its molecular structure similarity to mucin, it has remarkable mucoadhesion properties, which has led to a high research interest in this excipient for the development of transmucosal delivery systems. Thermosensitivity is another promising property of xyloglucan derivatives, which is mainly exhibited by synthetic block copolymers such as pluronics and PLGA derivatives. Delivery systems whose mechanism of active ingredient release is based on temperature sensitivity are widely used in many medical fields, ranging from antitumour therapy to intranasal delivery. Thus, conducting research on the possibility of obtaining and using a new mucoadhesive, fully biocompatible and affordable polymer—xyloglucan—is a promising task.

A comprehensive review on the structure-activity relationships and applications of β-D-glucans

β-D-glucan is a polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers linked by beta-glucoside bonds and can be found in grains (barley and oats), yeast and mushrooms. β-D-glucan has a variety of physiological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic and regulating gut microbiota, etc. The bioactivity of β-glucan varies with different sources and structures. However, to the best of our knowledge, the structure-activity relationship of β-glucan has not been systematically studied. Based on the most up-to-date published papers, we summarized the source and structure of β-D-glucan, and introduced the various physiological activities of β-D-glucan. More importantly, we discussed the structure-activity relationship of β-D-glucan from various aspects, such as molecular weight, branched chains and structural modification, and summarized the application of β-D-glucan in health product, food and other industries. This review is helpful to systematically understand the structure-activity relationship of β-D-glucan, and further guides its application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Metabolites Obtained from Boraginaceae Plants as Potential Cosmetic Ingredients—A Review

One of the challenges of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is to deliver biochemical compounds that can be advantageous for the skin. Research on Boraginaceae taxa has confirmed their use in traditional medicine and proved the potential biological importance of various molecules in cosmetology. The main classes of valuable compounds associated with Boraginaceae taxa are fatty acids, including γ-linolenic acid, essential oils, phenolic acids (e.g., rosmarinic acid), flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and saponins. Highly specific are naphthoquinone pigments (including shikonin) and allantoin. Another distinguishing feature is the accumulation of silica (silicon dioxide) in trichomes. Some taxa produce mucilages. However, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) with toxic properties are also found (mainly in Symphytum spp.); therefore, their applications should be avoided. Extracts or individual compounds of Boraginaceae plants are characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-irritant, antiaging, and photoprotective activities. Boraginaceae products are widespread in the cosmetic industry as ingredients of creams, balms, lotions, gels, shampoos, lipsticks, perfumes, and deodorants. The most valuable for the cosmetic industry are raw materials obtained from the genera Alcanna Anchusa, Arnebia, Borago, Buglossoides, Cerinthe, Cordia, Echium, Ehretia, Eriodictyon, Glendora, Lappula, Lithospermum, Lycopsis, Macrotomia, Maharanga, Mertensia, Messerschmidia, Myosotis, Omphalodes, Onosma, Pulmonaria, Rindera, Symphytum, Trachystemon, and Trigonotis. Further research should focus on the search for active substances in other plants of the family.

Optimization, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of Rhodamine B Removal by Zinc Chloride-activated Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut Husk) biochar

Adsorption of dye from industrial effluent before discharge into the environment has become a major challenge to the food, pharmaceutical, textile, photographic and cosmetic industries. This has led scientists to the search for suitable green solutions. Carbonized and zinc chloride activated Arachis hypogaea (groundnut husk) in a 1:1 ratio was used as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by ash content, bulk density, moisture content, pH, Iodine number, surface area and functional group analyses. Key parameters such as initial pH, initial concentration of Rhodamine B dye, temperature and contact time were investigated. The equilibrium data obtained were correlated with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. It was found that both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms fit well to the data. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the uptake of Rhodamine B onto zinc chloride activated groundnut husk biochar with R2 > 0.997. Maximum Rhodamine B. dye removal was observed at a pH of 11.0, with an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g, a contact time of 125 min, an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L and a temperature at 315 K. The efficiency of zinc chloride activated groundnut husk biochar for Rhodamine B removal was 99.55% for dilute solutions at 50 g/L. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra recorded before and after activation showed the numbers of functional groups available for Rhodamine B. molecules to bind onto in the studied adsorbent. The kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo second-order models, while the thermodynamic studies indicated a spontaneous and endothermic nature in the adsorption of Rhodamine B by the zinc chloride modified groundnut husk. This research clearly details an innovative approach to utilizing carbonized and zinc chloride-activated Arachis hypogaea (groundnut husk) as an eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B from industrial effluents.

Protein Scaffold-Mediated Multi-Enzyme Self-Assembly and Ordered Co-Immobilization of Flavin-Dependent Halogenase-Coenzyme Cycle System for Efficient Biosynthesis of 6-Cl-L-Trp.

Flavin-dependent halogenase (FDH) is highly prized in pharmaceutical and chemical industries for its exceptional capacity to produce halogenated aromatic compounds with precise regioselectivity. This study has devised a multi-enzyme self-assembly strategy to construct an effective and reliable in vitro coenzyme cycling system tailored for FDHs. Initially, tri-enzyme self-assembling nanoclusters (TESNCs) were developed, comprising glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), flavin reductase (FR) and FDH. The TESNCs exhibited enhanced thermal stability and conversion efficiency compared to free triple enzyme mixtures during the conversion of L-Trp to 6-Cl-L-Trp, resulting in a 2.1-fold increase in yield. Subsequently, an ordered co-immobilization of GDH, FR, and FDH was established, further amplifying the stability and catalytic efficiency of the FDH coenzyme cycle system. Compared to the free TESNCs, the immobilized TESNCs demonstrated a 4.2-fold increase in catalytic efficiency in a 5 mL reaction system. This research provides an effective strategy for developing a robust and efficient coenzyme recycling system for FDHs.

Drug-drug interactions of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin

Abstract Introduction The sodium glucose co-transporter2-inhibitors dapagliflozin (Dapa) and empagliflozin (Empa), initially developed as antihyperglycemic agents, are increasingly also prescribed for non-diabetic patients with heart failure (HF). Glucuronidation by uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 is the main mechanism of metabolism of Dapa, whereas Empa is eliminated mainly by excretion. Both Dapa and Empa are substrates of P-glycoprotein. The risk for drug-drug interactions (DDI) of Empa and Dapa is assumed to be low. Aim of this study was to summarize reports of DDI of Empa and Dapa from the literature. Methods Search-terms in PubMed were "drug-drug interaction" and AND "sodium glucose co-transporter2-inhibitors" OR "SGLT2" OR "dapagliflozin" OR "empagliflozin". The drugs were classified according the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system. Included were randomized trials, pharmacovigilance studies, case series, case reports, studies in healthy subjects and in vivo data. The funding of the study and the disclosures of the authors were registered. Results In 45 reports DDI of Empa and Dapa with 29 drugs were described (Table). According to the ATC system, these were drugs for the alimentary tract and metabolism (n=5), blood and blood forming organs (n=2), cardiovascular system (n=11), genitourinary system and sex hormones (n=2), antiinfectives (n=2), antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (n=3), musculo-skeletal system (n=2) and nervous system (n=2). The reports comprised studies in healthy subjects (n=28), case reports (n=7), case series (n=6), pharmacovigilance studies (n=2), a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial (n=1) and in vivo data (n=1). Most of the reports found no clinically relevant DDI (n=32). Dapa and Empa both had a synergistic diuretic effect with bumetanide, and led to severe infections when combined with the interleukin-17-inhibitors secukinumab or ixekizumab. Empa administered with intravenous iron was reported to increase cell-iron availability, with lithium to reduce lithium exposure and with valproate to increase valproate exposure. Dapa administered with sacubitril-valsartan was reported to lead to severe hypotension, with linezolid to pancytopenia, with donafenib to an increased exposure to donafenib, with rifampicin to a reduction and mefenamic acid to an increase in Dapa exposure. Of the 45 reports, 33 were funded by a pharmaceutical company marketing Dapa or Empa and 33 had authors with conflicts of interest with pharmaceutical companies marketing Dapa or Empa. Conclusions Most data about DDI of Empa and Dapa derive from studies in healthy subjects and from the marketing companies. The clinical relevance DDI of Empa and Dapa in polymorbid patients with polymedication is largely unknown. There is an urgent need for independent studies on DDI of these drugs in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with HF.Table

Policy Solutions for Enhancing Drug Pricing Transparency and Reducing Health Care Costs in the United States

The excessive cost of prescription pharmaceuticals in the United States is an often-recognized issue for consumers, healthcare providers, and insurance companies alike. A major contributing factor to excess cost is the lack of transparency in drug pricing, which makes it difficult for stakeholders to understand the actual costs of medications. In this article, we look at two basic policy measures to ameliorate this issue. First, we explore providing consumers with clear information on medication costs at the point of prescription, specifically in outpatient doctors' offices. This policy seeks to empower patients and enhance informed decision-making by integrating drug cost information into electronic health records (EHRs), allowing physicians to discuss cost-effective alternatives with their patients. Second, we investigate potential federal regulations that would require pharmaceutical companies to publicly disclose reasons for price hikes, using specific benchmarks as guidelines. These regulations would mandate pharmaceutical companies to report heavy price increases and the factors contributing to these hikes, thereby holding manufacturers accountable and promoting price stability. By addressing these two policy measures, the article aims to enhance drug price transparency and reduce healthcare costs.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Conceivable Compounds from Glehnia littoralis Leaf Extract on RAW264.7 Cells

Background/Objectives: Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal plant, but the scientific basis is still unclear. This study thoroughly investigated phenols from Glehnia littoralis extract (GLE) to determine their potential as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to analyze the compounds in GLE. In addition, we performed GLE in vitro in macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Results: The extract contained eight peaks representing phenolic compounds and one peak representing riboflavin, with the corresponding mass spectrometry data documented. These biologically active compounds were purified by ultrafiltration using LC to determine their ability to target cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that significant compounds were identified, demonstrating a binding affinity for both COX-2 and DPPH. This suggests that the compounds showing excellent binding affinity for COX-2 and DPPH may be the main active ingredients. Vital inflammatory cytokines, including COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), were found to be down-regulated during the treatment. In addition, we revealed that the selected drugs exhibited potent binding capacity to inflammatory factors through molecular docking studies. In addition, we confirmed the presence of phenolic components in GLE extract and verified their possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Conclusions: This study provided evidence for an efficient strategy to identify critical active ingredients from various medicinal plants. These data may serve as a baseline for further investigations of applying GLE in the pharmaceutical industry.

Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Potentials Supported by In-Silico Studies of the n-Hexane Extract and Essential Oil of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Leaves.

Platycladus orientalis leaves are widely used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments. In the present study, the volatile constituents were obtained by n-hexane extraction and hydrodistillation. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling was performed using GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant potential and enzyme-inhibitory activity were assessed and supported by in silico profiling. Results revealed the predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the hydrodistilled volatile oil (42.30%) followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (32.10%); with cedrol as the main component. Diterpenoids (49.70%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.43%) were the major components of the n-hexane extract; with vulgarol A, a diterpene alcohol, as the major constituent. The volatile oil demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant potential across all assays, including ABTS and DDPH scavenging activity, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. However, the n-hexane extract demonstrated broad inhibitory effects against butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase enzymes, supported by molecular docking study and predictive ADME profiling. Therefore, it may be concluded that the n-hexane extract is a viable option for treating dysregulated enzyme conditions. In addition, the potential use of volatile oil in the pharmaceutical industries and management of oxidative stress can be inferred. These results warrant further studies to validate the therapeutic potential of the volatile oil and the n-hexane extract.

Managing Pharmaceutical Promotion Mix in the Rise of Social Media

ABSTRACTA manufacturer of a branded prescription drug typically uses traditional promotional tools to communicate with consumers (i.e., direct‐to‐consumer advertising) and physicians (i.e., detailing, sampling, and journal advertising). These promotions seek to enhance brand drug visibility and, eventually, increase brand sales. As medical communication norms generally dictate how healthcare information is communicated, the emergence of social media challenges such norms and potentially inflates (or deflates) the efficacy of pharmaceutical marketing communication. In such situations, a crucial research question revolves around how marketers will adjust their promotional strategies. In this study, the authors analyze the longitudinal data of 41 brand drugs from 7 therapeutic classes between 2007 and 2014. Through the lens of signaling theory, they empirically show that the volume and valence of social media posts can enhance or hinder the sales impacts of different promotional activities. Specifically, the volume and valence of social media posts have the potential to amplify the sales impact of detailing and direct‐to‐consumer advertising, while diminishing the effects of sampling and journal advertising. The volume and valence of brand drug mentions as well as consumer passion toward the brand drug display similar effects on the efficacy of pharmaceutical promotions. The findings shed new light on conventional pharmaceutical promotion practices in the presence of social media and provide novel implications for promotion mix management.

Portuguese Grapevine Leaves: A Neglected By-Product with High Potential

In Portugal, grapevine leaves are generally treated as agro-industrial waste, despite being rich in bioactive compounds that offer benefits to human health. This study compiles the most relevant and current data on the phytochemical composition and bioactive properties of grape leaves from both red and white varieties cultivated in the country. These by-products are abundant in flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenolic compounds, such as flavonols, derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoid pigments, and chlorophylls, as well as fatty acids, which have scientifically proven antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardio-, neuro- and hepatoprotective properties, among others. The combination of these beneficial properties, along with the low toxicity of their compounds, makes grapevine leaves a by-product with great potential for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The key challenge is to develop sustainable methods to reintegrate this by-product into the supply chain, in alignment with the sustainability goals of the 2030 Agenda.

Explanation of the Opportunity Identification Model Based on Gender Restrictions Affecting Women's Entrepreneurial Identity

Background: Stereotypical beliefs and gender biases play a limiting and discouraging role in the development of women's entrepreneurship, which can have a significant impact on women's willingness to become entrepreneurs. Methods: This research aims to identify and analyze the gender-based limitations affecting the entrepreneurial opportunities of female entrepreneurs using a mixed-methods approach. This research is applied in terms of its objective. In the qualitative phase, 14 experts were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was conducted through library studies and semi-structured interviews. In this section, the data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding, which resulted in the identification of 51 indicators and 12 components. The research questionnaire was designed based on these indicators. In the quantitative section, the statistical population was all female entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical companies under study, which totaled 425 people. Using Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method, 170 people were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and validity using expert opinion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and PLS3 Smart software. Results: Based on the research findings, 12 components of social, cultural, economic, educational, legal, behavioral, personality, individual, commercialization, knowledge enhancement, entrepreneurial awareness, and market recognition limitations were identified under the title of dimensions and components of gender-based limitations affecting women's entrepreneurial opportunities. The results also showed that social limitations (β=-0/578), cultural limitations (β=-0/429), economic limitations (β=-0/408), educational limitations (β=-0/346), legal limitations (β=-0/297), behavioral limitations (β=-0/215), personality limitations (β=-0/189), and individual limitations (β=-0/138) have a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurial opportunities

Pharmaceutical Marketing Management in India

Background: In order to identify key tactics and their gaps, the researcher self- designed questionnaire responses from 80 respondents (who either work at managing level in a pharmaceutical company or own their own firm) on Google through convenience sampling across several areas in India. Additionally, the researcher solicited consumer input on marketing assistance, strategies, and tools. We are going to present research on how pharmaceutical firms' marketing tactics change over time as they transition from one to other. It will additionally shine light on the many marketing techniques and tools that pharmaceutical businesses use. Results: A comprehensive cohort comprising 160 patients satisfying the criteria was included in the study. The duration of the study was six months, and the data were collected from the Department of Nephrology of a Government Medical College. Businesses must use digital marketing, or digital devices for marketing (TAB), to improve efficient advertising after studying pharmaceutical marketing strategies and proposing various strategies for conversation. Digital platforms also play a significant role in facilitating effective feedback and surveys related to marketing strategies. For the healthcare sector to effectively communicate and implement strategies, medical representatives must rotate on a regular basis. The supply chain pricing strategy must also adapt to local requirements in order to enhance sales development. The pricing plan for the supply chain must be adjusted to the demands of the region in order to boost sales. In the pharmaceutical sector, developing new medicines and improving existing ones are necessary to boost sales and generate income. This study includes many details and outcomes that need to be analysed further to improve the current pharmaceutical scenario. Work must be done on quality, the use of advanced techniques, and the implementation of new schemes that benefit the MR team