Number Of Petals Research Articles

Genetic Analyses of Flower Main Traits from Two Pitayas and Their Progenies: A Cactus Plant.

Elucidation of the genetic foundation governing crucial traits in pitaya flowers is imperative for enhancing both the ornamental and economic values. In this study, the dynamic variation in flower genetics, segregation variation patterns, and a mixed inheritance model of the major and multigene flower traits of 'Dahong' and 'Honghuaqinglong' pitayas and their progenies were explored. The results showed that the main traits of flowers exhibited varying degrees of variation among the reciprocal F1 hybrids, with the data exhibiting the characteristics of quantitative traits. The betalain content, petal number, and stigma number exhibited values below the median values of the parents, suggesting a genetic inclination towards lower values. Perianth width, calyx tube width, petal number, and stigma number had the same genetic effects and significant correlation. Stigma-related traits had a clear maternal inheritance tendency. The heritability of flower length, stigma relative to anther distance, and petal betalain content was governed by two pairs of additive-dominant major genes. Perianth width, calyx tube width, petal number, and stigma number all conformed to the model of two pairs of equal-additive-dominant major genes. This study provides valuable information for parental selection, cross-breeding, and the enhancement of pitaya varieties to meet market preferences and environmental conditions.

Study on the Generation of 1.9 μm Mode Superposition Conversion Laser by Double-End Off-Axis Pumping

In this paper, the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode superposition is obtained by using the technology of double-end off-axis pumping Tm:YLF crystal, and the LG mode superposition is achieved by combining the extra-cavity conversion method. The impact of changing the off-axis distance on the order of Hermite–Gaussian (HG) mode and the topological charge of LG mode is studied. The results show that when the off-axis distance of the pump source at both ends is tuned, when the off-axis distance is in the range of 260 μm~845 μm, the single-ended 0~10 order HG mode can be obtained. Subsequently, the mode converter is placed to obtain the LG mode beam, and the double-end simultaneously pumps the crystal to obtain the superimposed LG mode. The tuning off-axis quantity changes the topological charge number. When P = 0, l1=l2, the superimposed LG mode is a single-ring spot, and the vortex beam center’s dark hollow area increases with the topological charge number. When P = 0, l1=−l2, the superimposed LG mode is a petal-like spot. The number of petals differs from the topological charges of two opposite numbers. Finally, in the case of changing the topological charge number of the double-ended LG mode, the output of the vortex array structured beams of the tuning mode order 1.9 μm Tm:YLF is completed in the case of conversion and superposition.

Thermal performance enhancement of multiple tubes latent heat thermal energy storage system using sinusoidal wavy fins and tubes geometry modification

In this paper, performance enhancement of a shell and multiple tube latent heat thermal energy storage system (LHTESS) is numerically investigated by implementing sinusoidal wavy fins and different geometrical designs of heat transfer tubes. The annular space of the shell is filled with the paraffin wax RT35 as phase change material (PCM) and absorbs heat from hot water through the multiple tubes. With the constant total cross-section area of all tubes and fins as the constraint condition, the effect of tube number and tube shape incorporated with the proposed fins on the heat transfer properties of PCM during the melting process is evaluated. The computational results demonstrate that the sinusoidal wavy fins can improve the phase change efficiency compared to the conventional straight fins. The double-pitch sinusoidal wavy fins decrease the total melting time by 9.5% compared to the straight fins for the single-tube case. As the number of HTF tubes increased from one to four, the complete PCM melting time decreased by 38.3%. Geometrical design alterations of heat transfer tubes from circular to petal-shaped are proposed to further improve the thermal performance of multiple tubes LHTESS. The melting rate of PCM is accelerated with an increase in the number of petals. The petal tubes with nine petals can save the charging time up to 24 % in comparison with the circular tubes in a four-tube case with double-pitch sinusoidal wavy fins, and up to 57% compared to the base case with a single circular HTF tube and straight fins.

Identification of distinct roses suitable for future breeding by phenotypic and genotypic evaluations of 192 rose germplasms

Rose (Rosa) is a prominent ornamental plant that holds substantial economic and social significance. Roses originating from different regions exhibit intricate phenotypic and genetic characteristics, but the majority of rose genetic resources are poorly characterized. In this study, 192 genotypes of the genus Rosa were examined using 33 phenotypic traits and 10 pairs of SSR markers. Compared to wild species, both old garden and modern roses exhibited a significant level of diversity, with flower color having the highest degree of diversity and style morphology having the lowest degree of diversity. This phenomenon may be attributed to the limited utilization of wild roses due to their simpler ornamental traits and the frequent phenotypic and molecular infiltration between old garden roses and modern roses. Following a inaugural comprehensive evaluation employing principal component analysis, R. chinensis ‘Zihongxiang’, R. hybrida ‘Burgundy Iceberg’, R. hybrida ‘Conrad F. Meyer’, R. rugosa ‘Gaohong’ and R. floribunda ‘Sheherazad’ were selected as core germplasm resources for future breeding. Moreover, three tetraploid roses, namely R. hybrida ‘Midnight Blue’, R. floribunda ‘Sheherazad’, and R. hybrida ‘Couture Rose Tilia’, with significant differences in both phenotypic and molecular profiles were selected and reciprocally intercrossed. Ultimately, two populations were obtained exhibiting significant variation in flower size, annual stem color, stem pickle density, and leaf number. Furthermore, our results indicated that the traits of flower diameter, flower height, petal width, and petal number may potentially be controlled by two major-effect loci. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the evolutionary patterns of Rosa germplasm resources. It paves the way for identifying core genotypes that carry distinct ornamental characteristics and possess immense value for breeding novel varieties in the future.

Superposed Laguerre‐Gaussian Beams‐Based Orbital Angular Momentum Holography

AbstractOrbital angular momentum (OAM) holography implements OAM of light as an information carrier to reconstruct holographic images, due to a physically unbounded set of orthogonal OAM modes. Here, superposed Laguerre‐Gaussian (LG) beams are employed as incident beams to achieve OAM holography. Notably, this scheme utilizes exact complex‐amplitude modulation, as opposed to mere phase‐only modulation, ensuring the maintenance of amplitude information. In the absence of a matching field, the output images retain the properties of incident beams with a varying number of bright petals in each sampling pixel. On the other hand, when specific incident beams are illuminated, the output images can be reconstructed with multiple matching fields that lead to different intensities. It is essential to recognize that the bright spot in each sampling pixel of the output image achieves its peak intensity only when the matching field is the conjugate of the incident light field. This work offers a novel perspective on reconstructing holographic images through various matching fields and modulating the brightness of distinct holographic images in OAM‐multiplexing holography. Additionally, a theoretically infinite number of bright petals in each sampling pixel can also serve as information carriers in holography.

The Propagation Characteristics of Circular Airy Beams with Propagational Fractional-Order Optical Vortices

We investigate the propagation properties of circular Airy beams (CABs) with propagational fractional-order optical vortices (OVs). The superposition of the phase singularity and polarization singularity from a vortex vector beam (VVB) plays a significant role in creating a propagational fractional vortex beam. Propagational fractional vortex beams can be considered as a superposition of left and right circularly polarized vortex beams with different integer topological charges (TCs). We study the propagation characteristics of two kinds of propagational fractional vortex CABs, and the results show that both of the two kinds of beams can stably propagate in free space, and they exhibit an “abruptly auto-focusing” property and “self-healing” property during the propagation. The intensity distribution of the first kind of propagational fractional vortex CAB has an odd number of petals (2m + 1), while the second kind of beam has a crescent-shaped intensity distribution. The influence of turbulence on the beam propagation through atmosphere under different turbulence strengths is also numerically studied in this paper. A fractional vortex CAB with an initial radius r0 = 10 mm can retain its shape after propagating 20 m when the atmospheric refractive-index structure constant CN2=0.2×10−12m−2/3. Our results are expected to broaden the application of CABs.

Substrato à base de resíduos agroindustriais e coloração de bancadas de cultivo influenciam a produção de Zinnia elegans

Abstract Among the various technologies that can be used to modify the environmental conditions in protected cultivation, the use of agricultural waste and the use of cultivation benches of different colors can be beneficial to plants, providing adequate plant development and giving greater sustainability to the production system. The study aimed to identify the potential for using substrate based on agro-industrial waste and colored benches as alternatives for the production of Zinnia elegans. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), in the Unit of Cassilândia, using a completely randomized design arranged in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme (three bench colors x five substrate doses), with three replications of four plants for each treatment. The treatments consisted of three colored benches (white, red, and control - metal bench) and five substrate mixtures with different concentrations of agro-industrial waste (SBRA) and Ecosolo® (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) in which Zinnia elegans was grown. The variables analyzed were plant height, length of internodes, the number of leaves, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), stem diameter, flower diameter, number of petals, time required for flowering and shoot dry mass. It was found that the composition of the substrate affected most of the characteristics evaluated, except for internode length and stem diameter. The benches resulted in significant differences in relative chlorophyll content and number of petals. Adding increasing proportions of SBRA, provides greater vegetative growth and flower development in Zinnia elegans plants.

Petal grid diagrams of torus knots

A petal diagram of a knot is a projection with a single multi-crossing such that there are no nested loops. The petal number [Formula: see text] of a knot [Formula: see text] is the minimum number of loops among all petal diagrams of [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] denote the [Formula: see text]-torus knot for relatively prime integers [Formula: see text]. Recently, Kim et al. proved that [Formula: see text] whenever [Formula: see text]. They conjectured that the inequality holds without the assumption [Formula: see text]. They also showed that [Formula: see text] whenever [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Their proofs construct petal grid diagrams for those torus knots. In this paper, we prove the conjecture that [Formula: see text] holds for any [Formula: see text]. We also show that [Formula: see text] holds for any [Formula: see text]. Our proofs construct petal grid diagrams for any torus knots.

Controllable synthesis of multi-tip spatial gold nanostructures to facilitate SPR enhancement for exosomal PD-L1 assay

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed utilizing gold nanoflowers with multi-tip tiny petals (Au@Au mNFs) and multifunctional peptides for the selective detection of exosomal programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (ExoPD-L1). In the presence of different salt concentrations, DNA-functionalized gold seeds underwent in situ gold growth, resulting in Au@Au NFs with varying numbers of petals or Au@Au nanospheres (Au@Au NSs). The growth orientation of the gold shells was influenced by the “upright”, “tilted” or “lying” state of the DNA on the gold core surface, depending on the salt concentration solution. The finally prepared Au@Au mNFs exhibited a multi-tip spatial structure, which served as a highly efficient SPR sensitized layer with abundant hot spots on the gold film surface. The enhanced SPR sensitivity was attributed to the substantial electromagnetic field enhancement generated at the tips of the mNFs. By achieving suitable surface coverage of the multifunctional peptide at the sensing interface constructed by Au@Au mNFs, efficient capture of ExoPD-L1 was ensured. The analysis results demonstrated that the developed SPR sensor successfully detected ExoPD-L1 within a concentration range of 10–107 particles/mL, with a detection limit of 4.95 particles/mL. This work highlights the significant improvement in SPR sensing and detection performance achieved by utilizing Au@Au mNFs with multi-tip spatial nanostructures, providing a straightforward approach for achieving ultra-sensitive detection of target substances through SPR.

Determining Salt Tolerance of Zinnia Flower

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of irrigation water containing different salt levels on the morphological characteristics of zinnia (Zinnia elegans). For this purpose, five different salt levels (control, 2 dS m-1, 4 dS m-1, 6 dS m-1 and 8 dS m-1) were established. As morphological characteristics, plant height, plant diameter, number of flowers, flower diameter, flower stalk length, flower stalk diameter, petal number, petal length, petal width, leaf thickness, leaf length and leaf width were measured. Irrigation was carried out at 7-day intervals. Soil moisture was monitored with pot weights. The research was carried out in Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, in 2020.
 As a result of the study, while the number of flowers, flower diameter, number of petals, leaf thickness, leaf length and leaf width values of morphological features were found to be statistically different according to salt levels; plant height, plant diameter, peduncle length, peduncle diameter, petal length and petal width were found to be insignificant. When evaluated in terms of visuality, it can be said that there are significant differences between the treaments depending on the level of salt stress. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that the salt tolerance of the zinnia flower was partially low.

QTL Mapping and Genetic Map for the Ornamental Sunflower in China

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genetic map are of great significance for ornamental sunflowers in China. In this study, a total of 956.50 Mbp data were obtained, the average Q30 was 93.76%, the average GC content was 42.43%, and the GC distribution of the parents and F2 population of the ornamental sunflowers was normal. At the same time, the double-end comparison efficiency of control data was 90.28%, and the enzyme digestion efficiency was 92.01%. The Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment (SLAF) library construction was normal. Furthermore, a total of 734,893 SLAF markers were obtained, among which 127,855 were polymorphic SLAF markers and 38,908 could be used for genetic map construction, and the effective polymorphism of the parents was 5.29%. Moreover, we constructed a total of 17 linkage groups, with 6181 markers in the QTL mapping, the total map distance was 2608.66 cM, the marker integrity in the figure above was 99%, the proportion of double exchange was 0.05, the sequencing depth of the parents was 42.455 × , and the progeny was 9.24 × . The relationship of traits (plant height, stem diameter, disk diameter, number of petals, leaf number, stigma color, petal color, petiole color) and QTL mapping was closely related to show the best of ornamental effect.

FLORAL PHENOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THREE COMMERCIALLY GROWN COFFEA SPECIES

Coffea arabica, C. canephora, and C. liberica’s coexistence in one location or proximity areas could promote interspecific pollination. However, information related to floral phenology and flower structure of these three coffee species is insufficient. This research aimed to identify the divergence of flowering phenology and flower morphometrics among C. arabica, C. canephora, and C. liberica. Flowering phenology observations continued daily from July to October 2020, extending to two locations of parapatric populations of three coffee species. Flower morphometric measurements ensued at the peak period of flowering. The results showed some co-anthesis periods among the three coffee species, with C. liberica starting to flower early. Moreover, C. liberica var liberica had the broadest flower diameter and the highest petal number, whereas the tetraploid C. arabica had the lowest. Consequences of flowering phenology and flower structure on a pre-zygotic barrier of spontaneous, as well as, controlled interspecific hybridization among the three coffee species were the discussion focus.

Optimization of enhanced heat transfer and flow resistance reduction in twisted petaloid helically coiled tube based on ZS-RSM and NSGA-II

The Pareto equilibrium of enhanced heat transfer and flow resistance reduction for 3 types of twisted petaloid helically coiled tubes (TPHCTs) was numerically studied. Firstly, the effects of torsion angle (θ), inlet Re and petal number (m) on the enhanced heat transfer and flow resistance performances were investigated. Secondly, the fitness function of Nu and |Δp| based on ZS-RSM method is constructed. Finally, the NSGA-II is utilized to acquire the equilibrium of enhanced heat transfer and flow resistance reduction. The results show that: the increases of torsion angle (θ), inlet Re and petal number (m) can intensify the integration effect of centrifugal force and torsion force, which leads to the enhancement of heat transfer but the deterioration of flow resistance. As the highest degree order (n) increases, there is a better aligned accuracy for the fitness function of Nu and |Δp|; however, it can be obtained the best fitness function for Nu and |Δp| when the overfitting occurs. The optimization results illustrate that the 3-lobe TPHCT with large torsion structure (m = 3, θ = 3548.44°, Re = 1597.71) can achieve a well Pareto equilibrium for enhanced heat transfer and flow resistance reduction of the TPHCT.

A 49-bp deletion of PmAP2L results in a double flower phenotype in Prunus mume.

The double flower is an important trait with substantial ornamental value. While mutations in PETALOSA TOE-type or AG (AGAMOUS) genes play a crucial role in enhancing petal number in ornamental plants, the complete mechanism underlying the formation of double flowers remains to be fully elucidated. Through the application of bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we identified a novel gene, APETALA2-like (PmAP2L), characterized by a 49-bp deletion in double-flowered Prunus mume. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) staining and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that the 49-bp deletion in PmAP2L reduced its binding with Pmu-miRNA172a. Phylogenetic analysis and microsynteny analysis suggested that PmAP2L was not a PETALOSA TOE-type gene, and it might be a new gene controlling the formation of double flower in P. mume. Subsequently, overexpression of PmAP2L-D in tobacco led to a significant rise in the number of stamens and the conversion of stamens to petals. Furthermore, silencing of the homologue of RC5G0530900 in rose significantly reduced the number of petals. Using transient gene expression in P. mume flower buds, we determined the functional differences between PmAP2L-D and PmAP2-S in controlling flower development. Meanwhile, DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq), yeast hybrid assays and luciferase reporter assays indicated that PmAP2L negatively regulated the floral organ identity genes by forming a repressor complex with PmTPL and PmHDA6/19. Overall, these findings indicate that the variation in PmAP2L is associated with differences in the regulation of genes responsible for floral organ identity, providing new insights into the double-flower trait and double-flower breeding in plants.

Modifications in floral morphology of Coffea spp. genotypes at two distinct elevations

Floral traits are influenced by elevation in various species, but no information is available for the Coffea canephora and C. arabica. It was hypothesized that: 1) number of stamens and petals can vary depending on the species and genotype within the same species; 2) variations in the morphological traits occur in response to the difference in elevation, 3) greater variability in flower morphology among C. canephora genotypes is expressed at high- than at low-elevation, due to environmental pressure, and 4) the changes in floral morphology due to alterations in elevation are more pronounced in C. canephora than in C. arabica. This study aimed to investigate the G × E interaction for morphological traits of coffee flowers and, based in genetic parameters estimation, explore the potential use of these traits in breeding programs. Experiment comprised of coffee plantations under full sun of both species at two elevations. The number of petals and stamens varied between five and six in C. canephora. At two elevations, Beira Rio 8 (C. canephora) genotype stood out for presenting the highest averages for all size traits related to corolla, and stigmatic lobes. The variability in floral morphology among C. canephora genotypes was not greater at high- than at low- elevation. Overall, flower size of all studied C. canephora and C. arabica genotypes was larger at low- than at high-elevation, but the stigmatic lobes length, the ratio between stigmatic lobe length and style length, and partially the ratio between anther length and stamen length were greater at high-elevation. C. arabica flowers were smaller and mostly irresponsive to elevation, in contrast with C. canephora flowers. There was a significant genotype by environment interaction for seven out of the nine traits, with a predominance of complex-type interactions. Conducting studies on morphological traits of flowers at a greater number of environments with distinct elevations can provide better insights into the potential use of these traits in studies of adaptability and stability of Coffea spp. genotypes to different environmental conditions, contributing to genetic improvement efforts to achieve resilience of coffee cultivation in the scenarios of climate change.

The effect of some Levels of Shading and Fertilization in the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses

An experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the Department of Horticulture and Date Palms in Baghdad Governorate during the year 2021 of the autumn season. The effect of some levels of shading and fertilization on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers of two cultivars of shrubby roses on some characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth. The results showed a significant superiority among the cultivars, as cultivar V1 was superior to cultivar V2 in average plant height and flower diameter, while cultivar V2 had a significant superiority over cultivar V1 in average number of leaves, number of petals and flower stem length. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the rate of plant height, the number of leaves, and the characteristics of floral growth represented by the flower diameter, the number of petals, and the length of the flowering stem were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza, licorice extract and chelated iron (F3) in all growth characteristics.

Effect of Spraying with Humic Acid and Active Yeast Suspension on the Growth Indicators and Active Substances of Calendula officinalis L.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of spraying C. officinalis L. with Humic acid and active yeast suspension on growth indicators for both the vegetative and floral stages of development. Humic acid was sprayed on the plants in varying quantities (0, 2, or 4 g) in a factorial experiment with 9 treatments (two factors overlapped). and a suspension of live yeast at 3, 6, or 0 mg/L-1, and the treatment consisted of three sprays, with a 15-day gap between each application. Using a Factorial Experiment with three replicates and three plants per experimental unit, I compared means at the 5% probability level using the Revised Least Significant Differences (R.L.S.D.) test. The most significant findings, in her opinion, are as follows: Humic acid spraying at a dosage of 4 mg/L-1. While this concentration greatly slowed flowering, L-1 significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, percentage of dry matter of shoot, number of flowers, number of petals, flower diameter, flower stand length, and percentage of dry matter in flowers. The greatest concentration, 6 mg.L-1, was achieved through spraying with an active yeast suspension. Although this concentration greatly slowed flowering enhanced plant height, lateral branching, leaf count, flower count, petal count, flower diameter, and floral dry matter percentage. There was a statistically significant impact on all attributes measured by the binary interactions.

Robust markers associated with floral traits in roses are suitable for marker-assisted selection across gene pools

We investigated the potential of markers associated with floral traits for parental selection in a cut rose breeding program. We analysed six Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers for three important floral traits, petal length, petal number and scent, derived from experiments in a garden rose population. The six markers were applied to genotype a collection of 384 parental genotypes used for commercial cut rose breeding. We phenotyped a selection of progeny derived from pairs of parents having either high or low dosages of (contrasting) marker alleles associated with these traits. Significant differences were found between the contrasting progeny groups for each of the traits, although parents with the optimal allele dosage combinations could not always be used for the crosses. This not only supports the robustness of these marker‒trait associations but also demonstrates their potential for commercial rose breeding. It also demonstrates the use of marker information generated in garden rose populations for cut rose breeding.

APETALOID AND PETALOID FEMALE PERFORMANCE ON HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 AMERICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA L.) HYBRIDS

This research’s objectives focused on using two male-sterile systems, apetaloid and petaloid types, as female parents for the F1 marigold cut flower hybrid development. These female lines’ creation came from the same original line, the gynomonoecious line, with five backcrosses to obtain two female lines, FY1502 and FY1502AP. Their crossing with 10 male lines progressed during the summer from April to August 2016. Then, growing the progenies of 20 crosses and four commercial varieties as checks for characterization and evaluation continued in a lattice design with two replications. Planting them in six blocks contained 10 plants per treatment. The data recorded on eight horticultural characteristics include flower diameter, number of petals per flower, calyx length, peduncle length, flower weight, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, plant height, and plant bush diameter, as well as, the morphology of flowers. The results showed that progenies from two female apetaloid and petaloid with the same male line gave similar outcomes; all progenies produced male sterile double-flowers with golden-yellow flowers, except progenies of MY1501 and MY1502, which created yellow flowers. FY1502 gave the same superior F1 progenies as FY1502AP in the diameter of the flower. Based on the results, both females could give good characteristics on flower diameter, calyx length, plant height and bush diameter, and early flowering. However, the heterobeltiosis of the F1 progenies of a few vegetative and reproductive characteristics differed. The FY1502AP gave better progenies in peduncle length heterobeltiosis than those of FY1502 and slightly better for plant bush diameter, whereas FY1502 gave slightly better in flower weight heterobeltiosis than those of FY1502AP. The findings of this study indicate that this apetaloid type could benefit Thailand’s marigold seed production program.

Temperature-responsive module of OfAP1 and OfLFY regulates floral transition and floral organ identity in Osmanthus fragrans

The MADS-box transcription factor APETELA1 (AP1) is crucially important for reproductive developmental processes. The function of AP1 and the classic LFY-AP1 interaction in woody plants are not widely known. Here, the OfAP1-a gene from the continuously flowering plant Osmanthus fragrans ‘Sijigui’ was characterized, and its roles in regulating flowering time, petal number robustness and floral organ identity were determined using overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. The expression of OfAP1-a was significantly induced by low ambient temperature and was upregulated with the floral transition process. Ectopic expression OfAP1-a revealed its classic function in flowering and flower ABC models. The expression of OfAP1-a is inhibited by LEAFY (OfLFY) through direct promoter binding, as confirmed by yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OfAP1-a exhibited accelerated flowering and altered floral organ identities. Moreover, OfAP1-a-overexpressing plants displayed variable petal numbers. Likewise, the overexpression of OfLFY in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana altered petal number robustness and inflorescence architecture, partially by regulating native AP1 in transformed plants. Furthermore, we performed RNA-seq analysis of transgenic Nicotiana plants. DEGs were identified by transcriptome analysis, and we found that the expression of several floral homeotic genes was altered in both OfAP1-a and OfLFY-overexpressing transgenic lines. Our results suggest that OfAP1-a may play important roles during floral transition and development in response to ambient temperature. OfAP1-a functions as a petal number modulator and may directly activate a subset of flowers to regulate floral organ formation. OfAP1-a and OfLFY mutually regulate the expression of each other and coregulate genes that might be involved in these phenotypes related to flowering. The results provide valuable data for understanding the function of the LFY-AP1 module in the reproductive process and shaping floral structures in woody plants.