Agroinfiltration has become a crucial technique in molecular biology, enabling the transfer of functional genes into target plants for rapid gene expression analysis. This study investigated the use of agroinfiltration for transient expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume transformant leaves. The aim was to establish an efficient and rapid genetic transformation method for generating transformant plant candidates. Agroinfiltration was performed on the leaves using a suspension containing Agrobacteriumtumefaciens strain GV3101, which harbored a T-DNA construct in the pRI101AN vector carrying the 35S::GFP and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) genes. Plant development post-infiltration was monitored microscopically with a fluorescence microscope and confirmed molecularly using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific primers for GFP (736 bp), NPTII (550 bp) and ACTIN (114 bp). The results showed that green fluorescence, indicating GFP expression, was detected under a blue laser (450 - 480 nm) within 24 hr post-infiltration on both the adaxial andabaxial leaf surfaces, particularly along the midvein (primary veins) and leaf margins. Anatomical analysis of transverse and longitudinal free-hand sections further confirmed the rapid occurrence within the epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues. The accuracy of the data was supported and confirmed by the positive results of all three P. amabilis transformant plants that were analyzed by PCR and it was proven that all positive transformant plants carried the GFP, NPTII and ACTIN genes as positive controls. These results indicate agroinfiltration and GFP approach offering efficient, rapid and valuable prospects for accelerating genetic engineering applications in plant research.

Plastics are integral to modern life but contribute significantly to environmental pollution due to their durability and low recycling rates. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is particularly problematic, representing a substantial portion of global plastic waste. Addressing this issue, this work presents a sustainable approach to upcycle PET into thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) films, integrated with orthogonal wavelength‐controlled spiropyran derivatives, SP‐COOH and MC‐SO3. These upcycled TPEE films exhibit dynamic anticounterfeiting and photoswitchable conductivity properties. The spiropyran derivatives demonstrate reversible structural changes and color variations under different light conditions, enhancing their mechanical properties and solvent resistance. Inspired by the color changing of Hibiscus mutabilis, this work also demonstrates the artificial light‐induced color on the petals of moth orchids. The incorporation of conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) further enables photoswitchable conductivity, offering a dual‐layered security feature. This work not only advances polymer upcycling but also introduces innovative applications in anticounterfeiting and wearable technology, aligning with global sustainability goals and demonstrating the potential for high‐value product development from waste materials.

In addition to ornamental purposes of the moth orchid flowers (Phalaelopsis hybrids), flower-bearing C-glycosylflavonoids and properties characterization deserve investigations.In this study, the petals and sepals of 9 different-colored moth orchid flowers were extracted with 60% methanol for HPLC analysis.Two noticed peaks were detected and varied with cultivar.Addressed on the flower components of white-color Phalaenopsis (Sogo Yukidian), the peak areas from lips were lower than those of petals or sepals.When the components were removed either from fresh or wilted flowers and dried at 60 o C prior to pulverization, extraction and HPLC analysis, both peak areas in each components varied limitedly.After purification of the flower extracts by medium-pressure liquid chromatography and semi-HPLC fractionation, and elucidation by NMR and ESI-MS analyses, apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-(saponarin) and -6-C-ribosyl-7-O-glucopyranoside (ribosnarin) were identified.Both are C-glycosylflavonids and used as authentic references in HPLC quantification of saponarin and ribosnarin in 11 collected white-color moth flowers, contents were 1.50.5 and 5.61.1% (dry basis).In ABTS scavenging and tyrosinase activities determination, both compounds exhibited ABTS scavenging activities with dose dependency and no obvious tyrosinase inhibitory activity in the test concentrations from 0 to 100 M.In substrate availability determination, both compounds were equally mixed with nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) or each one was alone mixed with pNPG and subjected to incubation with almond -glucosidase at 60 o C for 10 min, only pNPG was hydrolyzed, indicating that both are not -glucosidase hydrolysable.As generalized, the assessed activities were not differentiated by 6-C-gluco-and 6-C-ribo-molecularly different moiety.Since both exist abundantly in either fresh or wilted flowers, it is worthy to use the flowers as a potent source of C-glycosylflavonoids to explore their potencies for the known and unknown promising products development.

Moth orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) are globally popular ornamental flowers. However, effective management strategies for Phalaenopsis leaf yellowing remain elusive, making the disease a challenging obstacle affecting moth orchids at various growth stages. This disease manifests as collar rot, leaf yellowing, leaf abscission, and eventually, plant death. The lack of effective management strategies is likely attributed to a limited understanding of the disease pathogenesis and pathogen dissemination pathways. Fusarium phalaenopsidis sp. nov. was established in this study to stabilize the classification status of Phalaenopsis leaf yellowing pathogens using molecular and morphological features. The genome of the holotype strain was sequenced and assembled, revealing its genome structures. Analyses of virulence-related elements, including transposon elements, secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, effectors, and secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes, shed light on the potential roles of three fast core chromosomes in virulence. Two species-specific primers were designed based on unique gene sequences of two virulence-related proteins through comparative genomics and BLAST screening. The specificity of these primers was validated using isolates of F. phalaenopsidis, non-target species in the Fusarium solani species complex, other Fusarium species complexes, and saprophytic fungi. These results are intended to accelerate the identification of the pathogens, facilitate the study of disease pathogenesis, and pave the way for elucidating pathogen dissemination pathways. Ultimately, they aim to contribute to the formulation of effective control strategies against Phalaenopsis leaf yellowing.

The moth orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) is a popular ornamental plant due to its beautiful flowers. Propagation of moth orchids can be performed using tissue culture or in vitro methods. The medium used in moth orchid tissue culture is the MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium, which is enriched with plant growth regulators (PGRs). The use of natural PGRs, such as onion extract and coconut water, can serve as an alternative and potential source nutrition substitute for synthetic PGRs in orchid tissue culture media. This study aims to determine the effect of using natural PGRs, namely onion extract and coconut water, on moth orchid plantlets. The method employed is a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial experiment with two factors: the first factor is the concentration of onion extract (0 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L, and 40 g/L), and the second factor is the concentration of coconut water (0 mL/L, 50 mL/L, 100 mL/L, and 150 mL/L). Observations were focused on the increase in the number of roots and leaves. The results showed that a concentration of 20 g/L onion extract had a significant effect on the increase in the number of roots but did not affect the increase in the number of leaves. Meanwhile, the concentration of coconut water did not affect the increase in the number of roots or leaves.

Phalaenopsis – known as moth orchids – are the most popular orchids cultivated indoors as decorative house plants. This makes propagation and cultivation of Phalaenopsis important for commercial growers. Enhancements to the micropropagation of Phalaenopsis would have pronounced economic benefits through reduced losses and wastage. We examined the effects of several nutrient media and specific plant growth regulators (PGRs) belonging to the gibberellic acid and cytokinin groups on the in vitro germination of Phalaenopsis seeds, utilizing a single group pretest-posttest model. The effects of several nutrient media such as: Knudson C (KCM), Lindemann (LM), Orchimax (-OM), Orchimax + activated charcoal (+OM), Murashige & Skoog (MS), as well as various PGRs such as 6-Benzylaminopurine (6BA), 6-Furfurylaminopurine (KIN), Adenin hemisulfate (AHS), Thidiazuron (TDZ), 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2iP), and Gibberellic acid (GA3), on the process of germination were also investigated. The explants obtained from the germinating seedlings were subjected to direct organogenesis, and the optimal PGR and tissue fragments were determined. The +OM medium facilitated the shortest germination period (in days). An inverse relationship between the concentration of TDZ and the percentage of germination in the context of the employed PGRs was observed. Apart from TDZ, the remaining PGRs exhibited a positive correlation with concentration. However, no significant difference in germination was observed in comparison to the control. The findings of direct organogenesis investigations revealed that the medium that exhibited the highest productivity was enriched with 5.0 ppm of 6BA. The media containing TDZ exhibited a reduced level of efficiency. Particularly, the group treated with 1.0 ppm of TDZ exhibited reduced efficacy compared to the control group. All concentrations of cytokinin in root elongation stage exhibited a favorable impact in comparison to the control. The variance between these PGRs was not statistically significant.

Growth is a quantitative change during one plant’s life cycle and is irreversible.withaddition An in crease the volume or dry weight of plants or other organs is due to the adding, of new structural elements. Phalaenopsis (moth orchid) is a genus of orchids appeal. The diversity of colors, shapes, and textures, as well as its aroma, make Phalaenopsis orchids one of the charming flowers of Indonesia. Ecoenzyme is a solution of complex organic substances produced from the fermentation of organic residues, sugar, and water. Nanobubbles (NBs) are an example of nanotechnology. NBs have a diameter of 1-100 nm and are nanoscopic gas bubbles in a solution or water that can change the characteristics of water and are stable. This study aims to determine the potential of giving Ecoenzyme and NBs N2 on the growth of Phalaenopsis orchids during the acclimatization stage. This research was conducted from October to December 2022 at the Orchidology and Nursery Laboratory, Islamic University of Malang. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments, namely 0 mL/L (control), 1 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 2 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 3 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 4 mL/L Ecoenzyme, 4 combination NBs N2 and Ecoenzymes, and 5 mL NBs N2 with 3 replications, making a total of 30 treatment units. The research parameters included the number of leaves, leaf length, number of roots, root length, plant height, fresh weight, and plant dry weight. The results of this study showed that the treatment of 3 mL/L Ecoenzyme showed potential in increasing the number of leaves by 4 pieces: at the same time the optimal concentration of the combination of Ecoenzyme and NBs was 2 mL/L plus 5 mL NBs N2 in increasing the number of roots by 10 pieces, and the optimal concentration of NBs was 5 mL in increasing the root length by 7.07 cm, plant height by 17.10 cm leaf. length, plant weight by 4.16 g and dry weight by 0.85 g in Phalaenopsis orchids.

Mutation of the VAR2 gene plays a role as one of the causes of leaf variegation in the moth orchid Phalaenopsis ‘Sogo Vivien’

Aim. To summarise and analyse scientific data on Cucumber mosaic virus strains (CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus) (Martellivirales: Bromoviridae, Cucumovirus) isolated from ornamental plants in the Far East of the Russian Federation. Discussion. The paper describes the genome structure and tripartite organization of CMV virions. Strains of this virus isolated from ornamental cultures in the south of the Russian Far East are described: Garden balsam, Common snapdragon, Dahlias, Hybrid gladiolus, Hybrid delphinium, Cambria, Indian canna, Cattleya, Tiger lily, Garden petunia, Primula obconica, Moth orchids, Fatshedera from Lize Freres, Weeping fig, Common hollyhock, Purple coneflower. The physicochemical properties (i. e. point of thermal inactivation, period of preservation of infectivity at a temperature of 20 °C, maximum dilution of juice causing disease of healthy plants) and the symptoms of these strains on a wide range of species and varieties of indicator plants are systematised according to the Russian Collection of East Asian Viruses, functioning at the Laboratory of Virology of the Federal Scientific Center for East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Conclusions. The limiting factor in the development of floriculture is infectious diseases, among which viral infections (including CMV) are of the greatest importance, demonstrating a high strain diversity in the south of the Russian Far East. Thus, the study of the biological, physico‐chemical, immunochemical and molecular biological properties of CMV is an urgent task, as it opens up the possibility of studying isolates of this virus and classifying its strains taking into account individual characteristics and kinship relationships.

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume commonly called Moth Orchid (Orchidaceae) is a natural orchid species designated as the National Flower of Indonesia for its beautiful flower shape and long-lasting flowering period. Basically, P. amabilis has a long vegetative phase that cause late flowering, about 2 to 3 years for flowering, hence a method to shorten vegetative period is desired. The latest technological approach that can be used to accelerate flowering of P. amabilis is the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing method to inactivate the GAI (Gibberellic Acid Insensitive) gene as a mutant gene that can accelerate the regulation of FLOWERING TIME (FT) genes flowering biosynthesis pathway. The approach that needs to be taken is to silence the GAI gene with a knockout system which begins with identifying and characterizing the GAI target gene in the P. amabilis which will be used as a single guide RNA. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout efficiency is highly dependent on the properties of the sgRNA used. SgRNA consists of a target sequence, determining its specificity performance. We executed phylogenetic clustering for the PaGAI protein with closely related orchid species such as Dendrobium capra, Dendrobium cultivars and Cymbidium sinensis. SWISS-Model as tool webserver for protein structure homology modeling. Results show that P. amabilis has a specific domain with the occurrence of point mutations in the two conservative domains. Therefore, a single guide RNA reconstruction needs to be implemented.

This study was conducted in the biotechnology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau Islamic University, Pekanbaru. This study was conducted for five months from January to March 2017. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the growth response of an orchid butterfly plant on the interaction between NAA and coconut water using In-Vitro. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) factorial the RAL (Randomized ich consists of two factors. The first factor was NAA consisting of 4 levels, i.e 0, 0.1 ppm, 1.0 ppm, and 10,0 ppm, and the second factor was Coconut Water which also consisted of 4 levels, i.e 30%, 60%, and 90%. With 3 repetitions, the parameters observed: percentage of live explants (%), percentage of explants form shoots (%), number, percentage of explants that make up the root (%), explant form callus (%), shoot age (day), and the percentage of explant form plantlets (%). The last observational data were statistically analyzed and continued with BNJ advanced test at a 5% level. As a result, the interaction of NAA and coconut water affected the percentage of explant root and the percentage of explant form callus with the best concentration of 10 ppm NAA. The provision of coconut water had a significant effect on the number of shoots, the percentage of an explant from the roots shoot emergence, explant percentage forming plantlets on moth orchids with a concentration of 30% Coconut water/L media.

Reviewed by: The Marble Bed by Grace Schulman Helane Levine-Keating (bio) the marble bed Grace Schulman Turtle Point Press https://www.turtlepointpress.com/books/the-marble-bed/ 136 pages; Print, $18.00 A much respected and familiar figure in the American poetry community for decades, especially in New York, Grace Schulman served as poetry editor of The Nation from 1972 to 2006 as well as the director of Manhattan's iconic 92nd Street Y Unterberg Poetry Center from 1973 to 1985. While at the Unterberg Center, she oversaw and introduced readings by such esteemed poets as Ted Hughes, Louise Glück, W. S. Merwin, Margaret Atwood, Sharon Olds, and Octavio Paz, as well as initiating the annual "Discovery Poetry Contest" for poets who have yet to publish full-length collections. A distinguished professor of CUNY's Baruch College, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and a Frost Medalist for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in American Poetry, Schulman is also the author of eight collections of poetry, the most recent of which, The Marble Bed, appeared in 2020. Running like an underground stream through The Marble Bed's stunning sixty-five poems in eight sections are the themes of long love lost, memory and grief and finality, and the jazz-inflected difficult upward climb toward renewal. These poems, often featuring fragile new possibilities in the wake of the death of a beloved husband after more than half a century of marriage, are elegies linking what has so recently been present and vital to what remains, just as in the introductory poem, "Orchid," a fuchsia moth orchid salvaged from a garbage bin becomes a symbolic opportunity to nurse a tenuous life back to vibrancy as the poet waters it and "strokes the crooked stem // that darts out to reveal wings whose vermilion, / burning against a window facing brick, / defies endings on this cold year's end." In "Happiness," ironically described as "a field of fireflies / that blink on-off-on" echoed three stanzas later by "the life together, / apart, together, / the long marriage, / oxymoronic // in its dank joy," the speaker declares "I choose [End Page 104] you" and "I take you" despite all this relationship's fluctuations, much as in the next poem, "The Sand Dancers," a faded youthful photograph revisits the previous depiction of life's vicissitudes in its question "how could they know the years would bring / losses, wars, together, apart, together?" Elegy and memory further comingle in "Fragments of a Marriage," which opens with "Fifty-seven years" and closes with the couplet "The finished painting that I knew / we'd never own when you lay perfect, complete," while "The Rooted Bed" poignantly depicts the husband's hand-hewn platform bed, reminiscent of Odysseus's, where "The bed is still in place" despite the husband's absence, though the speaker here feels it "quiver to put down new roots." How do we reconcile such loss but to accept, as this poet does, the existential sense of mutability in the closing lines of "Meteor," the last poem in this first section: "Nothing is new. / Nothing alive cannot be altered"? Moving from personal to collective loss in "Gone," the initial poem in The Marble Bed's second section, we are now looking through a Manhattan window at a Washington Square devoid of people due to the devastation wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic. The opening lines' enjambment, "From my window, I see the world / without us in it," quickly turns presence into absence, while in the fourth stanza the horrific daily news of COVID-19 victims forced to die alone without their loved ones surrounding them reverberates with its allusion to T. S. Eliot's The Wasteland: Around us, death: the numbers spin the mind.Fever dreams. The last breath held, alone.I hadn't known death had undone so many. Still, despite the scene's muteness, a sudden "mournful, prayerful sax / … unlooses notes / calls me to the window, and I hear / the sounds I can't imagine days without," as Schulman introduces into this ghostly scene the unexpected solace of human-made music. Similarly, "Because" conjures up the small hopeful signs of life despite "a wounded universe...

• NIL quality and NPK fertilizers differentially affect growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis. • Under the NI-B treatment, days to the first flower opening and leaf area index were increased. • The highest leaf area and dry weight were found in 19-6-20 NPK exposed plant. • NPK fertilizer 12-12-36, led to an increase of P and K contents and a decrease of Ca level in leaves. Phalaenopsis orchid (the moth orchid; Phalaenopsis spp.) is the most sold indoor's potted plant in the world's major floriculture markets. In the present study, the effects of night interruption light (NIL) quality and different NPK fertilizers were evaluated on the vegetative growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis orchid ‘Evolution’ in a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In the first factor, six-old month plants from the last days of August to October, when the length of flower buds was about 5 cm, were grown under NIL in the controlled chambers of a greenhouse. NI was provided by white (NI-W), red (NI-R) and blue (NI-B) LEDs at the significantly reduced intensity of 15-23 μmol m −2 s −1 PPF. The NIL qualities employed for 4-h a day throughout the dark period. Control plants received 10 h of light during the day. In the second factor, three water-soluble NPK fertilizers including 19-6-20, 12-12-36 and 20-20-20 were applied separately throughout the entire vegetative and reproductive stage to plants at the concentration of 1 g L −1 . According to the results, NI-W and NI-B reduced the leaf area compared to the control, while NI-R had no effect. Flowering was not affected by the NIL quality, and all plants flowered upon employed treatments. Under the NI-B treatment, days to the first flower opening, as well as leaf area, were increased; meanwhile, chl a, b , total chl, carotenoid, and the number of leaves and florets in an inflorescence were decreased. Among NPK fertilizers, the highest leaf area and dry weight were found in 19-6-20 NPK. Flowering yield was practically unaffected by the kind of the NPK fertilizer used. However, NPK fertilizer 12-12-36, led to an increase of P and K contents and a decrease of Ca content in the leaves of plant during the reproductive stage. These results suggest that both NIL quality and NPK fertilizers had different effects on growth and flowering. NI-R and NI-W had more pronounced effects on the growth and flowering characteristics of Phalaenopsis orchid. The negative role of 20-20-20 treatment compared to 19-6-20 could be due to the adverse effects of higher P. Among different NPK fertilizers, 19-6-20 efficiently affected physiological and morphological characteristics of Phalaenopsis orchid , but the reproductive stage was not significantly impacted by employed NPK fertilizers .

The moth orchid (Phalaenopsis sp.) is one of the most popular orchids due to the various colors with distinctive shapes of the flowers. Soft rot disease caused by Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) family is commonly found infected this plant. The infected orchid showed pale-colored to blackish slimy rot. This research was conducted in three locations namely Denpasar, Badung, and Karangasem, and resulted in 10 candidates for pathogenic bacteria. The pathogenicity test of the pathogen candidates was carried out by injecting bacterial suspension into the orchid leaf tissue with the result of 6 bacterial isolates showing soft rot symptoms. Moreover, two specific primers Dda1F-Dda1R and Pcc3F-Pcc3R for Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium spp. consecutively were used for the PCR test. The electrophoresis result of the PCR product identified the bacteria isolated from infected plants as Dickeya spp. Dickeya spp. showed white to yellowish-white colony color, with convex and circular colony form on PDA medium.

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume orchid is one of the most popular orchid species in the world. However, this ornamental plant is threatened in its natural habitat, the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study determines and analyzes the genetic relationship among several morphological characteristics of P. amabilis from this region combined with molecular (RAPD) markers. A total of ten orchid samples comprised of nine moth orchids (P. amabilis) and one species (P. cornu-cervi) as an outgroup, as well as ten RAPD primers were used in this study. Based on the morphological markers, the moth orchids have a moderate level of genetic diversity, indicated by Shannon's index value of 0.5. In contrast to molecular markers, this germplasm shows high genetic polymorphism, shown by the polymorphism degree of 100% for all primers used. The cluster analysis shows that this germplasm can be divided into two clusters for morphological and five for molecular markers. Following these markers, the grouping of moth orchids was nearly corresponding to their origin. Thus, this information could be useful as a reference for orchid conservation and breeding programs in the future.

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume orchid is one of the most popular orchid species in the world. However, this ornamental plant is threatened in its natural habitat, the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study determines and analyzes the genetic relationship among several morphological characteristics of P. amabilis from this region combined with molecular (RAPD) markers. A total of ten orchid samples comprised of nine moth orchids (P. amabilis) and one species (P. cornu-cervi) as an outgroup, as well as ten RAPD primers were used in this study. Based on the morphological markers, the moth orchids have a moderate level of genetic diversity, indicated by Shannon's index value of 0.5. In contrast to molecular markers, this germplasm shows high genetic polymorphism, shown by the polymorphism degree of 100% for all primers used. The cluster analysis shows that this germplasm can be divided into two clusters for morphological and five for molecular markers. Following these markers, the grouping of moth orchids was nearly corresponding to their origin. Thus, this information could be useful as a reference for orchid conservation and breeding programs in the future.

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.

On 5-7 days after artificial pollination using NadoPungRan(Phalenopsis japonica), native orchid in Korea, pollen were germinated in sticky stigma and pollen tube elongation in style were observed. on 14 days after pollination. In this period, ovule primodia appeared to round pronunciation shape. But filament shape and Megaspore Mother Cell were appeared on 34 days after pollination. Ovule which is ready fertilization, was matured in 40-50 days after pollination. In these time, pollen tube elongation were continued and entirely surrounded ovule sac. On 54-64 days after pollination, pollen tube penetrated to ovule sac and fertilization were completed. After fertilization, zygote was divided to two cell in longitudinal division and upper small cell was developed into proembryo and bottom large cell divided two cell which make suspensor cell. On 110 days after pollination, matured embryo and suspensor which have 16 filament leg, were observed and seed were matured on about 140 days after pollination. To breed intergeneric hybrids between NadoPungRan and Moth orchid, pods were collected in week after pollination and seed germination using artificial medium were tried. Young ovules before 56 days after pollination were not germinated. Ovules on 69 days after pollination were good for germination and to get hybrids.

In the present study, we reported and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of a moth orchid, Phalaenopsis wilsonii, which is endemic to South China. Its plastid genome size is 145,373 bp, consisting of a large single copy (LSC) region (84,996 bp), a small single-copy region (10,668 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRs) regions (24,855 bp). A total of 122 plastid genes were annotated, comprising 76 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree further revealed that P. wilsonii showed a sister relationship with P. lowii within subgenus Parishianae.