Pharmaceutical Items Research Articles

Reducing Pharmaceutical and Non-Pharmaceutical Inventory Waste in Tertiary Hospital: Impact of ABC-VEN Analysis in a Zero-Waste Strategy Over 7 Years.

To evaluate the prevalence and trend of inventory waste in a tertiary hospital over the last 7 years. This included the type and average monetary value (MV) of inventory waste, as well as the outcome of using the Always-Better-Control (ABC)-Vital-Essential-Non-essential (VEN) matrix as part of a Zero-Waste Strategy. This was a retrospective observational study conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) over 7 years. The prevalence of waste was 0.21%, which equates to (SAR) 15 million out of SAR 7 billion. The pharmaceutical inventory had significantly higher waste in terms of MV and the number of items (89.8%, and 80.3%, respectively) (P<0.001). The expired pharmaceutical inventory had a significantly higher waste of MV than non-moving and obsolete inventory (79.8%, 14.3%, and 5.9%, respectively) (P<0.001). The ABC-VEN matrix categorized the inventory into Category I, which has the highest MV waste at 82.3%, followed by Category II with 16.8%, and then Category III with 0.9%. However, category II had a significantly higher number of wasted items at (58.2%), followed by Category I (24%) and Category III (17.8%) (P<0.01). The majority of MV waste consisted of a small number of pharmaceutical items that had a high clinical impact, representing 66% and 18%, respectively. After implementing a zero-waste strategy for landfills using the ABC-VEN matrix, the prevalence of waste declined from 0.9% to 0.21%. The waste sent to the landfill was zero from 2018 through 2020, saving 73.64% of the total money. The use of the ABC-VEN matrix positively impacted the reduction of MV waste. The prevalence and trend rate of inventory waste were lower than the benchmarks of global companies, saving more than two-thirds of the inventory value that would have been wasted. The majority of the wasted MV consisted of a small number of pharmaceutical items that had a significant clinical impact.

Role of Nanomaterials in Degradation of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Wastewater: A Review

Biodiversity progress impacts the quality and availability of renewable natural resources. Ecological concerns about air and water pollution have been raised on communal and commercial levels. The continuous release and accumulation of cosmetics and pharmaceutical items in the environment pose significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. The presence of these emerging pollutants from pharmaceutical and cosmetic products has been reported in wastewater streams coming from industrial as well as wastewater treatment plants. This need has driven the development of technologies like advanced oxidation processes such as ozonation, Fenton’s oxidation, photocatalysis, etc. for conventional wastewater treatments. Among these, the photocatalytic processes are presently being efficient since they not only utilize UV light but also visible light. This article mainly focuses on the review of preparation and comparative activity of photocatalysts on cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical wastes degradation. Photocatalysts, in their different forms like nanoparticles, nanorods and nanocomposites, hold great promise due to their stability, non-toxicity and reusability.

Topical Formulations of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) Ethanol Extract by Ultrasound-assisted Extraction: Formulation and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

The antioxidant action of Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is believed to be attributed to its flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenols components. These chemicals function as antioxidants, effectively neutralising free radicals and providing protection against skin damage caused by UV radiation. The objective of this study was to ascertain the IC50 value of butterfly pea extract and thereafter to evaluate the degree of customer preference and convenience towards pharmaceutical items. This study utilised ultrasound-assisted extraction with a solvent technique employing 96% ethanol to generate extracts. These extracts were then compounded into several topical formulations including cream, gel and face spray. Initial assessments were conducted on all compositions, encompassing organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, adhesion, spreadability, wetness and irritation. This study also incorporated acceptance and customer preference as factors. The antioxidant activity of BPF extract was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique by estimating the IC50 value. The analysis revealed that the BPF extract had a yield of 38.75%. The IC50 values for the gel, cream and face mist preparations were 97.70, 49.14 and 73.89 ppm respectively. The cream recipe had the highest level of antioxidant activity. The determination of consumer preference has indicated that the majority of consumers favours face mist over other formulations.

The Utilization of Time Series Data Forecasting Techniques on Hospitals Pharmaceutical Inventory

Good inventory management is essential in the hospital industry to overcome inventory problems. Ineffective inventory prediction methods can lead to shortages or excess stock inventory. Ultimately, this can impact the budget and availability of pharmaceutical items in the hospital. Previous traditional prediction methods often show inaccuracies. This research utilizes ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) and FB Prophet methods to predict the demand for pharmaceutical items in hospitals. In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of both methods, an experiment was conducted on five pharmaceutical items. The results showed that the ARIMA method produced better performance compared to the FB Prophet method, with the smallest error of 0.07310.

Effects of benzoic acid synthesized from Cinnamomum cassia by green chemistry on valproic acid-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos

Benzoic acid, the most basic aromatic carboxylic acid, is produced industrially and used in cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical items as a flavoring ingredient and/or preservative. The significance of sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon, used as a food preservative and FDA-approved medication to treat urea cycle abnormalities in humans, has been shown to raise the levels of neurotrophic factors. Valproic acid (VPA), a commonly used anti-epileptic and mood-stabilizing medication, causes behavioral and intellectual problems and is a commonly used agent to induce animal model for autism. Aim of this study is to determine the effects of benzoic acid synthesized from Cinnamomum Cassia by green chemistry method on gene expressions related to autism development in case of VPA toxicity. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to low and high doses of benzoic acid for 72 h post-fertilization. Locomotor activities were determined. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), sialic acid (SA), glutathione (GSH)-S-transferase, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined spectrophotometrically. eif4b, adsl, and shank3a expressions were determined by RT-PCR as autism-related genes. Although high-dose benzoic acid inhibited locomotor activity, benzoic acid at both doses ameliorated VPA-induced disruption in oxidant-antioxidant balance and inflammation in zebrafish embryos and was effective in improving the impaired expression of autism-related genes.

A Review on Quality by Design

The recent advancement in pharmaceutical quality, known as "quality by design" or "QbD," is crucial. Every regulatory authority for pharmaceutical products has placed a high priority on quality. In terms of services, goods, and procedures, quality means client satisfaction. All pharmaceutical items can be made with higher quality by using QbD. This essay discusses the use of Quality by Design (QbD) in the pharmaceutical industry and how it may be used to guarantee the accuracy of pharmaceutical analyses. It's critical to recognise your desired product performance report within this notion of being throughout product design and growth. the quality target product profile (QTPP), the target product profile (TPP), and the identification of essential quality attributes (CQA). Understanding the effects of critical process parameters (CPP), critical material attributes (CAM), and raw material.

Augmented photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac by a novel TiO2-Chitosan-Bocalanine-Ni hybrid material under illumination of various light sources

TiO2-CBA-Ni composite (hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles loaded chitosan-bocalanine nickel complex) was successfully produced using solid and solution approaches, and the finished product was characterized using a variety of instrumentation techniques including UV–Visible, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. Further, the efficient photocatalytic activity and recombination rates of the prepared TiO2-CBA-Ni composite were evaluated through photoluminescence (PL) spectra compared with pure TiO2. The photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium (DCF) molecules was accomplished utilizing a TiO2-CBA-Ni composite with a pH range of 4.0 to 10.0 and varied light sources. Lower pH levels (pH = 4.0) reveal improved DCF degradation efficiency as compared to higher values (pH = 7.0 and 10.0) under any light source. More importantly, the TiO2-CBA-Ni composite degraded at a greater rate of 94.3 % in an identical reaction time (250 min) than other sources when exposed to visible light and at a lower pH (4.0). This effort has generated interest about the biopolymer grafted ligand metal complex functionalization over the photocatalyst and the effectiveness of the amalgamation, paving the way for a new path to eradicate the toxicity of pharmaceutical items from the ecosystem.

A Vortex-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent for Parabens Extraction in Cosmetic Samples Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Parabens, commonly used preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical items, inhibit harmful germ growth. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are intriguing for analyte extraction due to superior properties formed through hydrogen bond acceptors and donor interactions. However, the studies on the optimal DES-based extraction conditions for paraben-containing cosmetics and the accuracy of 'paraben-free' labels are limited. The most effective DES (DL-Menthol and decanoic acid, 1:2 molar ratio) was applied to cosmetic samples after heating at 80 °C following optimization parameters. FTIR study confirmed hydrogen bonds in DES samples. Both paraben-containing and paraben-free samples showed methyl, ethyl, and propyl paraben peaks from the HPLC analysis. Cosmetic sample paraben concentrations ranged from 0.53 mg/L to 26.08 mg/L (non-spiked). LOD and LOQ were 0.24 mg/L-1.62 mg/L, 0.73 mg/L, and 4.8 mg/L, respectively. Goals were met by establishing a paraben extraction method using DES and investigating paraben quantities in cosmetics.

A Review on the Extraction of Silica Nanoparticles from Poaceae Family via Sol-Gel

One of the valuable inorganic multifunctional chemical substances is silica, which can be found in crystalline, gel, and amorphous forms. On the crust of the earth, silica is the most complex and abundant family of materials, and it has been used extensively in ceramics, adhesives, detergents, dental materials, electronics, pharmaceutical items, and chromatography column packing. Several kinds of research have fascinated the recycling of agricultural wastes using extraction for useful products such as silica, lignin, adsorbents, cellulose, biofuels, silicon, carbon, and inhibitors. In this review article, we report most of the silica nanoparticles extracted from the Poaceae family since they accumulate significant amounts of silica, and most of them are easily found in Malaysia. This study investigates the significant amount of extracting silica nanoparticles from the Poaceae family via green technology sol-gel technique as pure silica can be produced with the potential to manage the size of the particle, size of distribution, and morphology via the reaction parameters in systematic monitoring. This technique can also produce pure silica using a low-energy method. Subsequently, the key chemical compounds that existed in silica nanoparticles are characterized and identified using FTIR analysis. According to this article, most of the Poaceae family species are considered to gain a high purity of above 90% of silica based on the quantification results. The Poaceae family is recognized for having high silicon concentrations. However, the concentration varies depending on the species.

Inventory Model for Deteriorating Pharmaceutical Items with Linear Demand Rate

Good management of goods is needed so that the inventory activities of a business can run smoothly as the part of supply chain management which aims to monitor the flow of stock of goods from the purchasing process, and storage to the point of sale. In terms of inventory or supplies of pharmaceutical goods, conditions such as shortages or stockouts must also be considered which are a matter of control, management, and security. In this study, an inventory model is formulated with deterioration or damage to pharmaceutical goods that occurs due to the length of time when the goods are stored with a linear demand level. In the optimal solution, the inventory time occurs when it reaches the zero point (t1) of 0.34 and the cycle length (T1) of 0.83 with an average minimum total cost (TC) of $445.25 per cycle which is completed by WolframAlpha software. Sensitivity analysis changes the value results in the value of (TC) which that increases for all parameters. In increasing the linear function variables (a and b), it produces t1 and T1 stable values. An increase in the cost of each item damage (DC) and constant damage rate (theta) produces a t1 stable value, but the value of T1 increases. The increase in storage costs (h) results in a decrease in the value of t1 and T1. An increase in the cost of shortages (s) results in an increase in the value of t1 and a decrease in the value of T1.

AI-driven pharmaceutical manufacturing : Revolutionizing quality control and process optimization

The Integrating AI into pharmaceutical production processes represents a paradigm change for the pharmaceutical sector. This article examines the role of AI in pharmaceutical production, focusing on its potential to improve productivity, cut costs, and guarantee the highest standards of product quality and safety in quality control and process optimization. AI technologies, including machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing, are increasingly being employed to analyze large volumes of data generated throughout the pharmaceutical manufacturing lifecycle. Risks related to production anomalies can be reduced and regulatory compliance can be ensured with the help of these smart systems’ real-time monitoring, early identification of deviations, and predictive maintenance. AI-driven technologies are revolutionizing quality control processes by allowing for the automated screening of pharmaceutical items at lightning speeds and with pinpoint accuracy. Better product quality and fewer cases of batch rejection are the results of AI systems’ superiority over conventional approaches for detecting tiny faults, ensuring uniformity, and identifying potential contamination. In addition, AI is improving manufacturing processes by analyzing large data sets for trends, tweaking settings, and maximizing output. Pharmaceutical companies save money as a result of streamlined production processes, shorter cycle times, and better resource utilization.

Design, synthesis, spectral analysis, and biological evaluation of Schiff bases with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety as an effective inhibitor against bacterial and fungal strains

Many distinct natural and pharmaceutical items include the well-known heterocyclic nucleus 1,3,4-thiadiazole. Ten Schiff bases of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives have been synthesized using equimolar amounts of 5-styryl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine and substituted acetophenones in the catalytic amount of ethanol. The synthesized derivatives of Schiff's bases were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole Schiff’s bases (RM-1 to RM-10) were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus using the disc diffusion method. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole Schiff bases showed strong antibacterial activity against bacterial and fungal species, however, their activity was noticeably less effective than that of the evaluated conventional antibiotics.

Pharmacopeial sterility test: The statistical limitations of sampling

For aseptically filled products, as well as for many terminally filled products, the sterility test is a mandatory product release test. It is, however, statistically poor at detecting anything other than gross contamination (this limitation has been addressed in a number of studies (1)). This limitation relates to the few numbers of articles tested (2). For batches in excess of 500 filled containers, the pharmacopeia only require that twenty samples are included in the sterility test set. This sample size appears to have been set arbitrarily, and it does not provide a statistically significant population with which to estimate sterility (3). Although it is unclear how this sample size was derived, the number is grounded, in part, through the sterility test being a destructive test (each article tested via the sterility test is not available for the patient) and therefore to maximise the availability of the batch by using as few units as possible. It remains, nonetheless, that the sample size of 20 provides no confidence that the sterility of a batch of pharmaceutical items has not been compromised. In relation to sampling, limitations not only apply to the low number of samples tested but also to the difficulties in selecting a sample representative of all significant events during batch filling (4). This is important because contamination is unlikely to be uniformly distributed throughout the batch and thus random sampling cannot detect contamination with absolute certainty. This is of particular importance with aseptic filling where batch specific events can occur. It is possible that certain events can be captured, such as interventions into the aseptic core, where the vials exposed at the time of the activity can be incorporated into the sterility test set (notwithstanding that all events cannot be captured in this way).

A comparative analysis of Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC) model for healthcare supplier selection in fuzzy environments

Access to high-quality and affordable healthcare services is necessary for people worldwide. Achieving this goal requires healthcare providers to procure the best available equipment and pharmaceutical items at the lowest possible cost. Hence, proper supplier selection is crucial for all healthcare organizations to ensure the availability of the right products in the right quantity at the right time and minimum cost. This paper employs a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) tool, i.e., Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC), in seven different fuzzy environments to solve a healthcare supplier selection problem. Fuzzy MABAC, intuitionistic fuzzy MABAC, Pythagorean fuzzy MABAC, neutrosophic fuzzy MABAC, hesitant fuzzy MABAC, spherical fuzzy MABAC, and Fermatean fuzzy MABAC are considered here to search for the most appropriate healthcare supplier while simultaneously optimizing conflicting criteria. We show that all the fuzzy-integrated MABAC methods lead to the same set of the best and worst healthcare suppliers regardless of the fuzzy environment employed. Furthermore, these fuzzy MABAC methods can efficiently deal with varying decision makers’ judgments and uncertainty associated with qualitative criteria, such as quality, responsiveness, reliability, etc., that form a major component of any healthcare supplier selection problem

A game theory data science-based mechanism for licensed pharmaceutical products concerning their deterioration: a case of a micro, small, and medium enterprise in Iran.

One of the main characteristics of health systems and pharmaceutical supply chains is their significant costs in the public sector, which has forced governments and companies active in this field to find ways to reduce costs. In this paper, the deterioration of imported pharmaceutical items is investigated as one of the challenges of the supply chain of pharmaceutical firms. Specifically, the micro, small medium enterprise (MSME), and a collaborative strategy to reduce its costs is presented. The technical solution of the cooperative strategy is the formation of a partnership alliance between the foreign patent holder of brand drugs and a domestic manufacturer through an exclusive license contract in the local country. This leads to a significant reduction of costs in the distribution network of the pharmaceutical supply chain. On the other hand, supply chain management techniques in the cooperative strategy provide the necessary motivation for its practical implementation by splitting fair profits between producers and other members, namely local government, distributors, and pharmacies. For these purposes, a cooperative game theory-based contract is utilized to set the parameters of the license agreement, and then a profit-sharing mechanism is introduced that splits the benefits of cooperation among the supply chain members based on their afforded costs. The most important contribution of the current research is to propose an integrated framework that combines the logistics network models, valuation methods, and profit split mechanisms that embody more facts from real-world problems than separate models in this regard in previous studies. Moreover, results of the proposed strategy in the supply chain of a drug for thalassemia patients in Iran indicate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in reducing costs and deterioration. Further, it is shown that the higher the ordering costs of the imported drugs, the lower the market share of the patent holder, and the lower the financing expenses of the cooperative alliance, the more efficient is the proposed strategy.

Magnitude of Medicine Wastage and Perceived Contributing Factors Among Public Health Facilities in Dire-Dawa City Administration, in Mid COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia: Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study.

World Health Organization refers medication waste as expired, unused, spilled, and contaminated pharmaceutical items, medications, vaccines, and sera. Budget constraints in financing the health care system together with huge amount of wastage and disposal costs of unused medications at LMIC create a serious risk to the economy, health care system and environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the rate of medication waste and to identify contributing factors in public health facilities in Dire-Dawa city. An institution-based retrospective, cross-sectional study was supplemented by a qualitative study design from May 10 to June 10, 2021, at 2 public hospitals and 14 health centers. Qualitative data were collected by self-administered questionnaires and 2 years record review. In-depth interviews were used to obtain qualitative data. Excel sheets and SPSS version 20 and thematic analysis were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data. An average medicine wastage rate was 3.07% between 2010 and 2012 EFY, in Dire-Dawa public health facilities that worth 4,048,594.0 ETB. The most wasted class of medication was anti-infectives, accounting for 2,360,330 ETB (58.3%), while tablets 2,615,391 ETB (64.6%). Medical waste has been linked to several issues, including pushing nearly expired medications to healthcare institutions, lack of clinician involvement in medication selection and quantification, rapid changes in treatment regimens, and the existence of overstocked medication shelves. The average rate of medication waste was higher than the allowed level of 2%. The only medications that should be accepted by medical facilities are those that can be used before they expire. All prescribers should receive lists of the drugs that are readily available from the pharmacy department, and clinicians should be involved in the quantification and drug selection processes to increase the effectiveness of the use of medications.

Revolutionizing Drugs Administration: Techniques in Drug Delivery and Development

The safety, compliance, and therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceuticals have been greatly improved in the last few years by notable developments in the drug development and administration fields. An overview of significant advances and approaches affecting medication development and distribution is given in this abstract. The administration of pharmacological chemicals to humans and animals for therapeutic purposes is known as drug delivery, and it is a primary area of concern. The safety-to-efficacy ratio of approved drugs has been investigated using a variety of strategies, including dose titration, therapeutic drug monitoring, and personalized drug therapy. Furthermore, a lot of emphasis has been paid to innovative drug delivery techniques such controlled drug release, sustained release, and targeted delivery. Even while conventional drug administration methods are still widely used, these innovations seek to overcome some of its shortcomings. Up to forty percent of pharmaceutical items on the US market are expected to use these cutting-edge techniques by 2000. The efficient transportation of therapeutic agents or naturally derived active compounds to their intended locations for the treatment of various illnesses has been made possible by recent advancements in delivery systems. In order to precisely convey pharmaceuticals to their targeted areas, whether it be a specific location or for the regulated release of medicinal compounds, state-of-the-art technologies must be created. Although various drug delivery strategies have showed promise, obstacles still need to be overcome.

Laboratory animal handling techniques, basic facilities and care: A review

Animals have been utilized in pharmaceutical scientific research and development for more than 300 years. Pharmaceutical items are a must in order to treat illnesses caused by viruses, bacteria, or homeostatic imbalance, among other causes. Pharmaceuticals must be thoroughly characterized via in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial investigations in order to be used in humans. It is essential to quantify organism's in vivo using animals whose physiology and genetics are most similar to those of humans. Common animals used for laboratory experimental research are Cats, Rats, Dogs, Mice, Guinea pigs and Monkeys. Handling of animals includes transportation, animal housing, temperature of cages, sanitation, water, and food options etc. Proper animal handling techniques affects the outcome of research study, so it very imperative to study and to practice the basics of animal handling techniques. This review is the small efforts to compile the scientific literature and basic information regarding laboratory animal handling techniques, basic facility and care.

A procurement-based classification of pharmaceutical supplies for diabetes disease management.

Background and AimsDiabetes is among the most prevalent noncommunicable chronic diseases globally and carries a substantial expense in worldwide health care. Pharmaceutical supplies related to diabetes management account for 20%–40% of the disease's management cos, and this percentage continues to increase. This study examines the pharmaceutical expenses associated with one of the most common chronic diseases: diabetes. Specifically, we measure the extent to which patient health and demographic factors drive the annual cost of pharmaceutical supplies for diabetes management. Second, the study applied a procurement‐centric classification scheme to pharmaceutical items involved in diabetes treatment.MethodsData on 98,648 pharmaceutical‐dispensing transactions (related to 2828 patients) over 1 year were collected from a specialized diabetes health center. Pharmaceutical prices from the sample were compared internationally to ensure that the findings apply to other countries. The association between the item cost and the number of unique patients prescribed pharmaceutical products was estimated at the category and subcategory levels.ResultsApproximately 80% of total pharmaceutical expenditures were attributed to 20% of patients. Two of 20 pharmaceutical categories—anti‐diabetes drugs and insulin—accounted for 34% of products dispensed and 57% of total pharmaceutical expenditures. Age, body mass index, and diabetes type were essential factors in predicting supply cost per patient.ConclusionApplying the portfolio purchasing model also suggested that some clinically similar items, like insulin types, are best procured through divergent procurement strategies or vendors for optimal cost efficiency. A better understanding of the diverse array of diabetes supplies can reveal opportunities for better strategic supply management. This supply classification approach can also be applied in other supply‐intensive specialties, such as orthopedics.

Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Inventory Management Using ABC-VEN Matrix Analysis in Selected Health Facilities of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

BackgroundThe medical materials, medical supplies, and medicines cover about one-third of the annual health care organization’s budget. Effective inventory management is required to balance inventory expenditure against demands for medications. The study aimed to analyze the pharmaceuticals inventory management using ABC-VEN Matrix in selected health facilities of the West Shewa zone.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in health facilities of the West Shewa zone from March 15, 2019, to May 31, 2019, and analyzed by using an MS Excel spreadsheet.ResultsAt selected public health facilities of West Shewa zone in three years between September 12, 2015, and September 5, 2018, about 539 pharmaceutical items were utilized and consumed 30,837,628.61 ETB. ABC analysis indicated that 64 (11.9%), 68 (13.74%), and 38 (11.14%) of items were classified as the class “A” items and consumed around 70% of the total pharmaceutical expenditures (TPE) at selected health facilities (aggregated), hospitals, and health centers (HC), respectively. VEN analysis revealed that 115 (35.94%), 99 (35.61%), and 40 (20.83%) items were categorized as vitals and consumed 53.9%, 51.59%, and 36.93% of TPE at selected health facilities. ABC-VEN matrix analysis indicated that category I items consumed 85% of TPE.ConclusionABC-VEN matrix analysis of present study showed that the category I pharmaceuticals consumed a majority of TPE that need great attention for control.