Saliva pH Research Articles

An In Vivo Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH in 3-9-year-old Children Using Chewing Gums (Xylitol) and Lollipops (Xylitol + Erythritol).

To evaluate the change in salivary pH using xylitol- and erythritol-containing lollipops and chewing gums, and assess the correlation between sugar substitutes and change in pH levels of saliva. The present crossover study was conducted in 60 children between 3 and 9 years of age from a private school who had not received any meal for 2 hours prior to examination. There were three groups in this study: group I, control group (rinsing with tap water); group II, experimental group (with sugar substitute lollipops); and group III, experimental group (with sugar substitute chewing gums). The saliva sample was collected at three different time intervals, and the pH of saliva was determined using a universal pH indicator. There was a highly significant difference observed in the pre- and postsalivary pH in all three groups, with the maximum increase seen in the lollipop group and the least increase seen in the control group. Lollipops can be used as a preventive measure in decreasing dental caries by preventing the salivary pH from falling below the critical level. The use of sugar-substituted lollipops and chewing gums in raising pH levels was evaluated. This finding could be significant in supporting a shift from sucrose-based chocolates to sugar-substituted ones. Latkar YS, Gunasekaran S, Arali V, et al. An In Vivo Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH in 3-9-year-old Children Using Chewing Gums (Xylitol) and Lollipops (Xylitol + Erythritol). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(12):1352-1356.

Biomimetic Effect of Saliva on Human Tooth Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study.

Introduction: Due to the presence of ion reservoir, saliva may facilitate enamel remineralization and neutralize pH of acidic beverage leads to prevent enamel demineralization. Saliva substitute/artificial saliva has been developed in subsequent years and may differ in physical properties, function, or pH level from 5.0 to 7.3. Objectives: To evaluate the biomimetic effect of saliva (neutralization) on tooth enamel exposed to carbonated beverage (pH 2.44) and to observe therapeutic capability (remineralization) of artificial saliva over previously eroded (grade 3 and grade 5) enamel surface. Methods: After scanning with electron microscope (SEM-EDX), nondemineralized crown samples (n = 40) were randomly grouped into two. Samples (50%) were flushed all around to carbonated beverage with collected natural saliva bathing simultaneously (experimental group, n = 20), and the rest flushed to beverage only without saliva bathing simultaneously (control group, n = 20). Flushing action was performed for 3 min by a customized digital automatic flusher for 30 times for each sample. Samples (n = 40) were further scanned under SEM-EDX to evaluate the demineralization grade and concentration of Ca, P, O, and C elements of crown samples to find out the neutralization effect of saliva. In the second phase, already demineralized crown samples (n = 30) were randomly treated with artificial saliva having two different pH (7 or 6.8, experimental groups) and distilled water (control group) for 15 min 3 times daily for 30 days. The remineralization score of experimental samples was graded, and therapeutic capability was established. Results: Samples, when exposed to a carbonated beverage with saliva bathing simultaneously, showed low level of demineralization (mean 2.9 ± 0.3) than the control (without saliva) (mean 4.8 ± 0.3) (p = 0.01) which indicated neutralization (bioimimetic) effect of natural saliva. All (100%) of demineralized samples treated with both artificial saliva (pH 7 or pH 6.8) showed significant remineralization (p = 0.01), thus revealed biomimetic capacity. SEM-EDX analysis showed initial (before beverage exposure) concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon elements of crown samples were 32.48%, 31.5%, 28.3%, and 5.5%, respectively. The calcium (Ca) (9.7%) and phosphorous (P) (18.5%) values were more decreased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. The concentration of oxygen (54.4%) and carbon (15.5%) were more increased after beverage exposure without saliva bathing simultaneously compared to after beverage exposure with saliva bathing simultaneously. Though the concentration of calcium (38.5%) of the crown sample was increased after treatment with artificial saliva (pH 7), but the phosphorus (18.5%) concentration of the crown sample was not increased. Conclusion: Within the context of the present study, both natural and artificial saliva showed significant biomimetic effects with respect to neutralization and remineralization.

Effect of a Whole-Food Plant-Based Diet on Periodontal Parameters in Patients With Cardiovascular RiskFactors:ASecondary Sub-Analysis of a RandomizedClinical Trial.

To investigate the effect of a 16-week whole-food plant-based diet (WPBD) on periodontal parameters in patients with increased cardiometabolic risk. A total of 36 participants from a randomized clinical trial received additional periodontal assessment. The intervention group (n = 17) followed a WPBD for 16 weeks, whereas the control group (CG) (n = 19) was instructed not to change their diet. Measurements were assessed at baseline (t1), week 8 (t2) and week 16 (t3). Periodontal examination included bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and plaque index (PI) on six index teeth, salivary pH and matrix-matalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). At t3, the mean PISA of the index teeth was reduced by 32 mm2 (53.8) in the WPBD group and increased by 22.6 mm2 (45.1) in the CG group (intra-group p = 0.255 and p = 0.977, respectively), BOP changes were similar (intra-group p = 0.89 and p = 0.839, respectively). MMP-8 values reduced in the WPBD group by 50.73 ng/mL (117) and in the CG by 5.40 ng/mL (96.6) (intra-group p = 0.066, p = 0.837, respectively). Difference in change (t3 - t1) between the groups was p = 0.001, p = 0.003 and p = 0.032, respectively. Saliva pH increased in the WPBD group only (intra-group p = 0.007). A trend towards stabilization of the inflammatory parameters (BOP, PISA) was observed in the WPBD group. Because of the non-significant changes within the groups, this study highlights the imperative for future studies. NCT03901183.

The effect of active compounds in herbal plants on increasing salivary pH in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by insulin dysfunction characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus can be classified into four, namely type I diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes mellitus, other specific types of diabetes, gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus can cause complications in the dental and oral area, such as Xerostomia, dental caries, periodontitis, periodontal abscesses, and fungal infections of the mouth. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of active ingredients in herbal plants on the pH of saliva in people with type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: The research design used is a literature review. Discussion: The literature studied states that the content of flavonoids in different types of herbal plants can increase the pH of saliva in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. The manifestation of type II diabetes mellitus is an increase in glucose levels in the saliva that can be metabolized by oral cavity bacteria so that it produces acid and lowers the pH of the saliva. Increasing the pH of saliva to neutral can be done by providing extracts from herbal plants that contain flavonoids. Conclusion: The active ingredients of flavonoids in herbal plants can restore the pH of saliva to normal in people with type II diabetes mellitus.

The influence of dietary and lifestyle factors on GERD-related dental erosion: A literature review

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder commonly associated with dental erosion. GERD-related dental erosion is influenced by various factors, including dietary habits and lifestyle choices. Purpose: This article aims to review the influence of dietary and lifestyle factors on GERD-related dental erosion based on a literature review. Methods: This study employed a literature review methodology, analyzing articles published between 2019 and 2024. Data sources were obtained from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier. A total of 8 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed further. Results: Studies indicate that the consumption of acidic foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits and carbonated drinks, exacerbates dental erosion in GERD patients. Lifestyle factors, such as late-night eating and caffeine consumption, were also found to increase the risk of dental erosion. Conversely, the consumption of milk was associated with a reduction in the severity of erosion. GERD also affects the salivary profile, including lowering the pH and buffering capacity of saliva, thereby increasing the risk of enamel demineralization. Conclusion: Dietary and lifestyle factors play a significant role in increasing the risk of GERD-related dental erosion. A holistic management approach, including dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, and regular dental health monitoring, is necessary to reduce the impact of GERD on dental health.

SALIVARY FUNCTION AND BIOMARKER PROFILES IN RELATION TO ORAL HEALTH IN PATIENTS WITH PRE-DIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Aim of the study: With chronic kidney disease (CKD) projected to be the fifth leading cause of death by 2040, this study investigates oral health and the relationship between salivary and renal function in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Material and methods: A cross-sectional survey of 51 pre-dialysis patients at a nephrology center in Bucharest collected socio-demographic data and assessed salivary function, oral health, and renal function. Measurements included saliva quality, pH, buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, IL-6, TNF-α, and albumin, while oral health was evaluated using the DMFT index, OHI-S, GI, CAL, and assessments of periodontal disease. Renal function was assessed through serum creatinine, urea, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: Impaired saliva quantity was noted in 65% of participants (n=34), with elevated salivary calcium in 43.8% (n=22) and below-reference levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Dental health was poor, reflected by a high DMFT score, fair oral hygiene, and moderate to severe gingival inflammation in 43.1% (n=22). Moderate or severe periodontal disease was observed in 45.1% (19.6% moderate, 25.5% severe), while median CAL and PD indicated moderate periodontal health. Renal function was compromised, with median eGFR placing 90.2% (n=46) in CKD stages 3–5. Significant associations included filled teeth and stimulated saliva (p 0.01), missing teeth and salivary calcium (p 0.05), filled teeth and IL-6 (p 0.05), and lower creatinine levels correlating with higher DMFT (p 0.01). Conclusions: This study underscores the significant link between pre-dialysis CKD and oral health, revealing higher prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and salivary alterations in this group. Early intervention in oral health management is essential for improving outcomes and slowing disease progression.

Salivary pH, but not conductivity, is an indicator of diarrhea in neonatal calves.

Neonatal calf diarrhea is a frequent disease of calves and may result in dehydration and metabolic acidosis. The disease causes mortality and reduces growth and future productivity. Early identification of disease improves calf outcomes and thus there is increasing interest in technological methods for detecting disease. Dehydration leads to the blood becoming more concentrated and this can be measured using serum osmolality. Research in humans has shown that saliva conductivity is correlated with serum osmolality. Saliva conductivity may therefore offer a non-invasive opportunity to assess hydration status in calves. Furthermore, as blood pH is a prognostic indicator and there is ion exchange in the salivary ducts, saliva pH may act as an indicator of metabolic acidosis. This observational study aimed to assess the relationship of saliva conductivity and pH with the clinical and biochemical parameters of calves suffering from neonatal calf diarrhea. One hundred and forty-one dairy-bred calves were recruited onto the study at approximately 1 week of age. The health of the calves was assessed daily. Calves had blood and saliva samples taken weekly until 25 days of age or the development of neonatal calf diarrhea. When calves developed diarrhea, they were sampled for three consecutive days. Hematocrit, plasma total protein, saliva pH and saliva conductivity were measured at each sampling. Saliva pH and saliva conductivity were measured using portable meters (LAQUAtwin-pH-33 and LAQUAtwin-EC22). In a subset of 30 matched samples, serum proteins and electrolytes were also measured. Saliva conductivity was not associated with diarrhea or dehydration. Saliva pH was lower in calves with diarrhea, regardless of hydration status. The Lin's concordance correlation coefficients between saliva variables and hematocrit and strong ion difference were negligible. Dehydrated calves with diarrhea had a higher hematocrit and albumin and the lowest sodium and SID. Calves with diarrhea and no dehydration had a lower plasma total protein. While saliva conductivity has been associated with measures of dehydration in humans, this does not appear to be the case in calves. Saliva pH has not previously been considered for disease detection; however as it is associated with diarrhea, further research is warranted.

Effect of hypertension on salivary flow rate and pH

The aim of this studywas to determine the relationship between pH and viscosity of cumulative unstimulated saliva and hypertension in adults with normal, stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. The patient’s blood pressure was measured and patients fitting the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Their unstimulated cumulative saliva was collected by spitting method and pH of the samples was measured by pH strip. The flow rate of the samples was measured by comparing the amount of saliva displacement in sterile polypropylene centrifuge tube with control fluids at mm/10 seconds. The data was analysed by SPSS version 20 software and ANOVA tests and their nonparametric equivalent (p≤ 0.005). The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between pH and viscosity of unstimulated saliva of normotensive and borderline hypertensive patients with p value <0.000. Therefore, hypertension had a direct and significant relationship with saliva flow rate and saliva pH. Hypertension can reduce the pH and increase the salivary viscosity in hypertensive patients, which subsequently lead to changes in quality and quantity of secreted saliva and influence the oral health and quality of the patient’s life.

Impaired salivary gland function in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a case-control study.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate salivary gland function and oral health status in Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) children, comparing to a control group, and to investigate the possible influence of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment. Patients aged 8-15 years with any OI molecularly confirmed and gender-matched healthy control were consecutively recruited at the Section of Pediatric Dentistry (Dental School-University of Turin). Comprehensive dental examinations were conducted to evaluate carious lesions, plaque and gingival index, stimulated saliva flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity. A total al of 22 OI patients (mean age: 10.7 ± 2.4 years) and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 10.3 ± 2.3 years) were consecutively enrolled. In OI patients reduced saliva quality and quantity and poor oral health, were observed compared to healthy peers. OI subjects exhibited significantly lower stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR; P < 0.001), higher gingival inflammatory status (P = 0.003) and carious experience in both the deciduous (P = 0.038) and permanent dentition (P = 0.005) Stratifying data based on BP assumption, statistically significant differences in resting (P = 0.024) and stimulated SFR (P = 0.019) were observed as compared to OI subjects not using BP drugs. Pediatric OI patients show reduced SFR and poor oral health, highlighting the need for regular screenings and early salivary management. Impairment of salivary gland function is suggested by these preliminary data in pediatric patients with OI.

Natural Amelioration of Chocolate-Induced Acidity: The Role of Pineapple in Maintaining Oral pH Balance

The consumption of chocolate, especially varieties high in sugar, can disrupt the delicate pH balance in the oral cavity, increasing the risk of dental caries. Pineapple, with its rich enzymatic and organic acid profile, presents a potential natural solution to counteract this acidic challenge. This study investigates the efficacy of pineapple consumption in mitigating the pH-lowering effects of chocolate and its impact on saliva volume, a crucial factor in maintaining oral health. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group approach was employed. Participants included children aged 6-9 years (n=40), divided into two groups: a control group (chocolate consumption only) and an intervention group (chocolate consumption followed by pineapple consumption). Saliva volume and pH were measured before and after treatment, and the data were analyzed using paired t-tests. Pineapple consumption significantly increased saliva volume in the intervention group (from 2.01±1.29 mL to 5.3±0.88 mL, p&lt;0.05), exceeding the volume observed in the control group. Furthermore, the decrease in saliva pH in the intervention group (from 7.45±0.13 to 6.25±0.37) was more controlled compared to the control group (from 7.30±0.09 to 5.28±0.25). In conclusion, the consumption of pineapple after chocolate effectively stimulates saliva production and helps maintain a balanced oral pH, mitigating the acidic effects of chocolate and potentially reducing the risk of dental caries. These findings suggest the potential of pineapple as a natural, dietary approach to support oral health.

Role of salivary caspase‑1 and gasdermin D in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to salivary pH and flow rate of saliva

Role of salivary caspase‑1 and gasdermin D in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to salivary pH and flow rate of saliva

Correlation of Salivary pH, Incidence of Dental Caries and Periodontal Status among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects-A Cross Sectional Study

Aim: To evaluate the salivary pH and incidence of dental caries and periodontal status in Diabetes Mellitus and non-diabetic subjects. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted which included 40 subjects. 20 Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus subjects and 20 non diabetic subjects. The pH of saliva was determined using a digital pH meter. For dental and periodontal Status, clinical examination was performed and Modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Form for Adults, 2013 was measured. The data collected was statistically analyzed and interpreted. Results: There was a decrease in the mean salivary pH of (6.59±0.10) in diabetic group, compared to that of non diabetic group (7.49±0.24). The mean number of carious teeth in diabetics (7.2±3.61) was significantly higher than in non diabetic subjects (2.55±1.05). Likewise, periodontal health was worse in diabetic subjects, with a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding and pockets of 4-5 mm depth, emphasizing the association between diabetes and increased oral health risks. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and increased incidence of dental caries and periodontitis. The salivary pH was significantly lower, hence the evaluation of salivary parameters can be a cost effective and a non invasive alternative for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes.

Assessment of dental caries severity in patients with VDR and СА12 polymorphisms

Background: There has been insufficient research into the genetic predisposition to dental caries. Research on the effect of gene polymorphisms on the incidence of dental diseases and the use of these findings in personalized prevention strategies are of high prognostic value. Aim: To assess the effect of VDR and СА12 polymorphisms on hard tooth tissues in young patients. Materials and Methods: The study examined 100 individuals, of which 59 (25 males and 34 females aged 23 to 25 years) were divided into groups based on the homozygous polymorphism: group 1 — VDR (n=19); group 2 — СА12 (n=32); and group 3 — combined VDR and CA12 (n=8). The DMF index was calculated in each group by fibreoptic transillumination method. Moreover, the pH of mixed saliva and serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL) were measured. Results: In group 1, the DMF index was 15.11±0.15, with 25(ОН)D deficiency (17.4±0.7 ng/mL). In group 2, the DMF index was 16.99±1.43, with changes in the pH of saliva (6.80±0.01). In group 3, the DMF index was 17.92±1.37, with рН 6.30±0.11 and 25(ОН)D level of 13.7±0.4 ng/mL. Conclusion: Patients with VDR and СА12 polymorphisms had severe dental caries, acidic pH, and a deficiency of serum vitamin В metabolite.

ECO-FRIENDLY EFFECTS OF ROOIBOS TEA (ASPALATHUS LINEARIS) RINSE ON SALIVA PH AND ORAL HEALTH

Bacteria in the formation of dental caries are affected by saliva and its pH level occupy an important place. Another promiscuous consequence of low salivary pH is dental caries, an increase in the pH can ideally be produced by gargling. Because mouthwash now contains natural substances, rooibos tea or Aspalathus linearis, is one of the most preferred mouthwash. Aspalathus linearis is caffeine free, is low in tannins, is fortified with antioxidants besides having fluoride content in it; and has E6CG which may promote enhanced flow of saliva leading to raised saliva pH level. This research aimed to examine the effect of gargling Aspalathus linearis on salivary pH changes. An experimental pretest-posttest control group design was employed with two treatments: The two are Aspalathus linearis and aquades (distilled water). Paired Sample T-Test and Independent T-Test were used for data analysis. The study found that rinsing with Aspalathus linearis resulted in a significant increase in salivary pH levels, indicating its potential in promoting a less acidic oral environment. However, when compared to rinsing with aquades. This suggests that while rooibos tea can positively influence salivary pH, its effectiveness may not differ significantly from that of plain water in this context.

Phenotypic Identification of Streptococcus mutans and Attendant Bacteria From Dentin Caries and Necrotic Pulp, and Its Correlation with Caries Activities Tests

Abstract Background: Dental caries is a worldwide disease, which can affect all ages and sexes. The dominant bacteria and the first colonizer in dental plaque are Streptococcus mutans due to its adhesion to the hard surface, metabolizing of sugar, and forming tooth cavity if not treated will reach the root pulp, producing necrotic pulp. Objectives: The current study was designed to detect S. mutans and attendant bacteria in the oral cavity of patients with two types of caries (dentin caries and necrotic pulp), and its relation with MDFT score and Alban test. Materials and Methods: Two samples were collected from every 150 patients including one from dentin caries and the other from necrotic pulp, who have attended the Dental Teaching Hospital at the University of Mosul, in Mosul, Iraq with ages ranging between 6 and 76 years, and both sexes, from the beginning of March 2022 to the end of October 2022. Results: VITEK 2 compact system used to identify of S. mutans at a high number of 39 (32.5%) in dentin caries while Enterococcus faecalis gave a high number of 43 (35.8%) in necrotic pulp in addition to other different bacterial species were identified as Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus anginosus, Lactococcus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomycus spp., Staphylococcus hominis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Kocuria rosea, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and the fungal Candida albicans. The sex had no significant correlation with other factors, while age had a significant effect at P &lt; 0.05 level and pH of saliva had a significant effect at P &lt; 0.01 with DMFT and lactobacillus count. The DMFT had a significant effect at P &lt; 0.01 level with pH of saliva and count of S. mutans and Lactobacillus count at P &lt; 0.05. Conclusions: The current study concluded that the cariogenic bacteria S. mutans was the most prevalent in dentin caries (carious lesion), and E. faecalis was the most prevalent in necrotic pulp by using VITEK 2 compact system, and the caries activities tests show pH of saliva had a significant effect with DMFT and lactobacilli colonies count and Streptococci colonies count.

Rinse aid with bischofite: prevention of caries and gingivitis in adolescents

The frequency of using liquid complementary hygiene products has been increasing significantly in recent years. This trend is typical not only for adults, but also for children. The ease of use of rinses, foams, suspensions largely contributes to the growth of their popularity. As substances having a complex effect, researchers have long been interested in mineral complexes, among which calciumand magnesium-containing compounds are of particular importance [2, 3]. Such natural minerals as carnalite, kieserite, and bischofite are of particular interest. The effectiveness of the anti-carious, anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory effects of preventive drugs was evaluated: irrigator liquid + mouthwash WATERDENT Anti-caries and baby foam for the oral cavity WATERDENT Happy Smile during the rehabilitation period in children with permanent bite. Materials and methods. An open comparative study of the effectiveness of the use of liquid for the irrigator + mouthwash WATERDENT «Anticaries» and baby foam for the oral cavity WATERDENT Happy Smile was conducted. To assess the effectiveness of the hygiene products used, the following clinical indicators were selected: the caries intensity index (KPI), the Green – Vermillion simplified index (IG-U), the PMA index and the Mulleman – Cowell index. Clinical parameters were determined before and after the use of the compared hygiene products in groups after 1 month. During the study, laboratory saliva parameters were monitored: saliva pH, total protein, determination of saliva Ca and Md. 3 groups of participants were recruited from among those who applied for help at the UMMU dental clinic. All volunteers were somatically healthy children aged 12–18 years with different caries activity and catarrhal gingivitis, randomly distributed by gender and age. Statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel and Statist programs. Results. The evaluation of clinical tests in the groups showed a significant change in the indices of PMA and Grinn – Vermilion (р ≤0,05) in patients of the main group and a statistically significant improvement in the index of Grinn – Vermilion (р ≤ 0,05) in patients using foam (comparison group), while in the control group there were no dynamics of statistically significant changes in clinical indicators. An increase in the level of calcium in saliva in patients who used Irrigator Liquid + mouthwash WATERDENT Anti-caries from 2.30 to 2.95 characterizes the high mineralizing potential of bischofite, which is part of its composition, and its karyoprophylactic property. An assessment of laboratory data in the main and comparison groups at the beginning of the experiment and after 1 month showed a significant change in total protein values from 2.94 to 2.26 and 2.72 to 2.09 g/l, respectively, for these groups (p &lt;0.05), which shows the positive effect of these products on hygiene, on changes in saliva properties and karyoprophylactic potential. Conclusions. Clinical and laboratory studies of the use of Liquid for irrigator + rinse WATERDENT Anti-caries and baby Foam for the oral cavity Waterdent Happy Smile confirm the claimed consumer properties of these products: anti-carious, anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory effects and can be recommended in comprehensive individual hygienic oral care for children.

ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ СВОЙСТВ РОТОВОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ И КАЧЕСТВА ВЫПОЛНЕННЫХ РЕСТАВРАЦИЙ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПЕРВИЧНЫМ ГИПОТИРЕОЗОМ

Introduction. Introduction. Primary hypothyroidism refers to a common pathological condition associated with thyroid hormone deficiency. Among all thyroid diseases, its share reaches 20%, while the detection rate tends to grow steadily every year in all age groups. An urgent task remains to study the dental status against the background of thyroid diseases developing as a result of iodine deficiency, as well as due to a relative shortage of thyroid hormones. The purpose of the work is to identify the relationship between the quality of the performed restorations and the properties of oral fluid in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Materials and methods. The main study cohort included 60 women with a primary diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism aged 44–59 years. The comparison group consisted of 30 patients without thyroid pathology, identical in sex and age. All patients were evaluated for salivary gland secretory activity, oral fluid properties, and quality of direct oral restorations performed. Results. In the main group of the study, a decrease in the salivation rate, an increase in the viscosity of the oral fluid and a shift in saliva pH to the acidic side relative to the results obtained in the comparison group were detected. Assessment of the quality of direct restorations performed showed an increase in the number of their insolvency in patients of the main group, relative to the comparison group. Discussion. Deficiency of thyroid hormones in primary hypothyroidism is accompanied by a change in the properties of the oral fluid and the quality of direct restorations performed in the oral cavity in the distant period. Conclusion. The identification of the relationship between dental and somatic health parameters will allow the development of a new treatment approach in patients with primary hypothyroidism.

Orthodontic Alloy Wires and Their Hypoallergenic Alternatives: Metal Ions Release in pH 6.6 and pH 5.5 Artificial Saliva.

Legislative framework addresses the issues of alloy corrosion, demanding the restricted use of probable carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic-for-human-reproduction (CMG) metals like nickel, cobalt, and chromium and demanding the development of new biomaterials. The aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the ion release of standard dental alloys and their hypoallergenic equivalents. Six types of orthodontic alloy wires (nickel-titanium (NiTi), coated NiTi, stainless steel (SS), Ni-free SS, and cobalt-chromium (CoCr) and titanium-molybdenum (TMA) were immersed into artificial saliva of pH 5.5 and 6.6. Release of metal ions was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and results with p < 0.05 were considered significant. NiTi released more Ti and Ni ions compared to the coated NiTi; SS released more iron, chromium, and nickel compared to the nickel-free SS. CoCr released cobalt in a high concentration and low amounts of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum compared to the molybdenum and titanium released by TMA. Release of metals from dental orthodontic alloys in vitro was overall lower at pH 6.6 and for the hypoallergenic equivalents when compared to standard dental alloys.

GARGLING WITH RED BELT LEAF BOILING (PIPER CROCATUM) ON SALIVA pH IN STUDENTS SMP NEGERI 4 PINELENG MINAHASA DISTRICT

Abnormalities in the mouth or dental and oral diseases that occur in a person are usually caused by several factors. The intra-oral and extra-oral environment greatly influences a person's dental and oral health. To maintain healthy teeth and mouth, it is necessary to control saliva, because saliva or saliva in the mouth plays an active role in supporting healthy teeth and mouth. If there is a decrease in saliva pH, it can cause rapid demineralization of tooth elements, while an increase in pH can result in bacterial colonization which deposits and increases the formation of tartar. One way to control the pH of saliva is to gargle with boiled red betel leaves, because they contain compounds that are antibacterial. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of gargling with boiled red betel leaves (piper crocatum) on saliva pH in students at SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng, Minahasa Regency. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a one group pre and post-test design. This research was carried out by giving treatment to respondents and measuring the pH of saliva before and after gargling with boiled red betel leaves. The sample in this study was 72 students, using random sampling techniques. Data collection was obtained from the results of salivary pH measurements using universal pH test paper with criteria 0-14, the concentration of red betel leaves used in this study was 15%. The data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test, it was found that ? value=0.027 (0.027&lt;0.05), so it can be concluded that gargling with boiled red betel leaves is effective in changing saliva pH.

THE EFFECT OF CONSUMING YOGHURT ON THE SALIVARY PH OF MILDLY MENTALLY RETARTED CHILDREN

The percentage of people with disabilities in Indonesia is 56% and the prevalence of dental caries in children with disabilities reaches 82.6%. One alternative to prevent dental caries is by consuming probiotic drinks such as yogurt. Yoghurt is sour milk produced by fermenting milk and the group of probiotic products most accepted by children. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of consuming yogurt on the pH of saliva of children with mild deformities SLB Patriot Tasikmalaya City. Methods: The type of research used is a quasi experiment research method with a one group pre-test and post-test research design with a sample of 20 mildly retarded children. The research measuring instrument used a pH meter, and the data was analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results: Based on the results of the paired sample t-test statistical test, the p-value = 0.001 (p &lt; 0.05) means that there is an effect of consuming yogurt on the pH of the saliva of mildly retarded children of SLB Patriot Tasikmalaya City. Conclusion: Consuming yogurt regularly for seven days can increase salivary pH in mildly retarded children.