Gasoline Tank Research Articles

Safety and Environmental Sustainability of Strategic Gasoil Tanks, Affected by Fire and Explosion Incidents in the Oil Facilities of Southern Ahvaz

Background: Incidents involving fire and explosions in storage tanks containing petroleum derivatives pose significant safety and environmental risks. The Ahvaz oil field, ranking as the third-largest globally, features numerous storage tanks for petroleum derivatives, raising the likelihood of accidents and necessitating a comprehensive investigation. Methods: This study aimed to assess the repercussions of gasoline release from two strategically positioned tanks within an oil center in Ahvaz city in the year 1400. The evaluation encompassed two gasoline tanks, one with a capacity of 650 L and the other with 2.3 million L. Numerical calculation methods and the ALOHA model were employed for consequence modeling. The modeling incorporated data on climatic conditions, topographic parameters, geographical characteristics, and tank specifications. The chemical exposure index (CEI) was utilized to prioritize potential health hazards for individuals in the vicinity of the tanks. Results: The findings indicated that, based on the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) criteria, the minimum safe distance for a fire is 28.5 yards for the 650-liter tank and 76.5 yards for the 2.3 million-L tank. Additionally, the toxic cloud radius resulting from diesel release was 61.2 and 136 yards for the respective tanks, putting 19 employees at risk in this area. Thus, the consequences of diesel release from tanks represent plausible and noteworthy incidents that could lead to significant accidents and damages. Conclusion: Assessing the repercussions of diesel release serves as an effective management tool in emergencies involving tanks, facilitating safe and appropriate placement measures.

Analysis of Fire and Explosion Consequences in Accidents Involving Premium Gasoline Tanker Trucks

Analysis of Fire and Explosion Consequences in Accidents Involving Premium Gasoline Tanker Trucks

Evaluating the Impact of Barging Activity on Road Decongestion in Apapa Lagos Nigeria: A Case Study of AP Moller Terminal Ltd

The impact of barge transport in the evacuation of port cargoes from the Lagos Port Complex at Apapa in Lagos Nigeria is examined. Traffic gridlock extending from port congestion had made life difficult for inhabitants and users of the port city since the mid-1990s, especially when petrol tanker trucks began to rely on direct loading of refined petroleum products from the port and the petrol tank farms located all over the city. Despite the predominance of waterways, inland waterway transportation had not been well developed leading to intense traffic and commuter problems. Primary and secondary sources of data were used with quantitative and qualitative analytical methodology and analysis of variance (ANOVA) modelling. The findings include the substantial difference made by barges in the transfer of containers to various parts of the Lagos which demonstrably removed many lorries and trucks from the overstretched roads. The conclusion analyzed the impact of a systematic introduction of full barging services in the sea trade of the country and port city dwellers especially.

Hydrogen Economy: Are we ready?

Hydrogen Economy: Are we ready?

The Effects of Spill Pressure on the Migration and Remediation of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Aquifers

The spill pressure of the contaminant source is an important factor affecting the amount, location, form, and behavior of the dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) that plume in a contaminated subsurface environment. In this study, perchloroethylene (PCE) infiltration, distribution and, remediation via a surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) technique for a PCE spill event are simulated to evaluate the effects of the spill pressure of the contaminant source on the DNAPLs’ behavior in two-dimensional homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers. Five scenarios with different spill pressures of contamination sources are considered to perform the simulations. The results indicate that the spill pressure of the contaminant source has an obvious influence on the distribution of DNAPLs and the associated efficiency of remediation in homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers. As the spill pressure increases, more and more contaminants come into the aquifer and the spread range of contamination becomes wider and wider. Simultaneously, the remediation efficiency of contamination also decreases from 93.49% to 65.90% as the spill pressure increases from 33.0 kPa to 41.0 kPa for a heterogeneous aquifer with 200 realizations. The simulation results in both homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers show the same influence of the spill pressure of the contaminant source on PCE behaviors in the two-dimensional model. This study indicates that the consideration of the spill pressure of the contaminant sources (such as underground petrol tanks, underground oil storage, underground pipeline, and landfill leakage) is essential for the disposal of contaminant leakage in the subsurface environment. Otherwise, it is impossible to accurately predict the migration and distribution of DNAPLs and determine the efficient scheme for the removal of contaminant spills in groundwater systems.

Comparing the Productivity of the Latest Models of Li-Ion Battery and Petrol Chainsaws in a Conifer Clear-Cut Site

The recent technological development of batteries has allowed the production of powerful tools that are also used in forestry operations. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the performance of two latest chainsaw models in a conifer clear-cut. The examined chainsaws, the battery-powered Stihl MSA 300 and the petrol-powered MS 261 C-M, have comparable power and weight. The overall working times were recorded and then gross, net and felling/processing productivities were quantified. Our findings reported that in a working day (7.4 h gross time), each chainsaw felled and processed an average of 20 trees of 0.64 m3 with an average diameter at breast height of 28 cm. Considering the net productivity, no statistically significant differences were recorded between the two chainsaws. Investigating the productivities on operations conducted using the chainsaws, the battery chainsaw showed a lower average tree-processing productivity than that recorded for the petrol chainsaw. On average, the battery duration was 0.88 h, while the petrol tank duration was 0.97 h. Our study shows that battery chainsaws have great potential in forestry operations; however, considering the actual need for 8 charges per standard workday, optimizing battery management is an important objective for future work.

ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПАРКА ВАГОНОВ-ЦИСТЕРН НА НАЛИЧИЕ ПРОЛИВА НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ

The article is devoted to the survey of the petrol tank fleet from the point of view of availability and size of the transported product spill zone. Based on the results of measurements, the final characteristics of the spill zones were determined: the length along the axis of the tank boiler, the angle of the zone, the length of the arc, the area of the spill zone. Probabilistic characteristics are calculated and integral distribution functions for each parameter are constructed. It is established that distribution of geometric characteristics of the spill zones is close to the normal law. The obtained results are proposed to be used when choosing the parameters of the tank boiler protection system from fire.

(Invited) 4C 15-Minute Fast-Charging Li-Ion Battery Enabled By Novel Electrolytes

Electrifying our transportation is one key step to decrease human society’s fossil fuel consumption, therefore, reducing CO2 emissions. In the past decade, electric vehicles (EVs), especially electric passenger cars, are successfully commercialized and are gaining increasing market shares. Most of these EVs are powered by Li-ion batteries (LiBs) due to their high performance over other alternative vehicle power sources. After three decades of development, the energy density of LiBs has steadily increased to >250 Wh/kg at the cell level, which enables EVs with a comparable drive range to their gasoline counterparts. However, the charging time of LiBs is much longer than the refueling of a gasoline tank. The current battery technology can only achieve 80% charge for >30-40 minutes at a high temperature (40-50°C), which falls short of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s target of 80% charge within 10 minutes. Achieving such a super-fast charging performance without degrading battery life is a challenge that still has not been solved.In this talk, I will discuss our latest findings that by engineering the composition of the electrolyte, the charging performance of LiB can be significantly enhanced. When compared with the commercial carbonate electrolytes (1M LiPF6 in EC-DMC, LP30; or 1M LiPF6 in EC-EMC, LP50), our electrolytes show remarkably better charging performance at all charging rate > 1C. Some formulation of our electrolyte is able to deliver >80% charge at 4C rate within 15 minutes at room temperature. I will discuss our fundamental study to understand the mechanisms underlying the remarkable charging performance of our electrolytes compared to the commercial carbonate electrolytes.

Care of Patients who Presented Severe Burns from Flammable Liquid Following the Explosion of a Gasoline Tank Truck on the Outskirts of Niamey

Aim of the study: To evaluate the care, at the National Hospital of Niamey, of patients who suffered severe burns following the explosion of a petrol tank truck. Patients and methods: It was a descriptive and analytical prospective study that took place from May 6 to August 8, 2019. All the patients, victims of the explosion, who were taken care at the National Hospital of Niamey were included in the study. Our data were entered and analyzed by computer software such as Epi info 7.2.3.1, Word Office and Excel Office 2016. Fischer and Pearson tests were used, with a significant value p<0.05. Results: The explosion concerned 104 people of which 55 (52.95%) were died, charred and unrecognizable. There were 41 (39.4%) patients with burn injury and 8 (7.7%) with smoke intoxication. 35 (71.43%) of the patients were taken care at the National Hospital of Niamey. The average age of the patients was 23.45 years with a sex-ratio (M/F) of 16.5. The average skin burnt area (SBA) was 57.12%; 3rd degree burn predominated with 71.87%. Hydro electrolytic resuscutation according to Parkland Hospital formula was the most used in the care of the patients with 87.5%. The most frequent localisation concerned the pelvic limb with 84.37%, the death rate represented 57.14%. The extend of skin burnt area, the depth of the burn, the Baux score value and the time at which death occurred were all significant factors that are associated with the mortality with respectively p=0.008; p=0.002 et p=0.003. Conclusion: The explosion of the gasoline tank truck showed our limits in care at the HNN. The establishment of a white plan for the management of massive influxes, the creation of a burns center as well as prevention through information and education of the population is more than necessary.

МОДЕЛЬ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЯ И ОЦЕНКИ ПОЖАРООПАСНОСТИ ЭЛЕКТРОПРОВОДКИ ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ВАГОНА ПО ТЕПЛОВОМУ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЮ

Emergency states that arise at influence of free fire on an oil and gasoline tank shell lead to thermal stress that can cause shell damage, a decrease of hardness and material strength. The paper considers a method for determination of a non-steady thermal field of the shell in a fire centre. Besides, the authors have got a thermal conductivity equation in partial derivatives and suggest a new approximation of the thermal field in the form of polynomials. The method is realized in the MathCad program complex and can be used at design of railway tanks for transportation of dangerous freights and at development of systems for protection from emergency thermal influences.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ НЕСТАЦИОНАРНОГО ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО ПОЛЯ ОБОЛОЧКИ КОТЛА НЕФТЕБЕНЗИНОВОЙ ЦИСТЕРНЫ ПРИ ПОЖАРЕ

Emergency states that arise at influence of free fire on an oil and gasoline tank shell lead to thermal stress that can cause shell damage, a decrease of hardness and material strength. The paper considers a method for determination of a non-steady thermal field of the shell in a fire centre. Besides, the authors have got a thermal conductivity equation in partial derivatives and suggest a new approximation of the thermal field in the form of polynomials. The method is realized in the MathCad program complex and can be used at design of railway tanks for transportation of dangerous freights and at development of systems for protection from emergency thermal influences.

Photo-degradation of P-Nitro Toluene Using Modified Risk Assessment of Gasoline Storage Unit of National Iranian Oil Product Distribution Company using PHAST Software

The present study evaluates the risk of the gasoline tank of the National Iranian Oil Product Distribution Company (NIOPDC) in Sari region using process hazard analysis software tool (PHAST) and according to the environmental and process data of the unit. The consequences of different scenarios such as small and medium leakage, constant release rate and complete rupture were modeled and then the range of each one was obtained according to the intensity of radiation or pressure wave and the safe distances of each was determined. Due to the consequences of the explosion, the worst results were related to the weather conditions of 2/3 F for 4700, 2400, and 2300 meters, respectively. Also, based on eruptive and sudden fire data, the intensity of radiation which corresponds to the immediate death or destruction of equipment was seen in climatic conditions of (2/3 F and 4/1 D), at intervals of 180 and 160 meters distances, respectively. In these two weather conditions flammability intervals were 10520 and 450 meters. Then, by combining the severity of these accidents with the distribution of the population and the probability of their occurrence, the level of risk for these storages was determined.

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks based on TOPSIS methodologies

Spontaneous ignition of the corrosion products of an oil tank may lead to an explosion. To evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion products in oil tanks, the thermodynamic characteristic parameters of the corrosion products of oil tanks were obtained by thermogravimetry as evaluation indexes. Then, the objective weights of these indexes were calculated via the CRITIC method, and TOPSIS theory was used to comprehensively evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency of corrosion product samples from oil tanks. The results show that the weight of the mass loss rate at the ignition point is the highest, and the apparent activation energy of the corrosion products is not the decisive factor affecting their spontaneous combustion tendency. As such, the spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of oil tanks cannot be based on only the apparent activation energy. The spontaneous combustion tendency of the corrosion products of a gasoline tank is lower than that of a diesel tank. The higher the heating rate is, the stronger the tendency of spontaneous combustion will be.

Study on multiple thermal radiation response of adjacent tanks based on numerical simulation

In order to obtain the time to failure of adjacent tanks under multi-thermal radiation conditions, the thermal response of gasoline tanks under multi-thermal radiation was studied. The heat radiation values of the adjacent tanks under pool fire were calculated. The temperature distribution and the corresponding stress of the adjacent tank were studied with ANSYS-Workbench software under the influence of single heat radiation and multi-thermal radiation. According to the physics properties of tank steel Q235B, the time to failure (ttf) of the tank was analysed. The results show that the temperature rise rate affected by the coupling effect of multi-thermal radiation is significantly higher than that affected by single heat radiation; when the storage tank is affected by the single heat radiation, the time to failure is about 22min; when the storage tank is affected by the coupling effect of multi-thermal radiation, the time to failure is about 15min.

WITHDRAWN: Design and development of multi controlled smart bike

In the Morden world the bikes are the most commonly used vehicle for the transportation. But the actual fact is there is no safety precautions in the bike. This shows the bike riding is not safety for the users like accident prevention and theft prevention. The accident prevention makes loss of conscious and sometimes it leads to death. Sometimes the rider forgets to wear the helmet, which is unsafety while traveling. Sometimes the parked bikes are missed from the place or sometimes the fuel was theft. There is no safety for the fuel level in the bikes. When there is a heavy rain the side stand of the bike will goes inside and the bike felt down which makes the damage to the bike and the leaking of the fuel. At the traffic the movement of the bike is very low that makes some crash between the bike. Some people are forgetting to turn of the head light which leads to the loss of vision for the others. During summer the atmospheric heat is very high at that time the petrol which is easily evaporated is stored as the vapour in the tank and at some pressure it makes a blast of the petrol tank, which is highly dangerous to the bike riders. This make bike travelling is very dangerous to us. This project had done with the some of the safety methods like Bike and fuel theft control, forward distance measurement for the prevention of the accident, speed control alert system, and the smart helmet for the user safety. This makes the bike riding is safety for the riders and prevent the theft which makes the bike as smart bike.

Криотехнология обеспечения пожарной и экологической безопасности резервуаров автозаправочных станций

Introduction. The principles of comprehensive fire and environmental safety of gasoline tanks using cryogenic technology in the installation of environmental and fire safety on the example of gas stations are substantiated. Goals and objectives. Substantiation of the principles of comprehensive provision of fire and environmental safety of gasoline tanks at filling stations using cryogenic technology in the installation for ensuring environmental and fire safety (OEEFS). Methods. Fire and environmental safety of closed containers for storing liquid hydrocarbons (in our case, gas station tanks) can be ensured by: - recirculation of vapors in closed volumes - "gas tank-reservoir"; - capturing hydrocarbon vapors on breathing fittings; - dilution of the vapor phase in the gas space of the tank to reduce the emission of vapor-air mixtures to the outside; - phlegmatization of the vapor-air space of the reservoir with inert gases; - combining these methods (the method reflected in the application of OEEFS). Results and discussion. A diagram of the application of cryotechnology in the construction of an installation for ensuring environmental and fire safety is shown in Fig. one. Conclusions. Despite the objective pros and cons of a particular recovery technology, the final choice depends on the specific operating conditions of the equipment at the facility: the technically achievable level of minimizing emissions, logistics chains, types and characteristics of raw materials, etc. Therefore, to achieve maximum efficiency and versatility, our technological scheme includes the use of an additional unit: carbon-vacuum adsorption, liquid absorption or membrane module. Keywords: gas stations, fire safety, cryogenic technology, gasoline, environmental safety

DISPERSION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE VICINITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS STORAGE TANKS

Hydrocarbon storage tanks are important sources of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which have unfavorable effects on atmospheric chemistry and human health. The aim of this study is to calculate the emission of VOCs with emphasis on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from storage tanks in the export port of Abadan petroleum refinery company in Mahshahr, Iran. The rate of VOCs emission from 32 external floating roof storage tanks containing 7 different types of organic liquids was calculated using TANKs 4.0.9d software in hot and cold seasons. Then, the dispersion of these pollutants was analyzed by implementing AERMOD model. Field measurement was performed in 6 points in the study area in hot and cold seasons to validate AERMOD modeling results. Results show that maximum quantities of benzene (0.0649 g/s) and ethylbenzene (0.0189 g/s) were emitted from light naphtha storage tanks, and maximum quantities of toluene (0.1635 g/s) and xylene (0.0593 g/s) were emitted from gasoline storage tanks in the hot season. Also, in the cold season, maximum emission of benzene (0.0335 g/s) observed from jet naphtha storage tanks, ethylbenzene (0.0093 g/s) from light naphtha storage tanks, and toluene (0.0826 g/s) and xylene (0.0314 g/s) from gasoline storage tanks. In 8-h and 24-h emissions of BTEX pollutants in the export port area, the most polluted points were identified as points 5 and 6 in the hot season and points 2 and 4 in the cold season. The highest BTEX emission rate was related to gasoline tank #14 with 0.2927 g/s in the hot season and 0.1497 g/s in the cold season. Comparison of predictions of the model with the measurements showed that mean value of absolute average relative deviation (AARD) was between 7-16% which indicates that an acceptable modeling was performed.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ КРИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ПОДАЧИ ПЕНЫ В РЕЗЕРВУАР С ВЫСОКООКТАНОВЫМ БЕНЗИНОМ

Purpose. The analysis of normative documents regulating the amount of foam supply intensity for extinguishing high-octane gasoline was carried out in the research. The developed technique of determining foam supply critical intensity by various methods depending on the initial heating of high-octane gasoline is described, as well as the experimental installation that allows implementing a combined foam discharge method whereby foam is simultaneously discharged both onto the surface of the combustible liquid and under the layer. Methods. The authors analyzed normative documents regulating fire extinguishment of oil and petrochemicals. The study was carried out at the experimental installation developed according to the appropriate test method. Findings. The analysis of normative documents indicated differences in the criteria for choosing foam discharge intensity for high-octane gasoline. It was decided to determine the possibility of applying increasing factors for standard values of foam discharge intensity depending on time of free fire development in a high-octane gasoline tank. The experimental installation was based on the standardized installation according to GOST R 50588, which was modernized for possible foam discharge in a combined way. Fuel is preheated to determine the heating temperature effect on foam application rate. Model foam generators with a flow rate of 1.8-2.2 g/s and pans of various diameters were used to change the intensity of foam discharge. Research application field. This technique will be used for obtaining data on determining the most effective method of extinguishing high-octane gasoline at different time intervals. The experimental installation will allow obtaining new data on choosing intensity and methods of foam discharge for modern mixed gasolines. Conclusions. The carried-out work showed the relevance of conducted research work aimed at assessing the value of foam discharge critical intensity applying various methods depending on the initial heating temperature of high-octane gasoline in the tank. To determine the target value, the experimental stand and the corresponding test procedure have been developed, the results of which will be given in further publications.

Determining the emission rates of volatile organic compounds and modeling their dispersion from the petroleum and chemical storage tanks of the largest oil terminal in the southwest of Iran

This study aimed to investigate the air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with an emphasis on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). Due to surface evaporation from the storage tanks of the largest petroleum and chemical product terminal in the export port of the southwestern Iran, the field measurements of the emission sources were performed using the TANKs 4.0.9d software, and VOC emission modeling was performed using the PHAST software. Among 36 point sources (32 external floating roof tanks and four internal floating roof tanks), the emission rates of the VOCs of the storage tanks were determined using the TANKs 4.0.9d software in the area of 3.8 km2 during 12 months (March 2017-January 2018). The highest rate of VOC emissions from the tanks was observed in July, with the highest temperature and wind speed in the region. According to the results, the total emission rate of the VOCs from the storage tanks was 881.74 ton/year, and the highest emission rate was observed in the external floating roof tanks (865.7 ton/year; 98.18%). The contribution of the internal floating roof tanks was 16.04 ton/year (1.81%), and the highest and lowest VOC emission rates in the export port were observed in the light naphtha tank No. 67 and jet naphtha storage tank (56.73 and 4.18 ton/year), respectively. In addition, the highest and lowest BTEX emission rates from the storage tanks were observed in the gasoline tank No. 62 and jet naphtha tanks No. 93 and 94 (0.37 and 0.05 ton/year), respectively.

Insight into the safety distance of ground and underground installations in typical petrochemical plants

Petrochemical plants are continuously turning into large-size corporations, the installations of facilities show a developing trend from ground to underground because of the difference in land using rate. In this regard, the safety distance of petrochemical equipment buried in both ground and underground cases were investigated based on risk assessment. As a case study, gasoline tank and LPG tank set on the ground and underground are singled out to compare the risks involved. The research showed that the setting case of installation had a great influence on safety distance. Two cases have 80% reduction of equivalent safety distance compared with the rest of the cases. It was found that when the gasoline storage tank was placed underground alone, the PLL value decreased by 36.7%. Only LPG tank was placed underground, and the PLL decreased by 6.33%, and the gasoline and LPG storage tanks were placed underground simultaneously, the PLL value declined by 42.3%. Thus, the layout of plants could be further optimized, which can greatly improve the performances of land use efficiency and safety. In addition, this paper, the selection of embedding methods and the sensitivity of underground case to overpressure was resumed from two aspects: soil properties and burial depth. For the soil properties, it was found that the water saturated sandy soil with high air content and the low density unsaturated sandy soil had better effects on weakening overpressure. Such properties are particularly beneficial to reducing the occurrence rate of accidents. In terms of burial depth, it can be observed that as the burial depth was changed from 0.5m to 1.1m, the value of overpressure has dropped dramatically. When the burial depth was 2m, the damage to personnel and buildings has been greatly reduced beyond 2m from the explosion center.