Peter Mohyla Research Articles

CHANGES IN MARKERS OF NEURO-IMMUNE DISINTEGRATION IN THE SUB-ACUTE PHASE OF ISCHEMIC STROKE

Background. The increase in the prevalence of CVZ gives reasons to consider the problem of combating stroke as a priority area of treatment and prevention work of medical workers all over the world.
 Aim: assessment of the role of changes in markers of neuroimmune disintegration in the acute phase of ischemic stroke.
 Material and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinical units of the Medical Institute of the Black Sea National University named after Peter Mohyla (Mykolaiv, Odesa) in 2020-2022. At the first stage, a retrospective analysis of 150 disease histories of patients who underwent II and were undergoing rehabilitation at the "Expert Health" medical center was carried out. At the second, prospective stage, 28 patients who had II in the subacute period were examined with an in-depth immunological examination. An analysis of the dynamics of leukogram indicators, CRP, procalcitonin and other markers of inflammation was carried out. At the prospective stage, the blood content of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL2, Il6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL4, IL10) was additionally determined. Statistical processing was carried out by methods of dispersion and correlation analysis using Statistica 14.0 software (TIBCO, USA).
 Results. According to the retrospective analysis, the severity of changes in leukogram and CRP content correlated with the severity of II (r=0.11-0.29). With an average NIHSS score of 10.8±0.9, the content of lymphocytes in the peripheral pool averaged 17.3±0.4%, while the total content of leukocytes was 9.4±0.2 G/l. 76 (50.7%) patients had records in their medical records regarding the assessment of the CRP level, which averaged 7.7±0.9 mg/l. In 72.7% of patients, manifestations of atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic vessels were determined, including in 31.3% - signs of critical stenosis of the carotid arteries. When comparing the levels of CRP and the severity of the atherosclerotic process, a positive correlation of average strength was found (r=0.31).
 It is shown that in the subacute period at the stage of rehabilitation, the leukogram normalizes, the manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response decrease. At the same time, there are signs of stress on neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms and the need to monitor inflammatory biomarkers both in the acute and subacute stages of stroke.
 Conclusions. The expressiveness of changes in leukogram and CRP content correlates with the severity of II, and high levels of CRP are a predictor of an adverse clinical outcome. When comparing the levels of CRP and the severity of the atherosclerotic process, a positive correlation of average strength was found (r=0.31). With an ischemic stroke, neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms are stressed in the subacute stage of the disease. It is advisable to monitor inflammatory biomarkers both in the acute and subacute stages of stroke.

RUGĂCIUNEA BISERICII ÎN VREME DE RĂZBOI, POTRIVIT TRADIȚIEI BIZANTINE

The purpose of this paper is to offer a textual and theological analysis of certain prayers in times of war and for the army, which are part of the Byzantine tradition. The author discusses three types of evidence for such prayers: (a) prayers mentioned in the historical or panegyric writings of Christian authors and those prescribed by the military Byzantine manuals of the emperors Maurice, Leo VI and Nikephoros II Phokas during war campaigns and on the battlefield; (b) prayers in times of fear caused by “barbarian” invasions contained in the ancient Byzantine Euchologia, and (c) a series of model-prayers to be used during enemy destructive raids, composed by prominent ecclesiastical figures of the 14th century (such as Gregory Palamas, Philotheos Kokkinos, Macarius Chrysocephalos, and Symeon of Thessaloniki). The wording of the prayers had, on one hand, a deep penitential character, through which war was understood as a chastisement God allowed to rebuke the sins of Christians, but, on the other hand, framed the war of the Byzantine army as a battle for the Orthodox faith, against the unfaithful and those who do not reckon the one true God. One can find prayers where the dominant idea is the petition for peace and deliverance from the despair of war (an attitude closer to the position of the early Church towards war), but also prayers that contain a more belligerent rhetoric, in which God is asked repeatedly to crush the blasphemous foes and to grant victory to the faithful army. Finally, the paper discusses two rites for the blessing of weapons and of the national/military banner, that are found in the current Romanian Euchologion. These rites are adaptations in a particular manner of the corresponding rites included in the Trebnik of Peter Mohyla. There are however some theological contestations of the use of such rites in the liturgical a

Grammatical Features of the Moscow Edition of the Trebnik in the Middle of the 17th Century (on the Material of a Comparative Study of Trebnik by Nikon in 1658 and Trebnik by Peter Mohyla in 1646)

The paper studies the grammar features that characterize the Moscow revision of the Book of Needs (Trebnik), composed under patriarch Nikon (1658). The research is based on a comparison of Nikon’s and Peter Mogila’s (1646) Trebniks. The study confirmed the scientific statement that Nikonian editors revised the Trebnik in accordance with the recommendations of the Moscow edition of M. Smotritsky’s Grammar. This is shown, for example, in the use of certain endings in the nominal and adjective declension and of the imperative indicator (in the verbs of the first conjugation in the 1st and 2nd persons of the plural). The emergence of hyper-correct phenomena points at to obligatory character of the corrections. One of the main directions of the Nikonian edition was the elimination of grammatical variability and homonymy. To this end, editors fixed one form for expressing grammatical meaning in those cases when the grammar allowed variations, for example, the use of the ending -ѣхъ in the local masculine and neuter plurals, the elimination of the enclitic forms of personal pronouns in the dative case in the adnominal position and their replacement by possessive pronouns, the use of reflexive verbs to express passive in place of combinations of passive participles with the verb byti (быти).

CONSIDERAȚII DESPRE REFORMA LITURGICĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ DIN SEC. AL XVII-LEA: MOLITFELNICUL DE LA BĂLGRAD

This paper discusses the place of the Romanian Euchologion printed in 1689 at Bălgrad (today Alba Iulia, Romania) in the liturgical reform of the Orthodox Church of Transylvania during the 17th c. The author aims to establish that the apparition of the Euchologion of Bălgrad was not only the product of Calvinist Reformation, which insisted on the translation of the liturgical orthodox texts into the vernacular language, but also the result of the liturgical reform undergone by the Orthodox Church of Wallachia. After a summary presentation of the context of liturgical reform in the Romanian Church during the 17th century, the author offers a brief comparison of the contents of the Euchologion of Bălgrad and the Slavonic Trebnik printed at Câmpulung (Wallachia) in 1635, which inaugurated the domination of the Ruthenian liturgical practice in the Church of Wallachia, as an effect of the church reform supported by Metropolitan Peter Mohyla of Kiev. The comparison led to the conclusion that the former was mostly a Romanian translation of the latter, with some adaptations, which reflect either local usages or changes caused by the dynamic of the liturgical practice. The apparition of the Euchologion of Bălgrad aimed the correction and standardization of the byzantine-slavic rite in Transylvania and the initiation of the faithful through the translation of euchological texts into the vernacular. Its large circulation through manuscript copies until the 19th century demonstrates the value of this book in the liturgical life of the Romanian Orthodox Church of Transylvania

Академічна доброчесність всистемі освіти в галузі фізичної культури

The transition to distance learning as a result of quarantine measures in the field of higher education has intensified the negative trends in the use of dishonest learning methods by students. Objective: was to improve the quality of education of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports by improving the mechanism for the observance of academic integrity. Material & Methods: analysis of normative documents, scientific works; Questionnaire of students of the Black Sea National University named after Petro Mohyla (n = 358) 1–4 courses studying at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports (specialty 017 «Physical Culture and Sports» (n = 200), 227 «Physical therapy, occupational therapy» (= 134), 091 «Biology» (n = 24). Conclusions: As a result of the survey, it was determined that the students of the Black Sea National University named after Peter Mohyla learn about the need of observance of academic integrity from teachers, curators, student government (52.4 %); from the Internet (17 %); from friends (12.35 %). The majority of respondents (62.9 %) stated that they had never used dishonest teaching methods and were unaware of such cases by their classmates. 16.7 % of respondents wrote off and used tips; 6.6 % of students did not refer to the sources properly. According to the majority of students (75.4 %), teachers prevent the manifestations of academic dishonesty: reduce scores for the task performed, forced to rework, or do not count points at all and do not allow to resubmit work. The results of a study by foreign scientists indicate that most of the manifestations of dishonesty include plagiarism, improper use of resources, deliberate and spontaneous fraud, deceiving teachers when passing online tests and exams. The results of studies by both domestic and foreign scientists indicate that from 40 % to 60 % of students resorted to academic impiety. Results: To reduce the negative consequences of manifestations of academic dishonesty in higher education in the process of training specialists in the field of sports, a number of measures have been proposed: formation of tasks for abstracts, creative and exploratory works, using modern trends in the theory and methodology of sports; an increase in the number of questions on exams, a decrease in the time spent on the online test (exam); an annual survey of students on the observance of academic integrity.

Боротьба за скликання Помісного собору Автокефальної Православної Церкви у Польщі в другій половині 20-х – 30-х роках ХХ століття

Метою статті є дослідження особливостей процесу боротьби за скликання Помісного собору Автокефальної Православної Церкви в Польщі (АПЦП) у другій половині 20-х – 30-х роках ХХ століття, метою якого було врегулювання її правового статусу і майнового положення. Авторкою проаналізовано архівні документи, матеріали тогочасної періодичної преси та видань, в яких висвітлювалися проблеми щодо скликання Помісного собору АПЦП. Методологія дослідження. Методологічну основу статті склали принципи історизму, об’єктивності, системності, міждисциплінарного підходу. Застосовано загальнонаукові, спеціально-історичні та міждисциплінарні методи. Кожен із них у конкретній ситуації був результативним і дозволив об’єктивно реконструювати процеси щодо скликання Помісного собору Автокефальної Православної Церкви у Польщі. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що авторка на основі архівних документів та матеріалів періодичної преси досліджуваного періоду з’ясувала особливості процесу боротьби за скликання Помісного собору АПЦП. Дослідження ґрунтується на новому джерельному матеріалі, який вперше вводиться до наукового вжитку. На відміну від попередніх робіт, присвячених цій темі, у статті більш рельєфно виявлена динаміка змін у релігійній політиці як Польської держави, так і Римо-католицького костелу щодо Православної церкви. Висновки. Після проголошення автокефалії Православна церква у Польщі потребувала врегулювання свого правового статусу та внутрішньої реорганізації. Вирішення цих питань було дуже важливим для забезпечення церковно-релігійних потреб православної громади. Перед православ’ям стояла ціла низка проблем. Їх вирішення залежало від польського уряду, православної ієрархії і вірян. Переплетення інтересів цих трьох основних чинників спрямовувало процес організаційного та правового становлення АПЦП. Наприкінці 20-х і 30-х роках ХХ ст. на захист інтересів АПЦП активно стали українські посли і сенатори. Вони домагалися задоволення потреб українського православного населення з трибун сейму і сенату, перед церковною та світською владою. Створене у 1931 році Волинське українське об’єднання (ВУО) та Товариство імені митрополита Петра Могили домагалися скликання Помісного собору АПЦП, який мав врегулювати її правовий статус і майнове становище. Однак на шляху скликання Собору зустрічалися перепони з боку православної ієрархії та польського уряду. Він так і не відбувся. Але постійні передсоборні приготування стали імпульсом до активізації православних вірян, які відстоювали права своєї Церкви.

Hymnographic Complex by Meletios Syrigos Dedicated to the Kyivan Cave Saints and All Russian Saints in the Russian Tradition

Abstract In this paper, topics regarding the glorification of the Kyivan Cave Saints and other Kyivan Saints of the 17th century are discussed, based on the hymnographic complex (complete feast service and paraklesis) to the Kyivan Cave Saints and All Russian Saints composed by Meletios Syrigos, prominent Cretan scholar and official legate of the Ecumenical Patriarch, during his stay in Kyiv in June 1643. The two manuscripts containing the Greek hymnographic text studied – including the autograph manuscript – reference the names of 55 Kyivan Cave Saints as well as 19 other Kyivan Saints, some of whom remain unknown. The Church Slavonic translation carried out directly after the composition of the Greek text was realized in two stages and is analyzed according to two manuscript sources. Only some parts of Meletios’ complex, namely the Paraklesis with the stichera and troparia, were translated into Slavonic. Several decades later (before 1677), the text of this translation was revised without consulting the original Greek text, resulting in the version kept in Church practice today. During the process of this revision, significant changes were made to the text, both regarding the commemorated persons and their presentation. Therefore, the comparative analysis of the Greek text alongside the Church Slavonic texts reveals unknown aspects and stages of the recognition and acceptance of the Kyivan Cave Saints both in Peter Mohyla’s time and later on, as well as the role of Meletios Syrigos in this process.

Considerații pe marginea unei tipărituri liturgice românești mai puțin cercetate – Mystirio sau Sacrament (Târgoviște, 1651)

Mystirio sau, Sacrament, sau, Taine 2, de în ceale 7, Botezul și S[fân]t[ul] Mir (= MYS) is a liturgical handbook for priests printed in 1651 in Târgoviște (Wallachia) at the initiative of Metropolitan Stephen I. This book of small dimensions comprises an introductive guide of sacramental theology for two Sacraments of Christian initiation, namely the Holy Baptism and Holy Chrismation, together with the description of their ordo and other prebaptismal and postbaptismal rites, the Canons of the Apostles and Holy Fathers for the Sacrament of Baptism, the ordo when in extreme urgency occasion arises to give communion to a sick person, a prayer for one who has eaten something defiling and instructions for the confessor priest. Although the prayers, liturgical formulas and scripturistic lectures are printed in Slavonic, the teachings and the rubrics are translated into Romanian language. In this paper the author analyses the liturgical rites described in MYS and, comparing it with other contemporary liturgical documents, demonstrates that while some parts in MYS were taken from an Slavonic Euchologion printed at Câmpulung (Wallachia) in 1635, the primary source of this book is the Kievan Trebnik of Peter Mohyla (1646).

СПЕЦИФІКА ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ТА ПРОФЕСОРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВОЛОДИМИРА ЛЕВИЦЬКОГО

The content of V. Levitstky’s pedagogical activity is analyzed in the article, his place and role as a sincere youth advisor and teacher of Lviv educational institutions, professor in the development of Ukrainian pedagogical thought are determined. The process of the formation of the scientist’s pedagogical ideology is also characterized. It was found out that in 1890, as a student of Lviv University, he began his scientific work. The author of the article pointed out that Volodymyr Levitsky, being in love with his favorite activity, was not satisfied only with his personal interest in mathematics, but tried to spread this curiosity among his students. In addition, it is noted that the aspects of higher mathematics, in particular differential equations and the theory of functions of a complex variable were the range of his scientific and mathematical interests. The content of Volodymyr Levitsky’s scientific works and pedagogical ideas in the conditions of problematic use of the Ukrainian language of the first half of the XX century in Ukraine during the Polish rule in Galicia and the domination of the USSR, the provisions of which are used not only by domestic but also foreign scientists. It is generalized that the scientist was the author of the first scientific article on mathematics in Ukrainian, the editor of the first scientific journal of the natural sciences in Ukrainian, the first author of materials on Ukrainian terminology in mathematics, physics and chemistry, author of Ukrainian textbooks of mathematics, physics and physics. taught in the name of Peter Mohyla, the founder, pedagogue and teacher of mathematics in Lviv educational institutions, but also an outstanding scientist-mathematician of Ukraine, in particular the West. The author of the article noted that Volodymyr Levytsky lived a life full of pedagogical activity, during which he worked tirelessly and sincerely in the field of the Ukrainian science and education, as well as the fact that the scientist was the first to raise mathematical culture on Ukrainian soil during his work in Galicia.Key words: inspector of secondary schools, mathematical culture, Scientific Society named after Taras Shevchenko, pedagogical activity, teacher, natural section, terminology commission, professional instructor.

The Library of Mavrocordatos Family

This article is about the library set up by the Mavrocordatos family. It refers to all three of its branches: Constantinople, Chios and Văcăreşti, but focuses especially on the latter. The library in the monastery near Bucharest was one of the most complete of its days, and was well known even in the West. Some of its content is presented in my text, including its various catalogues; the scholars who worked on these compilations will also be mentioned. A project similar in its scope – the reconstitution of a library – has accomplished in the library of Peter Mohyla in Kiev.

Visible Rituals: Theology and Church Authority in the Iconography of the Seven Sacraments in Peter Mohyla's <em>Trebnyk</em> (1646)

Visible Rituals: Theology and Church Authority in the Iconography of the Seven Sacraments in Peter Mohyla's <em>Trebnyk</em> (1646)

Polemika pomiędzy Piotrem Mohyłą a Kasjanem Sakowiczem wokół sprawowania sakramentu spowiedzi wcerkwi ruskiej (i unickiej) na podstawie utworów polemicznych ich autorstwa

The article takes the arguments of the pastoral and theological polemics around the celebration of the sacrament of confession in the Orthodox Slavic traditions of the 17th century, based on the works of: “Lithos...” of metropolitan Peter Mohyla and „Perspectiwa…” of rev. Kassian Sakovych.

Obrad Prothesis liturgie Sv. Jána Chryzostoma vo vybraných slovanských tlačených liturgikonoch 16. a 17. storočia

After the appearance of the very first Slavonic printed liturgicon in Venice in 1519 containing the Eucharistic formulary, only a few independent editions in several cultural centres were edited until the edition by the Metropolitan Peter Mohyla issued in Kiev in 1629. As a close examination has shown, these editions, although sharing a multitude of common features, do not bear any closer relation, or show any dependence among themselves. They instead seem to be monuments of a particular local tradition, conserving usages of a particular ecclesiastical unit of time. As such, their examination is an inevitable prerequisite for further research in the history of Slavonic liturgical formulary and its development within a Slavonic cultural milieu.

ТВОРЧА СПАДЩИНА ЦЕРКОВНИХ ІЄРАРХІВ УКРАЇНИ РАННЬОМОДЕРНОГО ЧАСУ ЯК КОНСОЛІДУЮЧИЙ ЧИННИК УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ПРАВОСЛАВ’Я (НА МАТЕРІАЛАХ БОГОСЛУЖБОВИХ І АГІОГРАФІЧНИХ ТВОРІВ)

Ukrainian hierarchs of the early modern age left behind a rich creative heritage, which comprised various works by volume, genre and theme. Their analysis demonstrates the multifaceted interests of their authors, which turned out to be diverse in scope, genre and subject works. First of all, they were liturgical and polemical works, which put the actual issues of theological, dogmatic and ritual nature, that arose in the process of inter-confessional polemics. Important hagiographic works, that raised the authority of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, belonged to Ukrainian ecclesiastical writers-bishops. In addition, their works included works of a secular nature - historical, poetic, dramatic, autobiographical works, study guides, works on moral and ethical subjects. This testifies that their creators in their educational and ideological settings went far beyond their spiritual state. The purpose of this article is an attempt to analyze the creative heritage of the Ukrainian bishops of the early modern age, in particular the works, which served as the consolidating factor of Ukrainian Orthodoxy - liturgical and hagiographic works. It is concluded, that theological and hagiographic works of church hierarchs were an important consolidating factor of Ukrainian Orthodoxy. They performed an important mission of purposeful popularization of the Ukrainian, mainly Kyiv, shrines and elevating the authority of Ukrainian Orthodoxy. The fundamental liturgical works, that were necessary to overcome the crisis of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, were created from the initiative and personal participation of Peter Mohyla in the circle of the leaders of the Pechersk cultural and educational circle, he headed out. The release of the four-volume hagiographic encyclopedia of Demetrius Tuptala ("The Life of the Saints") became the highest outgrowth of hagiographic writing in Ukraine and made, as so as the Patericon of Sylvester of Kosovo, a great influence on the development of literary monuments of that time. The popularity of the liturgical and hagiographic works of the main theorists of the Ukrainian Orthodoxy has been witnessed by their widespread dissemination and use among various Christian denominations.

The 1635 “Paterykon” by Sylvestr Kossov. Its Purposes, Originality, Sources and Interpretation

The article deals with one of the earliest prints of the Kyiv-Pechersk Typography, the Paterykon (1635), written by Sylvestr Kossov, an associate of Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, bishop of Mogilev, Orsha and Mstislav and future Metropolitan of Kyiv (1647-1657). Based on text analysis and comparison with other texts conclusions are made about the specificity and originality of the work and the intellectual orientation of its author. In particular, the article gives a full systematization of the sources used by Kossov, being a contribution to the exploration of early modern theological discourse, especially under the specific conditions of the contact zone between Eastern and Western Christianity. Questions like the purpose of the 1635 Paterykon, its hagiographical, polemical and historiographical narrations are also raised.

The Testament of Ivan the Terrible

Cornelia Soldat, Das Testament Ivans des Schrecklichen von 1572: Eine kritische Aufklarung/A Textual Analysis of the 1572 Will of Ivan the Terrible. Foreword by Russell E. Martin, vi + 510 pp. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. ISBN-13 978-0779906932. $84.95. The Testament of Ivan the Terrible is not one of the major sources on the history of the reign, if for no other reason than its lack of impact on the succession. Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich's death rendered it irrelevant. No interpretation of Ivan's reign will stand or fall by this document, though it does contain a confession of the testator's sins and a detailed disposition of the lands and property of the tsar. Both add a few details to the story of the oprichnina. To complicate matters, the Testament survives only in a very late copy. Not surprisingly, historians have rarely used it, though Gunter Stokl devoted a short book to it. (1) Cornelia Soldat is convinced that the text we have is a creation of the early 19th century, the work of the antiquarian Malinovskii. The surviving document, for which she provides some facsimiles, is in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) fond 197, Malinovskii's papers, in an early 19th-century copy with notations by A. Kurbatov(a) dated 1739. Soldat reviews the attempts to find a date for the document, which S. B. Veselovskii on internal evidence dated to 1572. Attempts to find other dates from the 1570s on the basis of the same internal evidence, those of R. G. Skrynnikov and L. Iurganov, she shows to be speculative at best. (2) Eler own methodology, however, is not particularly consistent. Soldat opens with a discussion of Edward Keenan's attempt to challenge the dating of the Kurbskii-Ivan Groznyi exchange (12-20), an attempt based on the assumption of a fixed authorial text, authentic or falsified, an assumption that she seems to share. (3) Yet she then appears to follow Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt's conception of Orthodox Slavic literature in general (222-29), which devoted considerable attention to the existence of an tradition for many literary monuments. In their view, Orthodox Slavic scribes added, deleted, and altered texts as they saw fit, and the presence of later textual elements tells us nothing about the date of original composition. In her analysis of the Testament, Soldat follows the Keenan approach, rather unexpectedly since she accepts the authenticity of a part of the Kurbskii-Ivan texts (I owe this point to Charles Halperin). From Picchio and Goldblatt she has taken their auxiliary notion of the biblical thematic clue, a scriptural quotation that begins many Old Slavic compositions and sets the direction for the text. (4) Such a clue is absent in the Testament. Soldat regards this absence as proof that the text is a forgery, though Picchio and Goldblatt never argued that the clue was invariably present. The two approaches cannot be reconciled: if Picchio is right about the open tradition, then trying to date texts based on the presumed dates of particular passages is not fruitful. Soldat's argument rests on three textual similarities that purportedly indicate a later date than the 16th century. One comes from Ihor Sevcenko, who noted in 1974 that an anonymous quotation in the Testament comes from paragraph 21 of the work of the sixth-century Byzantine deacon Agapetus. (5) Sevcenko believed that the version that occurs in the Testament had to come from Peter Mohyla's 1628 Kiev edition of the text, since as a Byzantinist he assumed that Old Russian texts were, like Byzantine texts, products of a closed tradition. There are at least two Slavic translations of Agapetus, one as early as the 11th century and another found in 16th-century manuscripts, both most easily available in Lobakova's study and publication of the Life of Metropolitan Filipp. (6) In the Testament and the Mohyla text the quotation is that the tsar should Bogu ne gnevatisia, i iako smertnu ne voznositisia; in the two Slavic versions of Agapetus we read smertnu ne voznositisia, i aky Bogu ne gnevatisia (329), a simple reversal of the order of phrases. …

Orthodox Reform in Seventeenth-Century Kiev: The Evidence of a Library

Abstract Drawing on the surviving lists of books from the private collection of Peter Mohyla, the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev in 1633-1646, the crucial period that followed the restoration of his confession’s legal status in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the article examines the place of Western monastic works in shaping the spiritual and doctrinal parameters of Orthodox reform. Beginning in the Archdiocese of Kiev, it subsequently spread to other branches of the Eastern Church, which remained outside communion with Rome in the seventeenth century: Greek, Moldavian, and Russian. The article establishes vital links between the process of Orthodox renewal and the European movement for religious change and considers the case for the applicability of the confessionalization model as a suitable analytical framework for Orthodox religious reforms.

Arsen Rychinsky's work "The Problems of Ukrainian Religious Consciousness" in Ukrainian Religious Studies

An unquestionable achievement of contemporary Ukrainian religious thought is the return from oblivion of Arsen Rychynsky's creative heritage, which is made by his main work, "Problems of Ukrainian Religious Consciousness." As the founder of the ethnology of religion in Ukrainian religious studies, he has filled the nearly three hundred-year gap in Ukrainian Orthodoxy, organically combining the historical origins, status, and tasks of the ethno-confessional existence of the Ukrainian people. If for the time of Peter Mohyla the idea of ​​the national Church (up to the formation of the patriarchy) was the basic factor of the national idea, then in A.Richinsky's time the national idea became the vital core of the national Church until the revival of the state, which is an unambiguous concept "for faith and the people of Russia" (XVII and nowadays the "Ukrainian State - the Ukrainian Church".

Latin Books and the Orthodox Church in Ruthenia: Two Catalogues of Books Purchased by Peter Mohyla in 1632 and 1633

Latin Books and the Orthodox Church in Ruthenia: Two Catalogues of Books Purchased by Peter Mohyla in 1632 and 1633

PETER MOHYLA'S TRANSLATION OF THE IMITATION OF CHRIST

The article is dedicated to one of the least known early works of Peter Mohyla, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev (1633–46). Known as a great church and educational reformer and ‘Westernizer’, he made a major contribution to the cultural development in Ruthenia, then a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Muscovy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The work has survived in a single manuscript copy which could have been made from a printed edition that was suppressed or destroyed soon after its publication. The author has established, for the first time, that the work in question is not an original piece, but a rendition of the fifteenth-century Catholic devotional treatise The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis into contemporary literary Ukrainian. First-hand evidence is presented to support this claim. Mohyla brought many significant changes to the original text using it as a vehicle to convey his own views formed under the influence of the Catholic Reformation, Jesuit education, and Latin books. Conclusions are drawn about the way he applied Western sources to rid the Orthodox Church from obscurity and self-imposed isolation from the European Christian civilization.