Seeking Alfalfa Resistance to a Rhizophagous Pest, the Clover Root Curculio (Sitona hispidulus F.).

Kaitlin Rim,Ricardo A Ramirez,Steven J Price,Jamie Crawford,Donald R Viands

doi:10.3390/insects12100906

Kaitlin Rim, Ricardo A Ramirez + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12100906

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Abstract

Simple SummaryClover root curculio (CRC) is a root feeding pest of alfalfa and clover that reduces stand life and yield. With the cancellation of soil-active insecticides in alfalfa, CRC populations and associated root damage have increased. Current CRC management practices are limited in their ability to suppress larval feeding belowground. Here, we evaluated alfalfa populations for resistance to CRC larval feeding and development belowground, and adult leaf consumption and oviposition aboveground. Divergent selection in two alfalfa cultivars in field nurseries revealed that there is genetic variability in resistance to CRC larval feeding and that significant gains in resistance from selection can occur in as few as two or three cycles of selection. While larval development was similar across the alfalfa populations tested in the lab, one alfalfa population (NY1713) displayed an overall increase in nodulation resulting in significantly lower proportions of nodules being consumed by larvae. These results provide possible candidates and soil-less method for the development and evaluation of alfalfa cultivars that may reduce the impacts of CRC root feeding and that offer an additional option for CRC management. Since the cancellation of broad-spectrum soil-active insecticides in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production, clover root curculio (Sitona hispidulus F.) (CRC) larval root damage has increased. Current CRC management practices are limited in their ability to suppress larval feeding belowground. First, we field screened developmental alfalfa populations for CRC damage. Subsequently, we developed a soil-less arena to observe nodule feeding and development (head capsule width) of larvae in the lab. This method was used to evaluate five alfalfa populations (two CRC-susceptible (control) and three CRC-resistant populations) against larvae. Further, one CRC-resistant population paired with its genetically similar susceptible population were tested against adult leaf consumption and oviposition in the greenhouse. Field screening revealed that the alfalfa populations selected for little or no larval root feeding damage were more resistant to CRC larval feeding than their corresponding unselected cultivars and significantly more resistant than populations selected for susceptibility. The development of a soil-less arena provided a useful method for evaluation of root-larva interactions. Although larval development was similar across susceptible and resistant alfalfa populations, one CRC-resistant population (NY1713) displayed overall increased nodulation and, thus, had a significantly lower proportion of nodules consumed by larvae. Adult feeding and oviposition aboveground were similar across all populations tested. These results provide possible candidates and screening method for the development and evaluation of alfalfa cultivars that may reduce the impacts of larval feeding and that offer an additional option for CRC management.

Highlights

Clover root curculio (CRC) [Sitona hispidulus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] is oligophagous on Fabacea but is primarily an alfalfa and clover (Fabales: Fabaceae) pest that negatively affects alfalfa plant health and yield
Since the cancellation of broad-spectrum soil-active insecticides and fumigants commonly used against pests like alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] [8], there have been notable increases in CRC populations and associated root damage [9]
We looked to develop a soil-less method to investigate direct CRC larval feeding and to use this arena as an approach for belowground screening of plant roots with insect larvae

Summary

Introduction

Clover root curculio (CRC) [Sitona hispidulus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] is oligophagous on Fabacea but is primarily an alfalfa and clover (Fabales: Fabaceae) pest that negatively affects alfalfa plant health and yield. Clover root curculio (CRC) [Sitona hispidulus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] is oligophagous on Fabacea but is primarily an alfalfa and clover (Fabales: Fabaceae) pest that negatively affects alfalfa plant health and yield. Immature CRC feed on roots belowground and are recognized as the damaging stage [1]. Larval feeding damage increases plant susceptibility to Fusarium (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) infections which can exacerbate these crop health issues [5,6,7]. Since the cancellation of broad-spectrum soil-active insecticides (e.g., carbofuran) and fumigants commonly used against pests like alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)] [8], there have been notable increases in CRC populations and associated root damage [9].

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