Pharmaceutical Literature Research Articles

Georgios Photeinos and his Hellenic Pharmacopoeia (1835) published in Ottoman Smyrna.

The Hellenic Pharmacopoeia, authored by Ottoman pharmacist Georgios Photeinos and published in 1835 in Smyrna (modern-day Izmir, T??rkiye), is a historically significant yet largely overlooked work in 19th-century pharmaceutical literature. At a time when modern pharmaceutical resources in Greek were scarce, Photeinos sought to address this gap by creating a comprehensive pharmacopoeia that extensively drew from the Austrian Pharmacopoeia, as well as French and Latin sources. Although he initiated the project around 1804, political upheavals delayed its completion by more than three decades. Spanning 538 pages, the Hellenic Pharmacopoeia is divided into three sections: a Lexicon of Pharmacopoeia, a Synopsis of the Theory of Chemistry, and a section on Practice of the Pharmacopoeia, or the Preparation. In the lexicon, Photeinos included Turkish terms written in the Greek alphabet, reflecting his commitment to making the work accessible to Turkish-speaking Greek communities within the Ottoman Empire. Despite its ambition, Photeinos' work was overshadowed by the official pharmacopoeia of Greece, published in Athens in 1837 under the same title, Hellenic Pharmacopoeia. His efforts to modernize and standardize pharmaceutical practices for Greek-speaking communities represents an important step toward the professionalization during a period of significant socio-political transformation. This paper examines Photeinos' life, contributions, and the significance of his pharmacopoeia, which has remained largely forgotten.

Coordinate pharmaceutical supply chain with medical institutions’ public welfare under the centralized drug bulk-buying program

The centralized drug bulk-buying program has played an integral role in the drug procurement. However, it has triggered conflicts among profitable group purchasing organizations and medical institutions with public welfare, resulting in insufficient procurement or supply shortage. To investigate and resolve the conflicts, decentralized and centralized scenarios are constructed and analyzed based on Stackelberg game theory for a pharmaceutical supply chain consisting of a group purchasing organization and two medical institutions with public welfare. The equilibrium results reveal that when public welfare level is low, an appropriate increase in public welfare will benefit both the group purchasing organization and the medical institutions; Conversely, at a high public welfare level, medical institutions resist further increases, with resistance intensifying as public welfare grows. To address this, when the public welfare is low, a two-part tariff contract “membership fee + commission” based on the level of public welfare is innovatively proposed, and can coordinate the pharmaceutical supply chain and achieve win–win outcomes. However, for a high public welfare level, the contract cannot eliminate the conflicts. This paper contributes to the pharmaceutical supply chain literature by examining public welfare institutions and coordination under the centralized drug bulk-buying program. The managerial insights are conducive to the operations of the pharmaceutical supply chain and the policy implementation for the government.

Pharmacy practice and policy research in Türkiye: a systematic review of literature.

In recent decades, there has been an interest in clinical pharmacy practice in Türkiye with emerging studies in this area. Despite the recent emergence of diverse pharmacy practice studies in Türkiye, a comprehensive assessment of overall typology of studies and impact has not been conducted thus far. This systematic review aims to document and assess pharmaceutical policy and practice literature published within the last 5 years in Türkiye. The other aim is to summarise the expected impact of published studies on policy and practice research. The systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines described in the PRISMA Statement. A comprehensive search approach, incorporating Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) queries and free-text terms was employed to locate pertinent literature related to pharmacy practice and policy in Türkiye. The search covered the period from January 1, 2019, to January 1, 2024, and involved electronic databases including PubMed, Medline Ovid, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, PlosOne, and BMC. In the final grouping, 73 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. Among the quantitative studies, majority studies were cross-sectional survey studies. Through the rigorous thematic content analysis seven research domains were developed from the selected literature: drug utilisation and rational drug use, the emerging role of pharmacist, access to medicines and generic medicines, community pharmacy practice, pharmacovigilance/adverse drug reactions, and pharmacoeconomic studies. The pharmacist role is evolving; however, several challenges remain in fully realising the potential of pharmacists. These include regulatory barriers, limited public awareness of pharmacists' expanded roles, workforce capacity issues, and the need for ongoing professional development and training. Research studies are needed in the areas of generic prescribing, medicine adherence, intervention studies in community and hospital pharmacy practice, and on pharmacoeconomics and pharmacovigilance.

Mixture Experimentation in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Tutorial.

Mixture experimentation is commonly seen in pharmaceutical formulation studies, where the relative proportions of the individual components are modeled for effects on product attributes. The requirement that the sum of the component proportions equals 1 has given rise to the class of designs, known as mixture designs. The first mixture designs were published by Quenouille in 1953 but it took nearly 40 years for the earliest mixture design applications to be published in the pharmaceutical sciences literature by Kettaneh-Wold in 1991 and Waaler in 1992. Since then, the advent of efficient computer algorithms to generate designs has made this class of designs easily accessible to pharmaceutical statisticians, although the use of these designs appears to be an underutilized experimental strategy even today. One goal of this tutorial is to draw the attention of experimental statisticians to this class of designs and their advantages in pursuing formulation studies such as excipient compatibility studies. We present sufficient materials to introduce the novice practitioner to this class of design, associated models, and analysis strategies. An example of a mixture-process variable design is given as a case study.

Towards a greater understanding of the deep eutectic phenomenon through examination of the lidocaine-NSAID therapeutic deep eutectic systems

Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDES) have been attracting increasing attention in the pharmaceutical literature as a promising enabling technology capable of improving physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties for difficult-to-deliver drug compounds. The current literature has explored amide local anaesthetics and carboxylic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) as commonly used THEDES formers for their active hydrogen-bonding functionality. However, little is known about what happens within the “deep eutectic” region where a range of binary compositions present simply as a liquid with no melting events detectable across experimentally achievable conditions. There is also very limited understanding of how parent compounds’ physicochemical properties could impact upon the formation, interaction mechanism, and stability of the formed liquid systems, despite the significance of these information in dose adjustment, industrial handling, and scaling-up of these liquids.In the current work, we probed the “deep eutectic” phenomenon by investigating the formation and physicochemical behaviours of some chosen lidocaine-NSAID systems across a wide range of composition ratios. Our data revealed that successfully formed THEDES exhibited composition dependent Tg variations with strong positive deviations from predicted Tg values using the Gordon-Taylor theory, suggesting substantial interactions within the formed supramolecular structure. Interestingly, it was found that the parent compound’s glass forming ability had a noticeable impact upon such profound interaction and hence could dictate the success of THEDES formation. It has also been confirmed that all successful systems were formed based on charge-assisted hydrogen bonding within their THEDES network, affirming the significant role of partial protonisation on achieving a profound melting point depression. More importantly, the work found that within the “deep eutectic” region there was still an ideal, or thermodynamically preferrable “THEDES point”, which would exhibit excellent stability upon exposure to stress storage conditions.The discoveries of this study bring the literature one step closer to fully understanding the “therapeutic deep eutectic” phenomenon. Through correlation between parent reagents’ physicochemical properties and the synthesised products’ characteristics, we establish a more educated process for the prediction and engineering of THEDES.

Effect of Structurally Related Compounds on Desupersaturation Kinetics of Indomethacin.

The pharmaceutical literature contains examples wherein desupersaturation from high concentrations does not proceed to equilibrium concentration of the thermodynamically most stable form but remains above equilibrium. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the effect of structurally related compounds on desupersaturation kinetics as a possible explanation for a higher than equilibrium solubility after crystal growth of γ-indomethacin (γ-IMC). Three structurally related compounds (SRC) - cis-sulindac (c-SUL), trans-sulindac (t-SUL) and indomethacin-related compound-A (IMC-A) -were investigated. Desupersaturation kinetics to the most stable γ-IMC, in the presence of c-SUL, t-SUL or IMC-A, was measured at pH 2.0. The SRCs c-SUL and t-SUL were effective crystallization inhibitors of IMC, while IMC-A was not a potent crystallization inhibitor of IMC. Among the sulindac isomers, t-SUL was a stronger crystallization inhibitor. The apparent solubility of γ-IMC crystals grown from supersaturated solutions in the presence of SRCs matched the equilibrium solubility of γ-IMC. During crystallization of IMC in the presence of IMC-A, the concentration of IMC-A declined initially but rebounded as supersaturation and crystallization rate of IMC declined, suggesting that IMC-A itself became incorporated in the IMC crystal lattice at higher degrees of IMC supersaturation. The results suggest that high apparent solubility after crystallization of IMC reported by several authors is not related to the presence of IMC-A impurity. The greater IMC crystal growth rate inhibition by t-SUL than by c-SUL was consistent with the proposed orientation of SUL molecules adsorbed on the IMC crystal, providing a mechanistic understanding of the inhibition.

IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 105. Solubility of Solid Alkanoic Acids, Alkenoic Acids, Alkanedioic Acids, and Alkenedioic Acids Dissolved in Neat Organic Solvents, Organic Solvent Mixtures, and Aqueous–Organic Solvent Mixtures. III. Alkanedioic Acids and Alkenedioic Acids

Solubility data are compiled and reviewed for 19 alkanedioc and alkenedioic acids dissolved in neat organic solvents and well-defined binary organic and aqueous–organic solvent mixtures. The compiled solubility data were retrieved from the published chemical, engineering, and pharmaceutical literature covering the period between 1910 and the beginning of 2021.

Trofinetide for Rett Syndrome: Highlights on the Development and Related Inventions of the First USFDA-Approved Treatment for Rare Pediatric Unmet Medical Need.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare disability causing female-oriented pediatric neurodevelopmental unmet medical need. RTT was recognized in 1966. However, over the past 56 years, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has authorized no effective treatment for RTT. Recently, Trofinetide was approved by the USFDA on 10 March 2023 as the first RTT treatment. This article underlines the pharmaceutical advancement, patent literature, and prospects of Trofinetide. The data for this study were gathered from the PubMed database, authentic websites (Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Neuren Pharmaceuticals, and USFDA), and free patent databases. Trofinetide was first disclosed by Neuren Pharmaceuticals in 2000 as a methyl group containing analog of the naturally occurring neuroprotective tripeptide called glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE). The joint efforts of Acadia Pharmaceuticals and Neuren Pharmaceuticals have developed Trofinetide. The mechanism of action of Trofinetide is not yet well established. However, it is supposed to improve neuronal morphology and synaptic functioning. The patent literature revealed a handful of inventions related to Trofinetide, providing excellent and unexplored broad research possibilities with Trofinetide. The development of innovative Trofinetide-based molecules, combinations of Trofinetide, patient-compliant drug formulations, and precise MECP2-mutation-related personalized medicines are foreseeable. Trofinetide is in clinical trials for some neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including treating Fragile X syndrome (FXS). It is expected that Trofinetide may be approved for treating FXS in the future. The USFDA-approval of Trofinetide is one of the important milestones for RTT therapy and is the beginning of a new era for the therapy of RTT, FXS, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), brain injury, stroke, and other NDDs.

Właściwości i zastosowanie lecznicze żywicy jodły syryjskiej w historii medycyny i farmacji

The Syrian fir [Abies cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière] is a slender tree found in the mountainous areas of Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. Its name recalls an ancient land called Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey; the capital city of this land was Tarsus, where an important trade route called the Gates of Cilicia ran. The rich medicinal properties of the resin naturally flowing from this tree were appreciated by the ancient Egyptians as early as in the Old Kingdom period. It was used as an antiseptic, anti–inflammatory and diuretic agent, but also in cosmetics: an important ingredient of preparations strengthening weakened hair, skin firming and wrinkle reducing. Respiratory ailments, mainly persistent coughs, were widely treated with preparations containing the Syrian fir resin, which was also noted by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder in his famous Naturalis Historia. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the medicinal properties of the Syrian fir, primarily of its resin, and the time period in which it was used for therapeutic purposes. A thorough analysis of the botanical, medical and pharmaceutical literature brings to a conclusion that Syrian fir was often used in the abovementioned applications in ancient times. Since the Middle Ages and continuing into the 19th century, native, neighboring, more popular varieties of fir trees, like the balsam fir, or the Canadian fir, were more often used for medicinal purposes. Many other common species of coniferous trees were used as well, especially the Pinus sylvestris, thanks to which the pine tar (Pix liquida Pini) can still be used today.

Review Article on Pharmaceutical Inventory Models

The inventory management system plays a vital role in a pharmaceutical industry. For every business, managing an inventory is important whether it is small or big, domestic or international business. In a pharmaceutical company, the raw materials have an expiry date associated with them so it becomes important to set a minimal safety stock for such items. The companies mostly try out keeping a minimum stock of products which will help in tracking our business easily. In this article, we present an overall review of the Pharmaceutical Inventory literature since the early 1968 and the models available in the relevant literature have been suitably classified. The motivations and extensions of various models in each subclass have been discussed in detail.
 Keywords: Inventory, Perishable items, Pharmaceutical inventory, RFID technology, Drug inventory

DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR CONNECTING SCIENTIFIC RECORDS AND SOCIAL PLATFORM

In the healthcare industry, professionals develop big amounts of disorganized data. The complexity of this data and the loss of computational capability lead to delays in the investigation. Nevertheless, with the advent of Deep Learning algorithms and connection to computing power such as Graphic Processor Units (GPUs) and Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), text and image processing has become usable. Deep Learning (DL) data bring about a big outcome in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and computer perception. The main purpose of this study is to build an undivided approach that can relate social platforms, literature, and scientific records to develop an approach to medicinal education for the public and experts.
 This study focuses on NLP in the healthcare industry and compiles data by Electronic Medical Records (EMR), medical literature, and social platforms. The framework proposed in this study is one for connecting social platforms, medical literature, and Electronic Medical Records scientific records using Deep Learning algorithms. Linking data sources requires defining the relationships between them, and finding concepts in medical texts. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) introduced the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and uses this system as the basis for the proposed system. The dynamic nature of a social platform can be recognized and supervised methodologies can be applied under supervision to develop conception. Named entity Recognition (NER) enables the active eradication of data or individuals by the pharmaceutical literature.

Zastosowanie lecznicze i kosmetyczne wody różanej według dziewiętnastowiecznej literatury farmaceutycznej oraz medycznej

Medicinal and cosmetic uses of rose water according to 19th century pharmaceutical and medical literature Floral water, also called hydrolate, is a secondary product of the distillation process of aromatic plants. In the Middle Ages, rose hydrolate, according to medical advice of the time, protected against plague spread by ‘miasma’. In nineteenth-century medical and cosmetic applications, rose water was often used as an aromatic and soothing ingredient, forming a base while giving the product the right consistency. It was also the main ingredient in eye medications (in Latin: Collyrium), anti-inflammatory ointments and cosmetic products, including perfumes, aromatic waters, nourishing creams, lubricating pomades and numerous fragrances. In the 19th century medical and pharmaceutical literature, rose water was seen as a mainly aromatic substance which added a pleasant fragrance to medicines and cosmetics. The aim of this article is to compare the recipes for medicines and cosmetics containing rose water from 19th-century apothecary’s manuscripts in the library of the Pharmacy Museum of the Jagiellonian University Medical College with the medical and pharmaceutical literature of the period.

Marketing analysis of the domestic pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic medicines

Aim. To conduct the marketing research of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in the segment of medicinal products (MP) used for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.
 Materials and methods. To achieve this aim, methods of logical and meaningful problem formation, desk marketing research, content analysis of publications in scientific and practice-oriented medical and pharmaceutical literature, comparative analysis were used.
 Results. The paper presents the results of the marketing analysis of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic MP. For the study, according to the ATC classification, 5 groups of medicines registered at the domestic market were selected. In the drug package leaflets for these medicines herpes infection was one of the indications for use. As of October 1, 2021, the range of antiherpetic MP includes 194 trade names for systemic and local use. The market segmentation of these groups of medicines by manufacturing countries, drug form, conditions of dispensing, origin and composition was carried out. It has been found that the share of herbal medicinal products is 14.43 % (6 positions) and is represented by products for systemic use.
 Conclusions. The research of the market of antiherpetic medicines conducted can be considered as the basis for the search and development of new effective antiviral herbal medicinal products of domestic production for the local treatment of the herpes virus.

Modeling the diffusion-erosion crossover dynamics in drug release.

A computational model is proposed to investigate drug delivery systems in which erosion and diffusion mechanisms are participating in the drug release process. Our approach allowed us to analytically estimate the crossover point between those mechanisms through the value of the parameter b (b_{c}=1) and the scaling behavior of parameter τ on the Weibull function, exp[-(t/τ)^{b}], used to adjust drug release data in pharmaceutical literature. Numerical investigations on the size dependence of the characteristic release time τ found it to satisfy either linear or quadratic scaling relations on either erosive or diffusive regimes. Along the crossover, the characteristic time scales with the average coefficient observed on the extreme regimes (i.e., τ∼L^{3/2}), and we show that this result can be derived analytically by assuming an Arrhenius relation for the diffusion coefficient inside the capsule. Based on these relations, a phenomenological expression for the characteristic release in terms of size L and erosion rate κ is proposed, which can be useful for predicting the crossover erosion rate κ_{c}. We applied this relation to the experimental literature data for the release of acetaminophen immersed in a wax matrix and found them to be consistent with our numerical results.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Analysis of the use of PR-technologies by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises in the implementation of socially oriented marketing in the conditions of the global COVID-19 pandemic

Today, leading foreign and domestic pharmaceutical companies are aware of the importance of using socially oriented tools of marketing communication to achieve economic stability, strengthen competitive positions and form a positive image at the pharmaceutical market. Aim. To study PR-technologies used by domestic pharmaceutical companies as part of the implementation of the concept of socially oriented marketing in the global COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The methods of logical and meaningful problem formation, desk marketing research, the content analysis of publications in scientific and practice-oriented medical and pharmaceutical literature were used in the work. Results and discussion. The issues of social responsibility of pharmaceutical industry enterprises as a key factor in the successful development of companies under the conditions of coronavirus infection have been highlighted. The specificityhas been considered, and the features of modern PR-tools of pharmaceutical companies have been determined. The Internet resources play an important role among them. The content analysis of the web-sites of the TOP-5 major manufacturers of drugs at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine has been conducted; the social responsibility areas and the main PR-technologies have been analyzed. Conclusions. It has been found that the leading domestic pharmaceutical companies take an active public position and constantly implement various social programs aimed at supporting the society welfare, especially in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The information content of the sites of the enterprises under study fully reflects the activities of companies in the field of public relations on the principles of openness, relevance, reliability and social responsibility. Considerable attention is paid to the quality, safety and availability of pharmaceutical products and the provision ofappropriate assistance to healthcare institutions in the fight against COVID-19.

Анализ системы фармацевтической помощи населению Новосибирской области

Introduction. Uneven placement of pharmacy organizations on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, want of pharmaceutical staff, especially in remote areas, falling living standards, an increase in general morbidity of the population, limited material and financial health care resources in the Novosibirsk region necessitated an assessment of the pharmaceutical care system in order to develop measures to improve it, preserve constitutional rights and guarantees for residents. Aim. Development and testing of a methodology for analyzing the system of pharmaceutical care for the population of the Novosibirsk region. Materials and methods. SWOT analysis was used for the assessment. Based on the content analysis of scientific medical and pharmaceutical literature, regulatory documents of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministries of Health of the Russian Federation and the Novosibirsk region, a questionnaire was compiled in which various aspects of the pharmaceutical care to the population of the Novosibirsk region were characterized. A group of experts (heads of pharmacy chains, heads of pharmacies, chiefs or deputies, specialists of the Department of Drug Provision of the Population of the Ministry of Health of the Novosibirsk region – a total of 35 people) were asked to evaluate (rank) the proposed characteristics in a SWOT matrix. Results. It has been established that the strengths of pharmaceutical care to the population of the Novosibirsk region (the top among them are the developed infrastructure for providing the population with pharmaceutical care; the approval and implementation of federal programs on the strategy of drug provision to the population and the development of healthcare in the Russian Federation and the Novosibirsk region) exceed by 1.26 times the weaknesses of the system (insufficient financing of drug provision to the population of the region; insufficient provision of the population with pharmacy organizations and medical and obstetric stations in rural settlements of the Novosibirsk region, etc.). Possibilities of the pharmaceutical care system in the Novosibirsk region (organization of dispensing medicines by medical staff through out-patient clinics in rural settlements of the Novosibirsk region, in which there are no pharmacy organizations; an increase in the proportion of municipal and urban districts provided with medicines dispensing outlets in relation to all municipal and urban entities of the Novosibirsk region to 100%, etc.) by 1.13 times prevails over threats (an increasing staff shortage in the pharmaceutical industry, a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, etc.). Conclusion. Pharmaceutical care for the population of the Novosibirsk region is characterized by the predominance of strengths over weaknesses, while potential opportunities exceed threats. This imples the necessity to further improve pharmaceutical care, use its resource capabilities and enhance its strengths.

IUPAC–NIST Solubility Data Series. 105. Solubility of Solid Alkanoic Acids, Alkenoic Acids, Alkanedioic Acids, and Alkenedioic Acids Dissolved in Neat Organic Solvents, Organic Solvent Mixtures, and Aqueous–Organic Solvent Mixtures. II. Alkenoic and Alkynoic Acids

Solubility data are compiled and reviewed for ten alkenoic acids and one alkynoic acid dissolved in neat organic mono-solvents. The compiled solubility data were retrieved from the published chemical, engineering, and pharmaceutical literature covering the period from 1910 to the beginning of 2021.

Employing an adverse outcome pathway framework for weight-of-evidence assessment with application to the ICH S1B guidance addendum

Across industry, there is a paradigm shift occurring for carcinogenicity testing, with the focus moving from long term animal studies to alternative approaches. Based on the explorative work done in recent years, the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) recently published a draft addendum to the S1B guidance, which allows for a weight-of-evidence (WoE) assessment to be conducted based on data gathered throughout the pharmaceutical development process and literature to mitigate some testing in rodents if the body of evidence clearly shows undertaking an animal lifetime study would not add value to the risk assessment. While several alternative approaches already exist, and other new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being explored, all of which can contribute to this WoE, it is important that all the evidence can be combined in a meaningful and consistent way to reach a conclusion. Adverse outcome pathways have been advocated as a framework for organising evidence in an integrated approach to testing and assessment, which gives context to data and can aid reaching a conclusion as to the adverse outcome (AO). This approach can be combined with a reasoning methodology to give a prediction for an AO and applied to the factors which need to be considered for the ICH S1B WoE to predict for carcinogenicity. Using this approach to the WoE assessment, consistent, scientifically robust, and transparent calls can be made as to whether conducting an animal carcinogenicity study would add value to a human risk assessment and mitigate the need to run animal studies unnecessarily.

IUPAC–NIST Solubility Data Series. 105. Solubility of Solid Alkanoic Acids, Alkenoic Acids, Alkanedioic Acids, and Alkenedioic Acids Dissolved in Neat Organic Solvents, Organic Solvent Mixtures, and Aqueous–Organic Solvent Mixtures. I. Alkanoic Acids

Solubility data are compiled and reviewed for 15 alkanoic acids dissolved in neat organic solvents and well-defined binary organic and aqueous–organic solvent mixtures. The compiled solubility data were retrieved from the published chemical, engineering, and pharmaceutical literature covering the period between 1910 and the beginning of 2021.