Phalaenopsis Amabilis Research Articles

The Flora Diversity of Lasitae Protected Nature Forest and the Nearby Area, District of Barru, South Sulawesi

An expedition to Lasitae Protected Forest in District of Barru, South Sulawesi was undertaken to collect living plants for Pucak Botanic Garden, South Sulawesi. The aims were to investigate the diversity of the plants and as a dedication to the Expedition of the Republic of Indonesia Corridor Sulawesi. Using an explorative method, we collected the plants and recorded all data in the field following the tracks assisted by the field guide. A total of 179 collection-numbers have been collected from this dry lowland forest including the data for the local names. Many potential and valuable plants occur in the forest, 13 plants were highlighted in this paper for its conservation status, the potentiality for various purposes or its uniqueness: Diospyros celebica Bakh. or streak ebony (Ebenaceae), Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. (Arecaceae), Phyllanthus lamprophyllus Mull.Arg. (Phyllanthaceae), Cycas rumphii Miq. (Cycadaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae), Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae), Nervilia aragoana Gaud. (Orchidaceae), Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume (Orchidaceae), Ophioglossum reticulatum L. (Ophioglossaceae), Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. (Dilleniaceae), Derris trifoliata Lour., Phytocrene bracteata Wall. (Icacinaceae), and Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume and Ardisia elliptica Thunb. can easily be found and widely spread.

Selection of Peanut Skin as a Growing Medium for Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis)

Ferns are a planting medium that is commonly used in Phalaenopsis cultivation, but the growing demand for fern will increase the selling price and the availability of fern is limited. So a solution is needed to reduce the maintenance and maintenance costs by utilizing peanut shells as a growth medium. The purpose of this study is: 1. To determine the effect of peanut skin media on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchid 2. To find out better which influence between fern media, fern media plus peanut skins, or peanut skin media on orchid growth month of Phalaenopsis amabilis. When the research began in May 2019 until October 2019. The research object was in the form of a 4-5 month-old orchid, the research location in the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangun Nusantara University, Sukoharjo. Simple randomized study design with three treatments. Treatment A by giving fern media, treatment B by giving fern media mixed with peanut skin, and treatment C by giving peanut skin media. The research variables are the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, number of roots and root length measured once a week for 8 weeks. Data analysis with 2. Variance Test (Anova or Kruskal Wallis test) 3. Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) or Moods Median Test. From the results of the study it was found that all observed growth variables (number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, number of roots, average root length, and wet weight) were treated with fern, mixed (Fern and peanut shell) media, and media of peanut skin, there was no significant difference in the effect on the growth of the month orchid. Which means that the three types of media both have an influence on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. media ferns and peanut shells have their advantages and disadvantages of each. So it can be concluded that, 1. The use of peanut skin media can affect the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. 2. Media fern, a mixture of fern media and peanut skins, and peanut skin media can provide the same effect on the growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis month orchids. From the results of the study it can be recommended that peanut skins can be used as a medium or a mixture of growing media of Phalaenopsis amabilis orchids.

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for molecular breeding of orchids

Orchid is an important ornamental plant in Indonesia due to their natural beauty of flowers. In the tropical forest, orchids are being acquired for trading and commercial market. Thus, the effort is required to proliferate orchid in large quantities for conservation and improve the floral variation for plant breeding. The purpose of this study is to develop a firmed methodology of molecular breeding of orchids using CRISPR/Cas9 KO system. The plant material used was Phalaenopsis amabilis protocorms growth on NP medium+pepton (2 g/L). Protocorm were submerged in the culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that Ti‐plasmid had been filled with a T‐DNA construct of a pRGEB32 vector harboring sgRNA with PDS3 sequence. Detection for transformants was confirmed by PCR using HPT primers (545 bp), Cas9 primers (402 bp), PDS primers (280 bp) and trnL‐F (1200 bp) as an internal control. The results showed that 0.96% PDS transformants were obtained from PDS3T2 lines. Several transformant showed pale leaf color compared to non‐transformant plants. This study suggests that the target gene has successfully edited by CRISPR/Cas9 system and could be applied for that functional gene editing in orchids.

Proteomic Analysis of the Early Development of the Phalaenopsis amabilis Flower Bud under Low Temperature Induction Using the iTRAQ/MRM Approach.

Phalaenopsis amabilis, one of the most important plants in the international flower market due to its graceful shape and colorful flowers, is an orchid that undergoes vernalization and requires low-temperature treatment for flowering. There have been few reports on the proteomics of the development of flower buds. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to identify 5064 differentially expressed proteins in P. amabilis under low-temperature treatment; of these, 42 were associated with early floral induction, and 18 were verified by mass spectrometry multi-reaction monitoring (MRM). The data are available via ProteomeXchange under identifier PXD013908. Among the proteins associated with the vernalization pathway, PEQU_11434 (glycine-rich RNA-binding protein GRP1A-like) and PEQU_19304 (FT, VRN3 homolog) were verified by MRM, and some other important proteins related to vernalization and photoperiod pathway that were detected by iTRAQ but not successfully verified by MRM, such as PEQU_11045 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase), phytochromes A (PEQU_13449, PEQU_35378), B (PEQU_09249), and C (PEQU_41401). Our data revealed a regulation network of the early development of flower buds in P. amabilis under low temperature induction.

Characterization of pollen development and female reproductive structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination

Abstract. Udkhiawati I, Solicahatun, Pitoyo A. 2020. Characterization of pollen development and female reproductive structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination. Cell Biol Dev 4: 17-25. Orchid is a superior commodity in ornamental plants. Enthusiasts of orchids cause the demand for varieties diversity. Orchids often get obstacles in pollination, so it is necessary to characterize the development of post-pollination pollen and female gametophyte structure. Characterization was conducted through in vitro and in vivo methods. This research aims to determine the development of pollen and female gametophyte structure of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume after pollination and detect the potential of in vitro pollen germination. This research was explorative. It involves methods were in vitro pollen germination and preparation of anatomy of pollen and ovule of the 1st DAP (Day After Pollination), 2nd DAP, 3rd DAP, 4th DAP, 7th DAP, 20th DAP, 30th DAP, 50th DAP, and 60th DAP. The observations included in vitro culture of pollen cultured in Brewbaker and Kwack (mBK) media using a phase-contrast microscope and observation of anatomical development of post-pollination pollen tube and ovule using a fluorescence microscope. The observed data consisted of in vivo female gametophytes and pollen development in vitro and in vivo methods. The data were analyzed descriptively. From observation of post-pollination pollen, it was known that the pollen tube started to germinate on the 2nd -3rd DAP. At the 7th DAP, all pollens had germinated and formed the pollen tube, and then the pollen tubes continued to grow closer to the ovule. Primordial ovule began to form on the 7th DAP, then continued to develop a seed on 60th DAP, and then an embryo pouch formed. The in vitro pollen germination did not show any change in pollen after 30th DAC (Day After Cultivating).

Effects of light quality during cultivation on the flowering and floret arrangement in Phalaenopsis amabilis

Effects of light quality during cultivation on the flowering and floret arrangement in <i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i>

Genome-wide analysis of small RNAs from Odontoglossum ringspot virus and Cymbidium mosaic virus synergistically infecting Phalaenopsis.

SummaryCymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are the two most prevalent viruses infecting orchids and causing economic losses worldwide. Mixed infection of CymMV and ORSV could induce intensified symptoms as early at 10 days post‐inoculation in inoculated Phalaenopsis amabilis, where CymMV pathogenesis was unilaterally enhanced by ORSV. To reveal the antiviral RNA silencing activity in orchids, we characterized the viral small‐interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) from CymMV and ORSV singly or synergistically infecting P. amabilis. We also temporally classified the inoculated leaf‐tip tissues and noninoculated adjacent tissues as late and early stages of infection, respectively. Regardless of early or late stage with single or double infection, CymMV and ORSV vsiRNAs were predominant in 21‐ and 22‐nt sizes, with excess positive polarity and under‐represented 5ʹ‐guanine. While CymMV vsiRNAs mainly derived from RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase‐coding regions, ORSV vsiRNAs encompassed the coat protein gene and 3ʹ‐untranslated region, with a specific hotspot residing in the 3ʹ‐terminal pseudoknot. With double infection, CymMV vsiRNAs increased more than 5‐fold in number with increasing virus titres. Most vsiRNA features remained unchanged with double inoculation, but additional ORSV vsiRNA hotspot peaks were prominent. The potential vsiRNA‐mediated regulation of the novel targets in double‐infected tissues thereby provides a different view of CymMV and ORSV synergism. Hence, temporally profiled vsiRNAs from taxonomically distinct CymMV and ORSV illustrate active antiviral RNA silencing in their natural host, Phalaenopsis, during both early and late stages of infection. Our findings provide insights into offence–defence interactions among CymMV, ORSV and orchids.

Enhanced growth of in vitro plantlets by cytokinin and pre-colchicine application in Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume protocorms

Enhanced growth of in vitro plantlets by cytokinin and pre-colchicine application in <i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i> Blume protocorms

Morphological and Stomatal Characteristics of Two Indonesian Local Orchids

Orchids are very famous for their beautiful and long-lasting flowers and variety among the most diverse family of flowering plants in the world, comprising thousand species and hybrids and very attractive. The research aimed to determine the morphological features of two local orchids Phalaenopsis amabilis L. and Dendrobium x Superbiens and the stomatal characteristics of both orchids. Plants were the only living organisms that are able to convert light energy/sunlight into chemical energy, and stomata is an important part of plants for CO­2 to enter the leaf and H­­2O to be released during the photosynthetic reactions. The results showed that Phalenopsis amabilis L. was monopodial orchid and Dendrobium x Superbiensis a sympodial orchid. A qualitative descriptive research method used to describe and interpreted the type of stomata of Phalaenopsis amabilis L and Dendrobium sp. stomatal density were counted on adaxial and abaxial part of the leaf, and the highest stomatal density was obtained on the abaxial part of Dendrobium x Superbiensleaf 290.81 mm­-2. The type of stomata was anomocytic for two local orchids.

Effectiveness Test of Orchid Mycorrhizal Isolate (Ceratorhiza and Trichoderma) Indonesia and Its Role as a Biofertilizer

Aim: The existence of Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi (OMF) has a role to stimulate growth and support the supply of orchid nutrition as a biofertilizer agent. This study aimed to determine the association of mycorrhizal with Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume which was carried out through the effectiveness test of two Indonesian orchid mycorrhizal isolates i.e. Ceratorhiza and Trichoderma.&#x0D; Study Design: This study consisted of 4 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, each repetition of 5 plantlets, so that the total plantlet used was 60.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, between June 2017 and April 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: The method of inoculating orchid mycorrhizal by placing a plantlet in a petri dish containing orchid mycorrhizal for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. Then plantlets are grown on sterile moss growing media and acclimatized in a greenhouse. Observation of each treatment is carried out every day for the next month. Observation variables include the number of initial and final roots, the number of live and dead roots, and the number of living and dead plants.&#x0D; Results: The results of the orchid mycorrhizal induction test showed that the Ceratorhiza inoculation treatment showed a fluctuation in the mean increase in the number of final roots, live roots, dead roots, and dead plantlets that were higher than the Trichoderma inoculation treatment. The results also showed that the best inoculation time on Ceratorhiza and Trichoderma was day 3 and 4. The adaptation process had the effect of increasing the number of dead roots in weeks 1 and 2. The adaptation process stopped at the beginning of week 4 with the number of new roots appearing a lot.&#x0D; Conclusion: Orchid mycorrhizal Ceratorhiza shows the value of effectiveness test compared with Trichoderma. The results of this study are expected to be basic information in efforts to cultivate natural orchids in Indonesia.

Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Distinct Flavonoid Biosynthesis Regulation Between Petals of White and Purple Phalaenopsis amabilis

Orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis), renowned for their extraordinary floral diversity which implies the complex flower color development, are one of the most valuable research materials for molecular biology studies. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying flower color formation in this non-model plant remain unclear. Here, the biochemical and molecular basis of the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis between purple petal cultivar (PP) and white petal cultivar (WP) was investigated. The results revealed that 142 differential flavonoid-related metabolites were identified using LC–MS/MS method, and the primary anthocyanins were identified as cyanidin derivatives. Moreover, RNA-seq revealed a total of 9523 upregulated and 6941 downregulated genes were detected. GO and KEGG analysis of DEGs indicated metabolic pathways were preferentially upregulated in PP. The expression of most known genes encoding the enzymes in anthocyanin and related derivative biosynthesis was significantly higher in PP than in WP, especially the downstream ones. We hypothesized that altered flavanone and flavone accumulation may lead to pigment elimination in WP, and the limited flux in cyanidin biosynthesis pathway seems to be the most likely reason for the colorless petal. Besides, 115 differentially expressed regulatory genes relating to anthocyanin biosynthesis were also detected, including MYB, bHLH, WD40, WRKY, MADS and bZIP. Subsequently, high consistency was observed between the results of qRT-PCR and those of RNA-seq. collectively, this study provides a comprehensive metabolic and transcriptional dataset for Phalaenopsis, the informative list of candidate structural and regulatory genes associated with purple trait offer a valuable opportunity to unravel the genetic mechanism underlying flower color formation in Phalaenopsis.

The effect of auxin and auxin inhibitor application on induction and proliferation of protocorms in immature fruit Phalaenopsis amabilis in vitro culture

Abstract. Cahyaningsih AP, Pitoyo A, Solichatun. 2019. The effect of auxin and auxin inhibitor application on induction and proliferation of protocorms in immature fruit Phalaenopsis amabilis in vitro culture. Cell Biol Dev 3: 49-55. Auxin is a hormone that plays an important role in the ovulum development of moth orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis after pollination. Using immature fruit 60 days after pollination as explants are presumed to cause cessation of endogenous auxin distribution due to early fruit harvesting. The research was aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous auxin addition on induction and proliferation protocorm in moth orchid immature fruit explant through in vitro culture. This study used NAA (?-Naphthaleneacetic acid) as auxin in MS medium with 4 treatments: (i) control, (ii) NAA 1 ppm, (iii) NAA 5 ppm, and (iv) TIBA (2,3,5- triiodobenzoic acid) 5 ppm. Observed data include explants' color change, development, anatomy after planting, and protocorm development. Morphological and anatomical data were presented descriptively, and protocorm measurement data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and followed by a DMRT test of 5% level. The results showed that the culture of immature fruit P. amabilis 60 DAP with the addition of NAA 1 and 5 ppm in immature fruit culture induced protocorm. Still, the protocorm was not able to develop further. Without adding exogenous hormone-induced protocorm formation, immature fruit culture developed some protocorm to form leaf primordia. Next, adding TIBA as auxin transport inhibitor, 5 ppm induced protocorm and developed all protocorms to form leaf primordia.

PENGGUNAAN MEDIA TANAM DAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR PADA TAHAP AKLIMATISASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT ANGGREK BULAN (Phalaenopsis amabilisi) HASIL KULTUR JARINGAN

Perbanyakan secara kultur jaringan banyak dilakukan untuk memperbanyak bibit Anggrek. Namun demikian tahapan aklimatisasi dalam kultur jaringan merupakan faktor yang sangat penting diperhatikan karena kondisi iklim di rumah plastik sangat berbeda dengan kondisi di dalam botol kultur. Disamping itu media tanam dan pupuk yang diberikan pada tahap aklimatisasi perlu diperhatikan supaya bibit tanaman anggrek bisa tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal.&#x0D; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan media tanam dan mendapatkan pupuk organik cair yang baik pada tahap aklimatisasi terhadap pertumbuhan planlet anggrek bulan (phalaenopsis amabilisi) hasil kultur jaringan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dua faktor dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah media akar pakis, sekam padi, dan kompos kopi. Faktor ke dua adalah kontrol, pupuk cair SUPRA dan Bioto Grow. Variabel yang di amati adalah persentase hidup planlet, pertambahan tinggi tanaman, saat tumbuh daun baru, pertambahan panjang daun, pertambahan jumlah daun, pertambahan diameter batang. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis varian dan melalui uji lanjut BNT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua jenis pupuk yang digunakan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahn tinggi planlet, saat tumbuh daun baru, panjang daun, jumlah daun, namun berpengaruh nyata terhadap diameter batang. Ketiga jenis media tanam memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, saat tumbuh daun baru, panjang daun, jumlah daun, dan diameter batang. Sedangkan interaksi pada kedua perlakuan tersebut tidak menujukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap semua variabel yang diamati. Penggunaan media yang bagus terlihat pada media kompos kopi dan akar pakis melalui pemberian pupuk cair Bioto Grow.

Komposisi Media Pertumbuhan Protokorm Sebelum Perlakuan Kolkisin untuk Meningkatkan Poliploidi pada Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume

Polyploidy induction in Phalaenopsis amabilis is one of the methods to increase plant genetic diversity. A highly meristematic condition of protocorm induced by cytokinines may improve the success rate of polyploidy induction. This experiment was aimed to study the effect of Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ) and coconut water (CW) in a half concentration of Murashige &amp; Skoog (MS) medium before colchicine treatment on growth, multiplication and the success rate of polyploidy induction on Phalaenopsis amabilis protocorm. The experiment used completely randomized design with one factor, medium treatment (15% of CW); 0.51 mg L-1 BAP; 0.50 mg L-1 TDZ; 15% CW + 0.51 mg L-1 BAP; 15% CW + 0.50 mg L-1 TDZ). Each treatment consisted of three replications with five culture bottles of protocorm for each replication and ten protocorms per bottle. The protocorms were incubated for eight weeks in the medium before treated with 50 mg L-1 of colchicine for ten days. The results showed that 15% CW, 15% CW + 0.51 mg L-1 BAP or 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ gave the highest percentage (100%) of alive protocorm. The highest percentage of protocorm multiplication were resulted from 15% CW+0.51 mg L-1 BAP (65.3%) and 15% CW + 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ (62.7%). The best treatment to promote formation of leaves and roots from protocorm was 15% CW. The percentage of polyploid plantlets of 3% was found in plantlet from 15% CW + 0.50 mg L-1 TDZ media treatment while from other treatments could not be detected.Keywords: BAP, chromosome, coconut water, plantlet, TDZ

PERKECAMBAHAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN PROTOKORM ANGGREK PHALAENOPSIS PADA BEBERAPA KOMBINASI KOMPOSISI MEDIA DAN AIR KELAPA

The composition of artificial media used is one of the factors that determine the speed of germination and growth of orchid seedling in the bottle. The study aims to: 1) obtain a good combination of media composition and coconut water for the germination and growth of Phalaenopsis amabilis orchids protocorm; and 2) to know whether the leaf fertilizer can replace the use of MS base media in germinating the seeds and helping in the growth of Phalaenopsis orchids protocorm. The study was conducted from September to November 2017, at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of Politeknik Negeri Lampung. There are 9 treatment combinations tested: P1 = MS without addition of coconut water, P2 = MS plus coconut water 75 ml. l-1, P3 = MS plus coconut water 150 ml. l-1, P4 = Kristalon Hijau without coconut water, P5 = Kristalon Hijau plus 75 ml coconut water. l-1, P6 = Kristalon Hijau plus 150 ml coconut water. l-1, P7 = Growmore without coconut water, P8 = Growmore plus 75 ml coconut water. l-1, and P9 = Growmore plus 150 ml of coconut water. l-1. Observations were made on the time needed for the seeds to germinate and the growth speed of protocorm until they were ready to be subcultured. The results of this research showed: 1) The best media composition for the germination and growth of Phalaenopsis orchid protocorm is basic media MS with 75 ml coconut water addition. l-1 followed by MS media with the addition of 150 ml of coconut water. l-1; 2) Kristalon Hijau Fertilizers with the addition of coconut water 75 ml. l-1 as well 150 ml. l-1 can be used for germination and growing of Phalaenopsis orchid protocorm to become seedling, but with longer time needed than MS medium.

Plant inventory of Bogor Botanic Gardens collection that hosts epiphytic orchids

Abstract. Isnaini Y, Novitasari Y. 2019 Plant inventory of Bogor Botanic Gardens collection that hosts epiphytic orchids. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 59-65. Bogor Botanic Gardens is the Ex situ Conservation Center, which is located in the middle of the hustle and bustle of the city of Bogor and one of the tourist destinations for the people of Indonesia and abroad. The functions of the Botanical Gardens include conservation, research, education, tourism and environmental services. This study aims to determine the diversity of plant species cultivated in the Bogor Botanical Gardens which host the epiphytic orchids, as well as the diversity of orchid species. The research was carried out by observing, recording, and photographing orchids attached to the stems and or branches of trees that grow in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, both collection plants and greening plants, and standing plant. Observations were carried out throughout the Bogor Botanical Gardens except in the Orchidarium area and around orchid greenhouses and nurseries. The results showed that there were at least 172 trees hosting the epiphytic orchid consisting of 32 family, 81 genera, and 106 species. The dominant groups that host orchids in the region are Arecaceae, Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, and Moraceae. While orchids found as epiphytes in these plants are Acriopsis lilifolia, Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium bicolor, Cymbidium finlaysonianum Dendrobium crumenatum, Dendrobium sp., Dendrobium tetrodon, Eria retusa, Eria sp., Grammatophyllum speciosum, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Polystacia concreta, Polystacia concreta, and Thrixspermum sp. The results of this study are expected to provide information as educational material for all interested parties.

RNA Silencing-Mediated Control of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Odontoglossum ringspot virus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (ORSV) Infection

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) infects perennial orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and causes a widespread viral disease. RNA-silencing of viral genes is a promising and effective way of controlling viral infection in plants. An inverted repeat (IR) fragment of the ORSV coat protein gene, cp, was inserted into the pXGY1 vector to generate the silencing construct, pXGY1-ORSV, which was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. A total of 15 homozygous pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana T1 plants were obtained from five transgenic lines, and ORSV cp gene multiplication was reduced by at least 75% - 95% in 12 T2 plants, demonstrating their increased resistance to ORSV. An infectious ORSV clone, pCAMBIA2300-ORSV, was generated to facilitate rigorous analyses of plant viral resistance. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sqRT-PCR) and northern-blot analyses revealed that levels of ORSV multiplication and ORSV coat protein were significantly reduced in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana. Western-blot from pXGY1-ORSV inoculated leaves of ORSV infected P. amabilis also revealed the significant decrease and even degradation of ORSV-CP protein. Disease symptoms were not observed in transgenic plants. These results indicate a high level of ORSV-resistance in pXGY1-ORSV transgenic N. benthamiana.

Micropropagation of two near threatened orchid. Part 2: Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume var. Grandiflora

Phalaenopsis is one of the most popular orchids in the world, through the development of many artificial hybrids. In this research, a reliable and efficient protocol is presented for in vitro proliferation of Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume cv. Grandiflora. Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations of kinetin (Kn; 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00 mg l-1) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 mg l-1), either individually or in combination and activated charcoal (AC; 0.00, 0.50 and 1.00 g l-1). A combination of 0.20 mg l-1 IBA and 2.00 mg l-1 Kn on medium containing 1.00 g l-1 AC was found to be suitable for maximum leaf number (6.16±0.503 per explant). The highest rooting frequency with 7.13±0.153 roots per explant was achieved on medium enriched with 0.50 mg l-1 IBA and 0.50 mg l-1 Kn on medium containing 1.00 g l-1 AC. The largest number of callus (9.10±0.611) was induced on explants cultured in medium containing 0.20 mg l-1 IBA and 0.50 mg l-1 Kn on medium without AC. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with a survival rate of 95% exhibiting normal developmental patterns.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA (BOTTOM ASH) PADA PLTU SURALAYA SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

This research on the utilization of coal-ash that is wasted at the coal-fired power plant is conducted with the intention to become an effort to alleviate environmental impact of the power plant. The by-production of such waste in coal-fired power plants is a direct consequence of the rising demand on electricity as one of human basic needs in modern lifestyle. Endeavor to save the environment is a manifestation of the good culture of environmental awareness; indeed, human being shall act responsibly for the soundness of the environment. Some sufficient amounts in different composition of coal bottom-ash from a coal-fired power plant mixed with another medium were implemented toward a variety of plants, i.e. a certain type of Orchid (“Moon” Orchid or Phalaenopsis amabilis), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) , and Sansevieria. A series of mixed medium with different composition (each particular composition is in triplicate), is prepared consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%. 75%, and 100% of Bottom Ash, consecutively. The observed result shows that Bottom Ash is not suitable for the orchid plant as its medium. This more probably results from the fact that the pH of Bottom Ash tends to be more alkaline, while the Orchid plant would only be growing optimally in acidic - normal condition. In the case of Tomato plant, Bottom Ash is usable to be the plant growing medium; in fact an increase of Bottom Ash percentage expedites the plant growth from its seed to become small plants. Another plant under observation is Sansivieria. Bottom Ash turns out to be suitable as a medium for this plant. In fact, this type of plant remains growing steadily and normally in media with variable percentage of Bottom Ash, all along the research procedure. Bottom Ash contains some nutrient that are beneficial to plants, such as Boron (B), Phosphorus (P) and among other elements are Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo dan Se. Most of coal-ashes tend to be alkaline with pH ranging from 8 to12.

Ex situ conservation of orchids in Jompie Botanic Gardens, Parepare, South Sulawesi

Rahayu EMD. 2018. Ex situ conservation of orchids in Jompie Botanic Gardens, Parepare, South Sulawesi. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 4: 242-247. Jompie Parepare Botanic Gardens (JPBG) is a regional botanic gardens built in collaboration between the Center of Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, and the Government of Parepare, South Sulawesi Province. JPBG has 5 functions, namely conservation, research, education, tourism, and environmental services. This paper discusses the conservation functions of JPBG, especially in the conservation of orchids. JPBG has collected 37 species of orchids, both epiphytes and terrestrial, and 90 numbers of newly identified orchid collections up to the genus level. Thus, JPBG has conserves only about 6.75% of the 548 species of orchids found in Sulawesi.The identified orchids include Ascocentrum miniatum (Lindley) Schlechter, Coelogyne celebensis J.J.Sm., Dendrobium bicaudatum Reinw. ex Lindl., Nervilia concolor (Blume) Schltr, and Phalaenopsis amabilis Blume. All JPBG orchids collection are included in Appendix II of CITES. In addition, Coologyne celebensis is an endemic orchid of Sulawesi. Ascocentrum miniatum is one of protected orchids based on Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 concerning Preservation of Plant and Animal Species. JPBG is expected to increase its Sulawesi orchids collection, either through exploration activities or the exchange of orchid collections with other botanic gardens.