Petroleum Benzene Research Articles

Characteristics of Arabica and Robusta Spent Coffee Grounds Oil Extract with Different Solvents

Abstract High coffee consumption contributes to waste, such as spent coffee grounds (SCG). SCG contains up to 20 % oil, with the main oil content being linoleic and palmitic fatty acids. So, SCG has the potential to be used in valuable products. This study aims to characterise Arabica and Robusta SCG oil using maceration methods with different solvents (hexane, ethanol, and petroleum benzene) to obtain maximum coffee oil as an alternative. Arabica and Robusta SCG characterisation comprises the composition content, oil yield, fatty acid profile, and viscosity. The results showed that Arabica SCG oil yield was higher than Robusta, with hexane becoming the most efficient solvent to extract the oil, with 28,87% and 25,57%, respectively. The lowest free fatty acid (FFA) found in Arabica SCG oil extract using hexane is 1,95%, which consists of palmitic acid (9.41%), linoleic acid (5.37%), and stearic acid (4.7%). The highest viscosity is Arabica SCG oil extract using hexane, which is caused by the large amount of long-chain fatty acids extracted by the solvent, such as palmitic acid and linoleic acid. The FFA content of Arabica SCG oil extract using hexane has the potential to be edible oil (cooking oil) and biodiesel.

Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Leaf Extracts Against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)

Natural pesticides derived from plant-based substances are effective alternative to conventional pesticides. A study was conducted on the biopesticide chemicals extracted from powdered. P. amboinicus leaves using different solvents and their effectiveness against cowpea beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus. In this study, leaf powders of P. amboinicus were extracted with various solvents and tested qualitatively and quantitatively for phytochemical constituents using GC-MS. The highest concentrations of terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and steroids were found in petroleum benzine and ethanolic extracts. This insecticidal effect is attributed in part to the presence of secondary metabolites identified in the extracts. These petroleum benzine extracts of P. amboinicus also contained biopesticides such as thymol, beta caryophyllene, farnesol, phytol, Codlelure, (Z)-11-Hexadecenal, Erucic acid, and squalene. A higher repellency (44.8±0.8%) was achieved at a higher concentration (50 mg/ml) of petroleum benzene extract of P. amboinicus after 360 minutes of treatment followed by ethanol extract (40.8±1.49%) and, benzene (37.6±0.97%), chloroform (36.8±0.8%) and water extract (34.4±0.97%). We measured the levels of toxicity after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of exposure. After 72 hours, Petroleum benzene caused the highest level of toxicity (LD50 = 20.89 mg/ml) of Callosobruchus maculatus, followed by ethanol (LD50=28.18 mg/ml), water (LD50 = 32.35 mg/ml), chloroform (LD50 = 40.73mg/ml and Benzene (LD50 = 46.77mg/ml). Based on our results, we suggest P. amboinicus phytocompounds are helpful in protecting stored grains from Callosobruchus maculatus.

An Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity and ADMET Profile of Phytocompounds Extracted from Cassia Auriculata Bark

As part of this study, we investigated the anti-cancer properties of Cassia auriculata bark extracted with different solvents and identified phytochemicals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The petroleum benzine and ethanol extracts contained high levels of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and steroids. This study involved docking a selection of inhibitor proteins against cervical and colorectal cancers. Computer-aided drug design using virtual screening has been used to investigate the effectiveness of existing anti-cancer drugs in Colon (5FGK) and Cervical (4J96) Cancer Cell Line’s Proteins. The analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of repurposed drugs used Molinspiration cheminformatics, while analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity was performed by ADMET and pkCSM webservers. Simiarenol (-9.4(5FGK)/-10.1(4J96)kcal/mol, ethyl-5-[(methylamino) acetyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [b,f]-azepin-3-ylcarbamate (-8.4 (5FGK)/-8.6 (4J96) kcal/mol, 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-[(phenoxyacetyl)amino]propanoicacid (–7.8 kcal/mol) 5FGK), and bis(4-butylphenyl)tere phthalate (–9.6 kcal/mol) (4J96) reported to inhibit Cervical and Colorectal cancer cells. Such compounds also had superior pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, bioactivity properties, and ADMET properties in comparison to doxorubicin (-8.7 (5FGK)/-7.3 (4J96) kcal/mol. The findings could inspire further research into prevention and treatment of colorectal and cervical cancers.

Drug Standardization through Pharmacognostic Approaches and Estimation of Anticancer Potential of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) using Prostate-Cancer cell lines: An In-vitro Study.

Cancer is the major challenge across world and the adenocarcinoma of prostate malignancy is the second most prevalent male cancer. Various medicinal plants are used for the treatment and management of various cancers. Matricaria chamomilla L., is one of the extensively used Unani medicament for the treatment of various type of diseases. In the current study we evaluated most of the parameters prescribed for drug standardization using pharmacognostic approaches. The 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method was utilized for the analysis of antioxidant activity in the flower extracts of M. chamomilla. Moreover, we analyzed the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of M. chamomilla (Gul-e Babuna) through in-vitro method. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazl-hydrate) method was utilized for the analysis of antioxidant activity in the flower extracts of M. chamomilla. CFU and wound healing assay were performed to determine the anti-cancer activity. The results demonstrated that various extracts of M. chamomilla fulfilled most of the parameters of drug standardization and contained good antioxidant and anticancer activities. The ethyl acetate showed higher anticancer activity followed by aqueous, hydroalcoholic, petroleum benzene and methanol by CFU method. Also, the wound healing assay demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract has more significant effect followed by methanol and petroleum benzene extract on prostate cancer cell line (C4-2). The current study concluded that the extract of M. chamomilla flowers could act as good source of natural anti-cancer compounds.

Exploring the potential of Fabiana imbricata Ruiz et Pav. (“Pichi”) against pest insects and pathogenic microorganisms for crop protection

• Fabiana imbricata extracts represents green insecticides for fruit fly control • Scopoletin is the main constituent of Fabiana imbricata active extract • Leaf fractions show repellency activity against Acanthoscelides obtectus adults • The extract has effect on detoxifiying enzimes such as carbolxyl esterases and acetylcholinesterase of Tenebrio molitor . • the components of these fractions could not inhibit the expression of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine of T. molitor The loss of agricultural products by pests and microorganisms is intensely fought with synthetic products that can pose a serious threat to the environment, health, and foods. The use of plant-derived products in the management of these organisms is a sustainable and safe alternative. In this study, we investigated Fabiana imbricata , a very well-known species of Solanaceae found in the Patagonian region. The toxicological effects of its fractions were tested against Drosophila melanogaster and Tenebrio molitor . These fractions were also screened for repellency on Acanthoscelides obtectus and antimicrobial activity. Additionally, the mortality assay of D. melanogaster larvae revealed higher activity for the stem (LC 50 value of 7.5 µg/mL) and leaf (LC 50 value of 19.8 µg/mL) petroleum benzine fractions. T. molitor larvae needed to be exposed to a high concentration of stem fractions (200 and 300 µg/mL) to observe about 50 and 90% mortality, respectively. Moreover, repellency after 4 h of exposure was mainly observed with the stem dichloromethane fraction (conc. 100 µg/mL). The acetate fraction of the stem (FE-C) was responsible for the greatest growth inhibition of the tested bacteria ( E. coli, L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, Salmonella sp., and S. aureus ). Based on the findings, stem fractions were selected for studies of toxicity in non-target organisms and systemic effects on proteins and detoxification enzymes from T. molitor larvae. The fractions tested against adult bees were safe up to 500 µg/mL for 4 h of exposure and 48 h of observation. Total proteins and enzymes AChE, GST/GSH, and Carboxylase were significantly reduced, mainly with FE-C. In contrast, ACP and ALP were up-regulated, with the same fraction as the major inducer. The chemical profiles of the fractions analyzed by GC-MS and NMR showed that FE-C had scopoletin as the main component. Therefore, we selected this compound for in silico analysis of AChE docking, qualitative and quantitative study of insecticide-likeness, and toxicity prediction. The results indicated that scopoletin efficiently docked with the active site of AChE. Due to the high values ​​of Relative Drug Likelihood (RDL) (2.77) and Gaussian Scoring Function (GAU) (4.19) values, ​​it can consider as potential insecticide-likeness and the toxicity prediction study showed that this compound has low toxicity to mammals. These results demonstrate that FE-C has potential as an insecticidal agent against insect pests and can be of help in combating pathogenic microorganisms present in food.

RP-HPLC-based phytochemical screening of different polyphenolic compounds from floral extract of four species of Saraca L. (Leguminosae)

BackgroundSaraca L. is one of the treasures throve of medicinally important plants in Indian subcontinent with its four species among which two are naturally distributed. It is one of the important resources of highly active phytochemicals due to which it proclaims a legendary position from ancient medicinal practices to modern ages. The crude extracts of flowers of four species were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus in petroleum benzene, ethyl acetate and 90% methanol sequentially. RP-HPLC (reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography)-based analysis of the presence of different phytochemicals using 15 different polyphenolic phytochemical standards was done to assess and quantify different phytochemicals.ResultsRP-HPLC-based evaluation revealed the presence different polyphenolic compounds like catechins, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, t-cinnamic acid, anthrol, p-coumaric acid, biochanin A, etc., in a considerable amount which is very crucial for the phytomedicinal field. The correlations of the presence of known phytochemicals give a basis of phytochemical correlation among the four species. The RP-HPLC chromatographic data were applied to develop the complete phytochemical coding according to the complete set of chemicals found among the species to evaluate phytochemical correlation among them in a different way. This application also produces strong evidence of distinguishing features of S. indica and S. asoca that were considered as same species by some traditional taxonomy.ConclusionExtracts of S. thaipingensis contain highest amount of polyphenolic compounds, and the lowest amount was found in S. declinata. The phytochemical relations among S. asoca and S. declinata are high, and S. indica also has close relations with them, but S. thaipingensis has distinct divergence.

Antifungal potential of isoespintanol extracted from Oxandra xylopioides diels (Annonaceae) against intrahospital isolations of Candida SPP

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of isoespintanol (ISO) extracted from Oxandra xylopioides Diels (Annonaceae) against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Isoespintanol was obtained from the petroleum benzine extract of the leaves and was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). For antifungal activity experiments, the broth microdilution method was used. The results show an inhibitory effect against Candida spp., with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 450.4–503.3 μg/mL. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of ISO against fungal biofilms is highlighted, even in some cases, greater than the effect shown by amphotericin B (AFB) and in others, where AFB showed no effect. Assays with fluorescent staining with acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Evans blue, measurement of extracellular pH and leakage of intracellular material, evidenced damage at the level of fungal membranes and general cell damage, when cells were exposed to ISO, compared to untreated cells. The results of this research, serve as the basis for future studies in the establishment of the mechanisms of antifungal action of ISO, which could serve as an adjunct in the treatment of infections by these yeasts.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of mature mango leaves from nineteen cultivars of Murshidabad district, India

Abstract. Ghosh B, Majumder S, Acharyya S, Ghosh A, Saha S, Sarkar S, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya M. 2022. Comparative phytochemical analysis of mature mango leaves from nineteen cultivars of Murshidabad district, India. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 20: 48-55. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), "the king of fruits," is one of the most popular fruits in tropical regions. This research aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively screen major phytochemical groups present in the leaves of nineteen cultivars of mango tree extracted with three different solvents (petroleum benzene, acetone, methanol) belonging to different polarities and to determine their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The antiradical scavenging activity was performed using a DPPH assay. In addition, total phenol and flavonoids in the leaf extracts were also quantitatively analyzed. Phytochemical investigations showed that mango leaf extracts contain phenol, tannin, protein, coumarin, terpenoid, alkaloid, steroid, and cardiac glycoside. The extracts also contain a variety of total phenols and flavonoids. Antiradical scavenging activity showed that polar solvents (methanol, acetone) are more potent than non-polar (petroleum benzene) extracts. Mango leaf extracts inhibit the growth of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, but no inhibition zone against B. subtilis. Based on the phytochemical compounds and significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties of mango leaf extracts, mango leaves might be a potential source for developing pharmaceutical formulations and drugs.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical qualitative analysis of Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey.

Summary Introduction: Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A. Mey of the Ephedraceae family is an evergreen shrub distributed throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia. It has been a characteristic source of alkaloids like ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and other related mixes, which are of great importance for their biological and pharmacological potential. Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical constituents studies on stem, leaves and flowers extracts of E. foliata. Method: The air-dried plant sample was powdered with an electric grinder, then extracted successively with solvents, namely petroleum ether, petroleum benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous using Soxhlet apparatus for 72 hours. The solid matter was separated by filtration and then solvents were evaporated with a vacuum rotary evaporator to obtain the crude extracts. Freshly prepared crude extracts were subjected to the standard procedures of preliminary phytochemical screening for the investigation of the presence or absence of different phytoconstituents. The result showed the presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract was determined by agar well diffusion method. Results: Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Streptococcus pneumonia, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium herbarum and Candida tropicalis). All five extracts inhibited the growth of Y. enterocolitica. Conclusion: The antimicrobial properties of E. foliata extracts are of great interest in light of the ongoing threat of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics. Phytoconstituents present in the E. foliata extracts might be a good alternative to modern antimicrobials as a natural compound.

Effect of vacuum residue and petroleum benzine as the additive calorific value and moisture of coal

Upgrading the coal is a process that increases the calorific value of low-rank coal through decreasing the moisture content of the coal. This method usually uses mixed heavy oil to close the opened pores after coal upgrading. The additives have a molecule structure like heavy oil. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of additives on the moisture content and calorific value after coal upgrading process. Coal upgrading in this study applies several variations i.e., coal particle size and coal mass mixed with an additive which is a mixture of vacuum residue and petroleum benzine with a ratio of 0.005 g: 1 mL as a coater. Before upgrading process, the moisture content and calorific value of the coal is 13.39 %adb and 6,663 cal/g db. After the process, the lowest moisture content of the coal in the ratio of coal (b/v) and additives was 4:3 with 21.75% ad. The highest calorific value of the coal was shown in the ratio of coal (b/v) and additives 1:1 with 7,189 kcal/kg. The lowest moisture content is indicated by the particle size of -120 mesh. The highest calorific value of coal is shown by the particle size of -120 mesh.

Phytochemical screening and antifungal activity in vitro of Trichilia hirta L. fruit extracts against clinical isolates of Candida spp.

The increase in resistance to antimicrobials is a public health problem worldwide; it puts at risk the prevention and effective treatment of multiple infections and is responsible for high rates of mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients. Species of the genus Candida are among the main opportunistic pathogens isolated from hospitalized patients. The aim was to evaluate the antifungal activity of extracts obtained from Trichilia hirta fruits against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Extracts were obtained by Soxhlet and cold maceration methods using T. hirta fruits. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out to identify the presence of secondary metabolites. Antifungal activity of ethanol and petroleum benzene extracts of T. hirta was evaluated using microdilution and agar well diffusion methods. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed, with the application of contrast tests. The extracts showed secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and saponins, steroids and/or triterpenoids. Seed extract in petroleum ether and ethanol inhibited the growth of the clinical isolates of Candida spp., and the strain C. albicans ATCC 10231 in all concentrations. Ethanolic seed extract had an inhibitory effect on the largest number of isolates studied, generating maximum inhibition in C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and strain C. albicans ATCC 10231. Seed extract in petroleum ether showed the highest growth inhibition of C. tropicalis, C. haemulonii, and C. krusei. Extracts of T. hirta may be a promising source of antifungal compounds with the potential to be used in future research and the pharmacological industry.

An evaluation of toxic compounds from Melia dubia (Cav) leaf extract against stored grain pest Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)

The use of biopesticides is long routed as a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides in integrated pest management. Melia dubia (Meliaceae family) possesses excellent pest management properties based on its secondary plant metabolites. In this study, Melia dubia leaf powders were extracted with different solvents and their phytochemical components identified qualitatively and GC-MS analysis against cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Results revealed that, petroleum benzene and ethanol extracts contained the higher concentrations of terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds and steroids. Moreover, these extracts contained biopesticides such as thymol, lauric acid, and cholecalciferol. The mortality was recorded after the exposure times of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The highest mortality (87.2±0.8% and LC50 value 16.22 mg/mL) of Callosobruchus maculatus was recorded in Petroleum benzene, followed by ethanol (76.8±0.8% & LC50 value 24.54 mg/mL), water (54.4±0.98% and 44.66 mg/mL) Benzene (41.6±0.98% and 85.11 mg/mL) and chloroform (39.2±0.98% and93.32 mg/mL) after 72 hours. Based on our results, it is concluded that Melia dubia phytocompounds are highly effective in protecting stored grains against Callosobruchus maculatus.

ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA (ROXB.) LEAVES

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine various extracts of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia against some test bacteria and test fungi.
 Methods: Disk diffusion method was adopted for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. Amikacin and nystatin were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively.
 Results: The screening data indicated that all four extracts showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but the growth of this bacteria was inhibited the most by the aqueous extract. In the case of antifungal efficacy, all the extracts inhibited the growth of almost all the test fungi. Petroleum ether and benzene extracts showed maximum efficacy against Aspergillus flavus, whereas methanolic extract and aqueous extract inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola significantly.
 Conclusion: Different extracts of leaves of H. integrifolia were significantly active against selected test fungi and they can be a harmless alternative of expensive conventional medicines.

ELECTRO-BIOREMEDIATION AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SOILS CONTAMINATED BY HYDROCARBONS

The growing demand of actions for soil remediation has resulted in the development of alternative technologies, especially for applications of techniques in situ, caused for the many forms of contamination of soil and underground water with petroleum hydrocarbons. The present work proposed an electro-bioremediation technique to evaluate the capacity degradation of the pollutants through microorganisms present in the polluted soil. The monitoring of the degradation of hydrocarbons was accompanied through chemical analyses of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). The microbiological activity was monitored through analyses of Colony-Forming Unit (CFU). The results showed that rates of degradation of the xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene had an order of 69%, 60% and 10%. The microbiologic activity presented an increase of 12.5 times for the Mould and Yeasts, and of 178.5 times for aerobic microorganisms. The isolation and biodegradation analysis pointed the existence of 26 different morphotypes, of these, 20 morphotypes (77%) possess capacity to degrade hydrocarbons that, 60% were found in the areas of influence of the cathode and 40% of the anode. The yeast-like material was isolated and identified, where the predominant genus was Penicillium (50%), Paecilomyces 16.6%, Trichoderma 16.6 % and Cladosporium 16.6%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Trimethylchlorosilane-Modified Silica Xerogel

Modification of silica xerogel with TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) reagent has been carried out to improve the hydrophobicity of silica xerogel. Silica xerogel was synthesized based on the sol-gel method using sodium silicate as a precursor, and citric acid as a catalyst, with a mole ratio of sodium silicate and citric acid, was 0.172: 0.004. The sol-gel process was carried out through several stages, i.e., hydrolysis and condensation of sodium silicate to form sol, gelation (sol transition to gel), aging, and drying. Surface modification was performed by studying the effect of TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine volume ratio of 0.5:1:1, 1:1:1, 1.5:1:1, 2:1:1, and 2.5:1:1 on the characteristics of silica xerogel synthesized. FTIR, SEM, and GSA characterized the synthesized results. The results of FTIR characterization on silica xerogel with volume ratios of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1 indicate the presence of the Si‑C group absorption at a wavenumber of 848.68 cm-1 which shows that the formation of silyl groups on the modified silica xerogel surfaces occurs at a TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine ratio of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1. SEM results indicate that the silica xerogels produced are porous. Meanwhile, the GSA analysis results show that the pore size distributions are in the mesoporous region with an average pore radius of 8-13 nm. The greater the volume of TMCS used, the higher the surface area, and the resulting xerogel’s hydrophobicity. Based on the contact angle and seeped time test, the highest hydrophobicity is produced by the material synthesized at a TMCS: methanol: PB volume ratio of 2.5:1:1 with a contact angle of 116.346°.

Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Biji Ketapang (Terminalia Catappa L) Pada Proses Produksi Metil Ester

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji ketapang (Terminalia Catappa L) pada proses produksi metil ester menggunakan ekstraksi sokletasi. Buah biji ketapang dihaluskan dan disokletasi beberapa gram sampel menggunakan pelarut petroleum benzen. Ekstraksi dilanjutkan dengan destilasi untuk mendapatkan minyak ketapang murni. Katalis yang digunakan dalam pembuatan biodiesel ini adalah KOH dengan konsentrasi katalis 0,5% b/b KOH/minyak biji ketapang. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah metanol dengan rasio molar terhadap minyak biji ketapang 6:1. Kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi diteliti dengan mengambil 50 ml sampel dari labu leher tiga dengan selang waktu (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 dan 60 menit) pada temperatur 30 oC dan kecepatan pengadukan 2140 rpm. Sampel dituang dalam botol yang telah disi 50 ml air dan didiamkan dalam lemari es pada suhu 20 oC selama 24 jam. Metil ester kemudian dipisahkan dari gliserol dan air dengan menggunakan corong pisah kemudian cuci menggunakan NaSO4 dengan tujuan mengikat air yang masih terkandung dalam metil ester tersebut. Metil ester murni selanjutnya dianalisis dengan GCMS untuk mengetahui kandungan metil ester dan HNMR untuk menghitung kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji ketapang untuk suhu 30 oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukan waktu yang ideal pada proses produksi metil ester untuk suhu 30 oC adalah menit ke 60 dengan kinetika reaksi pada orde 2 yang pada grafiknya paling tinggi dan persamaan laju reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji ketapang menjadi metil ester adalah r = k(TG)2

Effect of Manihot esculenta (Crantz) leaf extracts on antioxidant and immune system of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Nowadays, the use of chemical insecticides has led to development of resistance in insects, and causing harmful effect to non-target organisms and environment. Plant-mediated biopesticides are an alternative source for the management of insect pests. Present study focuses on lethal and sublethal effects of Manihot esculenta on immune response and antioxidant enzyme activity of Spodoptera litura larvae. The result shows that high toxicity of petroleum benzene leaf extract in S. litura larvae with LC50 of 109.89 mg/mL. FT-IR analysis of leaf extracts shows the presence of alkane, alkyl halides, misc, amines, esters and carboxylic acid. GC-MS analysis of extracts contains 10 compounds, notable among them are 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (10.93) and Lupeol (11.35), 4, 4, 6A, 6B, 8A, 11, 14 B-Octamethyl- (37.41). In addition, several sublethal effects of the leaf extract were also observed. There was a significant increase in the total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count in S. litura larvae. Phenoloxidase (PO) levels, detoxification enzymes such as CytP450, GST and catalase levels were significantly increased, whereas, SOD levels were lower than the non-treated S. litura larvae. Manihot esculenta leaf extracts is an alternative to chemical insecticides for the management of S. litura larvae and may be used for the management of other agricultural insect pests.

SCREENING OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF NATURALLY OCCURRING FRESHWATER FILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGAE CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA COLLECTED FROM BIRBHUM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Microalgae have been recognized in the last several years as source of novel anti-viral, anti-algal, antibacterial and antifungal metabolites. Cladophora glomerata is a branched filamentous green algae commonly found in freshwater bodies. The aim of the present work is to study the antimicrobial screening of the cell extracts of naturally occurring freshwater green algae Cladophora glomerata against clinically significant microorganisms both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and pathogenic fungi. In this study four test pathogens were considered, these test bacterial strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and fungal strain was Candida krusei. Crude metabolites were extracted using four different solvents namely chloroform, methanol, butanol and petroleum benzene. The antimicrobial activities of crude extracts were evaluated using agar cup diffusion methods. Among the solvents highest antimicrobial activity was detected in methanol extracts against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, i.e. Bacillus subtilis (19.66±0.57 mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.66±0.57 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.33±0.57 mm) respectively. Moderate activity were detected in chloroform extract against Bacillus subtilis (14.00±0.57 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.33±1.00 mm) respectively. The less activity was detected in petroleum benzene extract against Staphylococcus aureus (10.66±1.00 mm) and no activity was found against fungal pathogen Candida krusei. The present finding that may serve as leads for the development of new pharmaceuticals addressing the novel therapeutic needs of mankind. It is concluded that the branched filamentous green algae Cladophora glomerata occurring in natural freshwater bodies represents a new source of antimicrobial formulation with stable and biologically active compounds. Keywords: Cladophora glomerata, Freshwater bodies, Solvent extracts, Antimicrobial potential.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FATTY ACID PROFILES IN PATIN (PANGASIUS MICRONEMUS) AND GABUS (CHANNA STRIATA) FISH OIL AND ITS AUTHENTICATION USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY COMBINED WITH CHEMOMETRICS

Objective: The aims of this research were to analyse the fatty acids contained in Patin (Pangasius micronemus) and Gabus (Channa striata) fish oils also its authentication using FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics.
 Methods: Patin fish oil (PFO) was extracted from patin flesh using the maceration method with petroleum benzene as the solvent, while gabus fish oil (GFO) was purchased from the market in Yogyakarta. The analysis of fatty acid was done using gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The authentication was performed using FTIR spectrophotometer and chemometrics methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the proximity of oils based on the characteristic similarity. The quantification of adulterated PFO was performed using multivariate calibrations, partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). The classification between authentic oils and those adulterated used discriminant analysis (DA).
 Results: The level of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in PFO is higher than in GFO. The PLS and PCR methods using the second derivative spectra at wavenumbers of 666–3050 cm-1 offered the highest values of coefficient of determination (R2) and lowest root means the square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP).
 Conclusion: The PCA method was successfully used to determine the proximity of oils. Among oils studied, PFO has a similarity fatty acid composition with GFO. The DA method was able to screen pure PFO from adulterated PFO without any misclassification reported. FTIR spectroscopy in combined with chemometrics can be used for authentication and quantification.

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Saponin Contents of Different Solvent Extracts of C. phrygius Bornm.

It is known that some members of t he genus Convolvulus L. are commonly used in Turkish folk medicine. These species are powerful in curing the toothache and joint pains. This study was focused on the determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents of the different solvent (methanol, acetone and petroleum benzine) extracts of C. phrygius as well as its antioxidant activity. Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminium colorimetric and vanillin-sulphuric acid method were used to detect total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents in the extracts, respectively. The antioxidant activities were determined by using ABTS, NO, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating methods. The methanol extract of C. phrygius demonstrated highest antioxidant and total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin content. Our results showed that C. phrygius could be accepted as a novel and alternative natural antioxidant source. Further studies should be carried out on the identification of responsible active components.