Pest Of Alfalfa Research Articles

Developing Economic Injury Levels for Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in Idaho Alfalfa Under Controlled Pest Populations

Thrips are a new pest of alfalfa in Eastern Idaho. University of Idaho Extension Educators studied the yield losses associated with this pest in a controlled greenhouse experiment. This data has been used to calculate the economic injury level (EIL) of thrips in alfalfa. The EIL represents the level of insect infestation at which control measures will begin to be economically viable. We calculate that for the 2021 growing season conditions the EIL was approximately 20 thrips per six stems. We also calculated EIL curves that growers and consultants can use as spray costs and hay values change.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of Odontothrips loti Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

As the predominant pest of alfalfa, Odontothrips loti Haliday causes great damages over the major alfalfa-growing regions of China. The characteristics of strong mobility and fecundity make them develop rapidly in the field and hard to be controlled. There is a shortage of bioinformation and limited genomic resources available of O. loti for us to develop novel pest management strategies. In this study, we constructed a chromosome-level reference genome assembly of O. loti with a genome size of 346.59 Mb and scaffold N50 length of 18.52 Mb, anchored onto 16 chromosomes and contained 20128 genes, of which 93.59% were functionally annotated. The results of 99.20% complete insecta_odb10 genes in BUSCO analysis, 91.11% short reads mapped to the ref-genome, and the consistent tendency among the thrips in the distribution of gene length reflects the quality of genome. Our study provided the first report of genome for the genus Odontothrips, which offers a genomic resource for further investigations on evolution and molecular biology of O. loti, contributing to pest management.

Aphid-resistant alfalfa cultivar minimizes the survival of spotted alfalfa aphid through upregulating plant defense compounds

The spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii, is one of the most important pests of alfalfa, Medicago sativa. Previous studies have revealed a significant difference in aphid numbers between the aphid-susceptible cultivar WL343 and the aphid-resistant cultivar Zhongmu No.1. To explore the reasons for this phenomenon, we constructed life tables for T. trifolii reared on these two alfalfa cultivars, and analyzed the changes in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), secondary metabolites (total phenolic compounds, tannic acid, total flavonoids, and saponin), the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) in both cultivars following the introduction of aphids. In addition, we measured the gastric toxicity of M. sativa secondary metabolites (tannic acid and saponin) against T. trifolii. Results revealed a lower fitness of T. trifolii on the resistant cultivar compared to the susceptible cultivar. The concentrations of JA, phenolic compounds, tannic acid, flavonoids, saponin, and the activities of CAT, SOD, and POD in the resistant cultivar were significantly higher than those in the susceptible cultivar. Subsequently, it was confirmed that tannic acid and saponin have direct gastric toxicity against T. trifolii. This indicated that the aphid-resistant cultivar inhibited aphid growth and fecundity by producing more defense substances, i.e., JA, secondary metabolites, and enhanced activities of protective enzymes including tannic acid and saponin found in alfalfa leaves directly associated with toxicity to T. trifolii, while reducing the content of SA. This study provides important support for breeding insect-resistant varieties while elucidating plant-resistant responses to insect herbivory.

Functional Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Genes ACYPI000536 and ACYPI004320 in Acyrthosiphon pisum.

In recent years, pea aphids have become major pests of alfalfa. Our previous study found that "Gannong 5" is a highly aphid-resistant alfalfa variety and that "Lie Renhe" is a susceptible one. The average field susceptibility index of "Gannong 5" was 31.31, and the average field susceptibility index of "Lie Renhe" was 80.34. The uptake and balance of amino acids in insects are usually dependent on amino acid transporters. RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of seven amino acid transporter differential genes in the different instar pea aphids fed on resistant and susceptible alfalfa varieties after 24 h, and two key genes were selected. When pea aphids fed on "Gannong 5", the expression of ACYPI004320 was significantly higher than that in pea aphids fed on "Lie Renhe"; however, the expression of ACYPI000536 was significantly lower than that in pea aphids fed on "Lie Renhe". Afterward, the RNA interference with pea aphid ACYPI000536 and ACYPI004320 genes was performed using a plant-mediated method, and gene function was verified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and pea aphid sensitivity to aphid-resistant and susceptible alfalfa varieties. The results showed that the down-regulation of the ACYPI000536 gene expression led to an increase in the histidine and lysine contents in pea aphids, which, in turn, led to an increase in mortality when pea aphids fed on the susceptible variety "Lie Renhe". The down-regulation of the ACYPI004320 gene expression led to an increase in phenylalanine content in pea aphids, which, in turn, led to a decrease in mortality when pea aphids fed on the resistant variety "Gannong 5".

Discovery of insecticide resistance in field-collected populations of the aphid pest, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji.

The bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) is a worldwide pest of alfalfa, pulses, and other legume crops. An overreliance on insecticides to control A. kondoi has potentially placed populations under selection pressure favouring resistant phenotypes, but to date, there have been no documented cases of insecticide resistance. Recently, Australian growers began reporting that conventional insecticides were failingto adequately control A. kondoi populations, prompting this laboratory-based investigation into whether these populations have evolved resistance. We discovered four A. kondoi populations with moderate resistance (10-40-fold) to three different insecticide groups: organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. However, A. kondoi populations showed no resistance to the butenolide, flupyradifurone. We were unable to identify general metabolic mechanisms using synergist assays (cytochromes P450, glutathione S-transferases, or esterases), indicating that further detailed molecular investigations to characterise the putative resistance mechanism are needed. Insecticide-resistant A. kondoi present an emerging challenge to Australian agriculture. Growers require new tools and updated strategies, including access to newer chemistries, to alleviate their reliance on the few insecticides currently registered against A. kondoi. The implications of insecticide resistant A. kondoi for future management, the potential mechanisms of resistance, and future research priorities are discussed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Alfalfa weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the western United States are resistant to multiple type II pyrethroid insecticides.

The alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)), a key pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. (Fabales: Fabacae)) across the US, has developed resistance to pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin in at least 6 western US states. Unfortunately, 6 pyrethroid active ingredients represent most commercial insecticides registered for alfalfa weevil control in forage alfalfa systems. Thus, the loss of efficacy of this mode of action group due to multiple resistance represents a significant agricultural challenge because of a limited registered alternative mode of actions. To evaluate the extent and severity of resistance among pyrethroids around the United States, laboratory bioassays using larvae from Arizona, California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming, including both the Egyptian and western strains, were conducted. Results indicated that similar degrees of resistance among type II pyrethroids as determined by both laboratory bioassays and field trials exist. The LC50 values of alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin and zeta-cypermethrin produced significant correlations with the LC50 values of lambda-cyhalothrin. In contrast, resistance did not include type I pyrethroid, bifenthrin (registered for seed alfalfa production), whose LC50 values yielded a slope not significantly different from zero when correlated with lambda-cyhalothrin. Field trials conducted in Arizona, Montana, and Washington corroborated laboratory results, as commercial formulations with type II pyrethroid active ingredients failed to adequately control alfalfa weevils resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin. Integrated resistance management recommendations are discussed.

Alfalfa Weevil: A Challenging Insect Pest of Forage Alfalfa in the Western United States

Abstract Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal, native to Eurasia, is an invasive insect pest of alfalfa in North America. Alfalfa weevil causes economic damage in the central and western regions of the United States and is a minor pest of alfalfa in the north-eastern region of the country. This pest species is currently managed through biological (e.g., introduced parasitoid wasps), mechanical (e.g., harvesting one week early), cultural (e.g., maintaining a healthy alfalfa stand), and chemical (e.g., insecticide applications) control tactics. However, over the last half-century, there has been an overreliance on chemical control tactics, primarily pyrethroids (Mode of Action group (MoA) 3A), resulting in resistance developing within localized populations. Pyrethroid resistance can be addressed by following well-established integrated resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, that could lead to long-term sustainable management of this pest species. This case study provides diverse recommendations that can be utilized to help reduce reliance on chemical control tactics. Furthermore, new research endeavors that may provide improved IRM and IPM recommendations for this pest species are presented. Information © The Authors 2023

Insecticide application timing effects on alfalfa insect communities.

Timing of insecticide application can impact efficacy, given variation in both weather and development of the crop and its insect pests. Both target and nontarget insects may vary in life stage and abundance at the time of application. In alfalfa Medicago sativa L. cropping systems, producers have interest in early-season insecticide applications to eliminate last-minute decisions about preharvest applications for alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The standard recommendation is based on scouting larvae close to the first harvest time. We compared early and standard timing of application of a lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid on alfalfa pest and beneficial insects. Field trials at a university research farm were conducted in 2020 and 2021. In 2020, early application was as effective as the standard timing against alfalfa weevil, as compared to the untreated control, but less effective than the standard timing in 2021. Effects of timing against Lygus bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae), and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were inconsistent between years. We observed the potential for early application to reduce negative impacts on ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and spiders (Araneae), however, damsel bugs (Hemiptera: Nabidae) were similarly reduced by insecticide application regardless of timing. Overall arthropod community composition differed by both year and treatment. Future research should explore potential trade-offs of spray timing at larger spatial scales.

The Efficacy of Biological Control for the Suppression of the Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon Pisum): Does the Resistance of Alfalfa Cultivars Matter?

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, is a major pest of alfalfa in northwestern China. However, the roles of different groups of natural enemies in combination with aphid-resistant cultivars in the suppression of the pea aphid have not been clarified under field conditions. In this study, we used experimental cages to better understand the top-down (natural enemies) and bottom-up (nine alfalfa cultivars) biological processes, as well as the individual roles of the two processes, in the control of the pea aphid. There was a significant difference in resistance among cultivar classes revealed when natural enemies were excluded. The functional contribution of top-down suppression was higher than the bottom-up process, with natural enemies significantly suppressing aphid populations, regardless of the resistance level of different alfalfa cultivars. The mean biological efficacies of predators, parasitoids, and mixed populations of natural enemies were 85%, 42%, and 88%, respectively. Overall, our study indicated that natural enemies play a critical role in suppressing aphid populations, especially in the summer, whereas cultivar resistance did not combine effectively with natural enemies to inhibit the growth of aphids. Conservation biological control (CBC) can be implemented in the alfalfa production regions in northwestern China to reduce the overreliance on insecticides for the control of pests and mitigate their harmful effects on humans, ecosystems, and biodiversity.

Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Resistance to Lambda-cyhalothrin in the Western United States.

Forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) is a key agricultural commodity of the western region of the United States. The key insect pest of alfalfa, Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has developed resistance to the most common class of insecticide used to manage its damage. Alfalfa weevil samples from 71 commercial alfalfa fields located in Arizona, California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming were assayed for susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin during 2020-2022 using a laboratory concentration-response assay. Seventeen field sites representing all six states were highly resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin (resistance ratios > 79.6) and bioassay mortality often did not exceed 50% even at the highest concentration tested (3.30 µg/cm2 in 2020 and 10.00 µg/cm2 in 2021-2022). Field sites assayed with more than one pyrethroid active ingredient indicated likely cross-resistance between lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin (type II pyrethroids) and variable and/or limited potential cross-resistance to permethrin (type I pyrethroid). Thirty-two field sites representing five states were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (resistance ratios ranging from 1 to 20). While resistance is widespread, integrated resistance management strategies including rotating mode of action groups, applying chemical control tactics only when economic thresholds have been met, and utilizing cultural control tactics can be employed to slow the further development of resistance.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa (aphids and thrips) were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt. In addition, the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined. Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides. The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame. The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides, and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50% at 14 days after application. The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period. The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei. The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments. Compared with chemical insecticides, the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments. Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides. This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China, and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Species of Trichogrammatidae1 on Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is attacked by pests that cause serious damage when not controlled. Among the insect pests are pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris; spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata Buckton; armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner; alfalfa leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris; and three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus Say. In the Comarca Lagunera, insecticides seldom are used to control alfalfa pests that are regulated by beneficial insects. However, species that provide this service are little known. The objective of this study was to identify Trichogrammatidae collected with a sweep net each week from 3 March to 30 December 2011 in an alfalfa plot at the Unidad de Producción 18 de Julio at Universidad Autonoma Chapingo at Bermejillo, Durango. Species identified were Aphelinoidea nr. roja Triapitsyn 2005; Oligosita sanguina Girault 1911; Paracentrobia punctata Howard 1897; Ufens nr. simplipenis Owen 2005; and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley 1879. A. nr. roja, O. sangunea, P. punctata, T. pretiosum, and U. nr. simplipenis on alfalfa are new records for Mexico. With the exception of T. pretiosum, the other species are pest insects with sucking habits.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on alfalfa in Serbia: Seasonal dynamics and pest status

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most important forage legume and one of the most widely grown crops in Serbia. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are one of the most significant groups of pests of that crop. Three aphid species, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora and Therioaphis trifolii, are considered as important pests of alfalfa in Serbia. The most abundant of them, T. trifolii, is more adapted to warmer temperatures and it is the predominant aphid species during summer months, while A. pisum is prevalent during the spring period. In warmer climates, an increasing abundance of T. trifolii and decreasing populations of A. pisum have been observed in alfalfa in Serbia. On the other hand, A. craccivora is a minor pest of alfalfa, which rarely occurs in high numbers. The present paper synthesizes the existing knowledge about these three aphid pests of alfalfa, including their morphology, biology, seasonal dynamics, pest status and effects of temperature on their development.

Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Tables of the 24 Spot Ladybird [(Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

HIGHLIGHTS Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata is one of the main pest on alfalfa. Age-specific life table and survival rate for each life stage was calculated by using TWOSEX-MSChart. This study suggest the life table can be used for the biology and control of the alfalfa pest.

Seeking Alfalfa Resistance to a Rhizophagous Pest, the Clover Root Curculio (Sitona hispidulus F.).

Simple SummaryClover root curculio (CRC) is a root feeding pest of alfalfa and clover that reduces stand life and yield. With the cancellation of soil-active insecticides in alfalfa, CRC populations and associated root damage have increased. Current CRC management practices are limited in their ability to suppress larval feeding belowground. Here, we evaluated alfalfa populations for resistance to CRC larval feeding and development belowground, and adult leaf consumption and oviposition aboveground. Divergent selection in two alfalfa cultivars in field nurseries revealed that there is genetic variability in resistance to CRC larval feeding and that significant gains in resistance from selection can occur in as few as two or three cycles of selection. While larval development was similar across the alfalfa populations tested in the lab, one alfalfa population (NY1713) displayed an overall increase in nodulation resulting in significantly lower proportions of nodules being consumed by larvae. These results provide possible candidates and soil-less method for the development and evaluation of alfalfa cultivars that may reduce the impacts of CRC root feeding and that offer an additional option for CRC management. Since the cancellation of broad-spectrum soil-active insecticides in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production, clover root curculio (Sitona hispidulus F.) (CRC) larval root damage has increased. Current CRC management practices are limited in their ability to suppress larval feeding belowground. First, we field screened developmental alfalfa populations for CRC damage. Subsequently, we developed a soil-less arena to observe nodule feeding and development (head capsule width) of larvae in the lab. This method was used to evaluate five alfalfa populations (two CRC-susceptible (control) and three CRC-resistant populations) against larvae. Further, one CRC-resistant population paired with its genetically similar susceptible population were tested against adult leaf consumption and oviposition in the greenhouse. Field screening revealed that the alfalfa populations selected for little or no larval root feeding damage were more resistant to CRC larval feeding than their corresponding unselected cultivars and significantly more resistant than populations selected for susceptibility. The development of a soil-less arena provided a useful method for evaluation of root-larva interactions. Although larval development was similar across susceptible and resistant alfalfa populations, one CRC-resistant population (NY1713) displayed overall increased nodulation and, thus, had a significantly lower proportion of nodules consumed by larvae. Adult feeding and oviposition aboveground were similar across all populations tested. These results provide possible candidates and screening method for the development and evaluation of alfalfa cultivars that may reduce the impacts of larval feeding and that offer an additional option for CRC management.

Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Embryonic Development of Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Col.: Curculionidae)

The combined effect of the temperature and relative humidity on the survival and development time of the eggs of Spanish populations of the weevil Hypera postica, a key pest of alfalfa around the world, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experimental temperatures ranged from 8 to 36 °C, in 4 °C increments. Three relative humidity ranges were defined: high, medium, and low. Eggs of the alfalfa weevil successfully developed until larval emergence at all of the 24 conditions tested. However, the temperature and relative humidity affected the survival of the eggs. The egg developmental time decreased as the temperature increased from 8 to 32 °C, and the longest time was recorded at a low relative humidity (RH). The relationship between the development rate and temperature fit well to the lineal model for relative humidity. The minimum development threshold (T0) and the thermal requirement for egg development (K) ranged between 3 and 4 °C and 209 and 246 degree-days, respectively. According to these values and the occurrence of eggs and larvae (in winter) and adults (in autumn) in field samplings, the period of oviposition was determined. The results of the study contribute to better understanding the annual cycle and phenology of H. postica in the Iberian Peninsula and southern Europe.

Investigating Incidence and Distribution of Alfalfa-Infecting Viruses in China

Alfalfa is a primary forage crop in China that occupies a wide planting area and exhibits a variety of beneficial traits such as being nutrient rich and producing high yields. As the planting area continues to expand, alfalfa pests and pathogens are becoming more prolific, especially viral pathogens which negatively impact alfalfa quality and yield significantly. From 2016 to 2019, 516 alfalfa samples exhibiting potential symptoms of viral infection were collected from several major production regions in China, including 13 provinces and 21 collection sites. RT-PCR using special conserved primers designed to detect several common alfalfa-infecting viruses was used to determine the incidence and distribution of these viruses throughout China. AMV, TMV, ToMV, CPMV, BYMV, CMV, YMV, and SMV were detected in alfalfa crops throughout China, with AMV being most prevalent with an incidence rate of 57.6%, while this is the first time that CMV and TMV have been found infecting alfalfa crops in China. This is also the first investigation of the distribution of various alfalfa viruses throughout China, providing theoretical and technical support for early warning and control of viral disease of alfalfa in China.

Investigating Incidence and Distribution of Alfalfa-Infecting Viruses in China

Alfalfa is a primary forage crop in China that occupies a wide planting area and exhibits a variety of beneficial traits such as being nutrient rich and producing high yields. As the planting area continues to expand, alfalfa pests and pathogens are becoming more prolific, especially viral pathogens which negatively impact alfalfa quality and yield significantly. From 2016 to 2019, 516 alfalfa samples exhibiting potential symptoms of viral infection were collected from several major production regions in China, including 13 provinces and 21 collection sites. RT-PCR using special conserved primers designed to detect several common alfalfa-infecting viruses was used to determine the incidence and distribution of these viruses throughout China. AMV, TMV, ToMV, CPMV, BYMV, CMV, YMV, and SMV were detected in alfalfa crops throughout China, with AMV being most prevalent with an incidence rate of 57.6%, while this is the first time that CMV and TMV have been found infecting alfalfa crops in China. This is also the first investigation of the distribution of various alfalfa viruses throughout China, providing theoretical and technical support for early warning and control of viral disease of alfalfa in China.

Laboratory Selection, Cross-Resistance, Risk Assessment to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance, and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance for Plant Bug Lygus pratensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Farming-Pastoral Ecotones of Northern China.

The plant bug Lygus pratensis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important insect pest of alfalfa in grassland farming in northern China. A field population of L. pratensis was selected in the laboratory for 14 consecutive generations with lambda-cyhalothrin to generate 42.555-fold resistance. Selection also induced low cross-resistance to imidacloprid and beta-cypermethrin, and medium cross-resistance to deltamethrin. Realized heritability (h2) of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance was 0.339. Susceptible baselines of L. pratensis were established for five insecticides using the glass-vial method, the values of which were 6.849, 3.423, 8.778, 3.559, and 117.553 ng/cm2 for phoxim, methomyl, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and avermectin, respectively, along with the calculated LC99 diagnostic doses. This resistance risk assessment study suggests that a high risk of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance exists in the field. In addition, a 5-year field investigation of resistance monitoring of L. pratensis was conducted in seven alfalfa regions in farming-pastoral ecotones in northern China. The resistance levels of most populations were very low for phoxim, methomyl, and avermectin, with an upward trend for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in the DK (Dengkou County), TKT (Tuoketuo County), XL (Xilinhot), and LX (Linxi County) populations during 2015-2019, and medium resistance level to imidacloprid in the TKT population in five years we sampled. The study provided information on chemical control, lambda-cyhalothrin resistance development, baseline susceptibility, and the status of resistance to five commonly-used insecticides against L. pratensis. These results could be used to optimize pyrethroid insecticide use as part of a pest integrated resistance management strategy against this key insect pest of alfalfa.

Role of Aleyrodidae Entomophages in agrobiocenosis in type content and management in Uzbekistan

This article identified the entomophagous species that are constantly feeding on alfalfa, and identified 27 species of entomophagous predominant species belonging to 7 families of entomophagous species of alfalfa pests. It was observed that these are the families Neuroptera, Aphelinidae, Syrphidae, Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae and, Miridae. According to the ratio of entomophages, the most populous families were identified as goldflies (Shrysopidae), khan beetles (Coccinellidae), and wild caterpillars (Miridae). Their populations formed diversity. Studies have been conducted on the use of parasite encarcation parasites in the management of whitefly population. It has been used in a variety of consumption norms against leachate in open and closed conditions. Encarsia (Encarsia partinopea Masi) was used to control the amount of whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) in greenhouse conditions. In the greenhouse conditions, 87.9% biological efficiency was achieved on day 28 after the application of encarcation in a 1:10 ratio in cucumber crops, and by the end of the season, parasitic entomophages were effectively controlling the amount of whiteflies. After 24 days of application in a 1:10 ratio in cucumbers planted in the open, the biological efficiency reached 83.5%. At 30 days after application, 86.5% biological efficacy was maintained.