Pharmaceutical Creams Research Articles

Identification of Phenothiazine Derivatives and Analogs by X-Ray Diffraction. II. Active Substances in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract Procedures have been developed for the isolation of phenothiazines and chemically related compounds from pharmaceutical formulations, namely, injections, solutions, tablets, coated tablets, creams, sirups, lotions, and suppositories. In general, active substances are crystallized as picrates. A few compounds, however, gave better crystalline derivatives as free bases (levomepromazine and propericiazine), quaternary ammonium salt (thiazinamium), or chlorhydrate salts (amitriptyline and nortriptyline). The crystalline derivatives prepared were specifically identified by comparison of their Debye-Scherrer X-ray diffraction patterns with those for reference compounds obtained under the same conditions.

The oscillatory testing of pharmaceutical semi-solids using a transfer function analyser

The rheological investigation of pharmaceutical materials such as pastes and creams has been limited to continuous shear experiments although it is known that complex rheological behaviour (visco-elasticity) is present and that analysis of hysteresis loops can only give a qualitative estimate of structure and rheological properties. Oscillatory testing has been avoided largely due to the lengthy measurements involved in calculation of amplitudes and phase angle and the difficulty in obtaining a “clean” wave form. Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. have recently introduced an apparatus that overcomes these objections: the transfer function analyser J. M. 1600 and mechanical reference synchroniser J. X. 1606. Electronic noise can be filtered out and the results are available almost instantaneously. This apparatus has been used in conjunction with aWeissenberg rheogoniometer to study the rheological properties of a variety of pharmaceutical materials, including emulsions, creams and ointment bases. The change in phase angle and amplitude has been studied over the frequency range 25 Hz to 7.9 × 10−3 Hz for parallel plate and concentric cylinder geometries. The systems examined have demonstrated a large range of rheological behaviour ranging from essentially linear Newtonian liquid to very non linear plastic solid. It is concluded that the Solartron apparatus will provide a rapid and accurate method for the rheological analysis of complex pharmaceutical materials.

Viscoelastic Properties of Pharmaceutical Semisolids II: Creams

Oil-in-water and water-in-oil pharmaceutical creams have been examined using creep testing. Particular attention has been paid to systems stabilized by long-chain alcohol-surfactant complexes and the effect of temperature on their viscoelastic spectrum. The results show that there is a distinct difference between the behavior of complexes made from ionic and nonionic soaps.

Cosmetic Aspects of Pharmaceutical Ointments

Cosmetic Aspects of Pharmaceutical Ointments

Gravimetric Determination of Histamines

The method presented is based upon the gravimetric determination of histamine as its nitranilate. It is suitable for the assay of histamine and its salts in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical preparations, such as ointments, parenteral solutions, and tablets. An extraction technique for the separation of histamine dihydrochloride from pharmaceutical ointments is described.