Pesticides In House Dust Research Articles

Pesticides in doormat and floor dust from homes close to treated fields: Spatio-temporal variance and determinants of occurrence and concentrations

Indoor dust has been postulated as an important matrix for residential pesticide exposure. However, there is a lack of information on presence, concentrations and determinants of multiple pesticides in dust in residential homes close to treated fields. Our objective was to characterize the spatial and temporal variance of pesticides in house dust, study the use of doormats and floors as proxies for pesticides in indoor dust and identify determinants of occurrence and concentrations. Homes within 250 m from selected bulb fields were invited to participate. Homes within 20 km from these fields but not having agricultural fields within 500 m were selected as controls. House dust was vacuumed in all homes from floors (VFD) and from newly placed clean doormats (DDM). Sampling was done during two periods, when pesticides are used and not-used. For determination of 46 prioritized pesticides, a multi-residue extraction method was used. Most statistical analyses are focused on the 12 and 14 pesticides that were detected in >40% of DDM and VFD samples, respectively. Mixed models were used to evaluate relationships between possible determinants and pesticides occurrence and concentrations in DDM and VFD. 17 pesticides were detected in more than 50% of the homes in both matrixes. Concentrations differed by about a factor five between use and non-use periods among homes within 250 m of fields and between these homes and controls. For 7 pesticides there was a moderate to strong correlation (Spearman rho 0.30–0.75) between concentrations in DDM and VFD. Distance to agricultural fields and air concentrations were among the most relevant predictors for occurrence and levels of a given pesticide in DDM. Concentrations in dust are overall higher during application periods and closer to fields (<250 m) than further away. The omnipresence of pesticides in dust lead to residents being exposed all year round.

OBOMod - Integrated modelling framework for residents' exposure to pesticides

BackgroundPesticides can be transported from the site of application to homes via different routes and lead to exposure of residents, raising concerns regarding health effects. We built a deterministic model framework (OBOmod) to assess exposure of residents living near fields where pesticides are applied. MethodsOBOmod connects five independent models operating on an hourly timescale and high spatial resolution (meters). Models include descriptions of spray drift, volatilization, atmospheric transport and dispersion, exchange between outdoor and indoor air and exchange between indoor air and dust. Fourteen bulb field applications under different weather conditions and comprising 12 pesticides were simulated. Each simulation included the first seven days after the application. The concentrations computed with OBOmod were compared with those measured in outdoor and indoor air and the amounts measured in indoor dust samples. ResultsModel evaluation indicated suitability of the developed framework to estimate outdoor and indoor air concentrations. For most pesticides, model accuracy was good. The framework explained about 30% to 95% of the temporal and spatial variability of air concentrations. For 20% of the simulations, the framework explained more than 35% of spatial variability of concentrations in dust. In general, OBOmod estimates remained within one order of magnitude from measured levels. Calculations showed that in addition to spray drift during application, volatilization from the field after spraying and pesticides in house dust are important routes for residents' exposure to pesticides. ConclusionsOur framework covers many processes needed to calculate exposure of residents to pesticides. The evaluation phase shows that, with the exception of the dust model, the framework can be used in support of health and epidemiological studies, and can serve as a tool to support development of regulations and policy making regarding pesticide use.

Association between Pesticides in House Dust and Residential Proximity to Farmland in a Rural Region of Taiwan.

Pesticide drift was reported in many international studies, but rarely studied in Taiwan. We conducted a study in a rural region of Taiwan to examine the associations between pesticides in house dust and nearby agricultural areas using geographic information system (GIS). A questionnaire regarding home characteristics and pesticide use, and indoor and outdoor dust samples were collected from 47 rural homes. Dust samples were analyzed for six pesticides, and agricultural land data for GIS analysis were retrieved from a national website. All but prallethrin were frequently detected from indoor dust samples (>50%), and the maximum concentrations were all below 1000 ng/g. Detection frequencies and concentrations of pesticides in outdoor dust samples were even lower than that in indoor dust samples. Only “work involving pesticides” in the questionnaire was significantly associated with four pesticides in house dust (p < 0.05). Carbofuran and tetramethrin in house dust were significantly correlated with rice cultivation area at certain buffer distances (ρ > 0.33, p < 0.05), and chlorpyrifos was found to be associated with abandoned cultivation area, suggesting the occurrence of pesticide drift. Despite the low levels of pesticides in house dust, residents in the rural region should be cautious of pesticide drift from nearby active or abandoned farmlands.

Agricultural and domestic pesticides in house dust from different agricultural areas in France.

Pesticides have been associated with various pathologies, and there is growing evidence of pesticide presence in domestic environments. However, most available studies focused on a limited number of pesticides or households, and few have been conducted in Europe. We aimed to assess indoor pesticide contamination by screening the prevalence of 276 pesticides and ten pesticide metabolites, in French households from different agricultural and urban areas. We sampled indoor dust from 239 households in 2012, proximate to orchards (n = 69), cereals (n = 66) and vineyard (n = 68) crops, or from urban area (n = 36). we used cellulose wipes moistened with isopropanol and polypropylene dust traps to collect recent (7 and 30 days, respectively) and settled dust (> 6 months). Overall, 125 pesticides and piperonyl butoxide were detected at least once in households, mostly at low prevalence: 97 in recent dust, and 111 in settled dust. In recent dust, the most prevalent compounds were o-phenylphenol (168 households, 70%), pentachlorophenol (86, 36%), and piperonyl butoxide (82, 34%). In addition to agricultural pesticides, we found a high proportion of domestic and banned compounds in recent and settled house dust. Several pesticides were identified in house dust, from different pesticide groups and sources. Our results suggest that domestic usage and persistence of banned pesticides may contribute substantially to indoor pesticide contamination. Graphical abstract 97 pesticides detected in households' recent indoor dust.

Longitudinal, Seasonal, and Occupational Trends of Multiple Pesticides in House Dust.

Background:Children are especially vulnerable to pesticide exposure and can suffer lasting health effects. Because children of farmworkers are exposed to a variety of pesticides throughout development, it is important to explore temporal patterns of coexposures.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to characterize the pesticide co-exposures, determine how they change over time, and assess differences between farmworker and nonfarmworker households.Methods:Dust collected from 40 farmworker and 35 nonfarmworker households in the Yakima Valley of the State of Washington in 2005 and then again in 2011 was analyzed for 99 pesticides. Eighty-seven pesticides representing over 28 classes were detected. Pesticides were grouped into classes using U.S. EPA pesticide chemical classifications, and trends in concentrations were analyzed at the class level.Results:Levels of organophosphates, pyridazinones, and phenols significantly decreased between 2005 and 2011 in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Levels of anilides, 2,6-dinitroanilines, chlorophenols, triclosan, and guanidines significantly increased in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households in 2011 vs. 2005. Among farmworkers alone, there were significantly lower levels of N-methyl carbamates and neonicotinoids in 2011.Conclusions:We observed significant reductions in the concentrations of many pesticides over time in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Although nonfarmworker households generally had lower concentrations of pesticides, it is important to note that in comparison with NHANES participants, nonfarmworkers and their families still had significantly higher concentrations of urinary pesticide metabolites. This finding highlights the importance of detailed longitudinal exposure monitoring to capture changes in agricultural and residential pesticide use over time. This foundation provides an avenue to track longitudinal pesticide exposures in an intervention or regulatory context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3644

Seasonal Variations of Exposure to Agricultural Pesticides in Residents Proximate to Vineyards: Sigxposome Study

Environmental exposure to pesticides is a major public health concern. Residential proximity to treated farmland has been associated with increased pesticides concentrations in residential dust and urine samples. The project investigates seasonal variations of exposure to agricultural pesticides of residents close to vineyards and of pesticide applicators (Beaujolais area, Auvergne-Rh&amp;#244;ne-Alpes Region), in a longitudinal study with repeated sampling of house dust, urine, blood and hair. We report pilot data for 19 residents (non-smoking men, aged 18-65). Methods: We sampled morning urine and house dust in July and October 2015. House dust: Efficiency and repeatability analyses of analytical methods (GC&amp;#8211;MS, LC&amp;#8211;MS/MS) allowed to retain 53 out of 62 preselected pesticides for analyses (recovery rate 70 -120%; RSD &amp;lt; 20%; LOQ 20-1000 ng/g dust). Urine samples: To screen presence of pesticides and their metabolites, a database containing 59 pesticides and 519 associated metabolites with their exact monoisotopic mass was set up. After solid phase extraction, the concentrated extracts of urine samples were analyzed in full scan mode by LC-HRMS. Results: 40 pesticides were quantified in dust, including 11 compounds of high public health priority. Among compounds with a prevalence &amp;gt;70% for one of the 2 sampling periods, significant seasonal variations in pesticide prevalence (n&amp;#61;10) and concentrations (n&amp;#61;14) was found with average concentrations higher in July than in October. 2 of the 3 pesticides metabolites detected in urine, specific to chlorpyrifos &amp; chlorpyrifos-methyl and tebuconazole (both present in house dust), were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Conclusion: Our study showed seasonal variations of agricultural pesticides in housedust of residents close to vineyards. Correlation between residential dust and urine contamination and proximity to treated vineyards will be further explored. Funding: Auvergne-Rh&amp;#244;ne-Alpes Region; M&amp;#233;tropole de Lyon.

Seasonal variations of exposure to agricultural pesticides in residents proximate to vineyards: SIGEXPOSOME study

Introduction The impact of environmental exposure to pesticides from agricultural drift on human health is a major public health concern. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified several pesticides as carcinogenic or probable carcinogenic to humans. Residential proximity to treated farmland is a source of environmental pesticide exposure and has been associated with increased concentrations of pesticides in residential dust and urine samples. Little is known on the seasonal variations of pesticide concentrations. The SIGEXPOSOME project aims to investigate seasonal variations of the exposure to multiple agricultural pesticides of residents proximate to vineyards and of pesticide applicators in the Beaujolais area of the Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes Region, France. The study is based on a longitudinal study involving overall 185 subjects, with repeated sampling of multiple matrices (residential dust, urine, blood and hair). We report here preliminary results on 19 residents. Methods We sampled morning urine and household dust in 19 non-smoking, men, aged 18 to 65 years, without professional pesticides use, residing in the study area. Sampling was performed in July and October 2015. House dust: We used the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method for extraction and analytical multi-residue methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). After analyses of the efficiency and repeatability of the analytical methods for 62 compounds, 53 pesticides were retained for analyses [recovery rate 70–120%; relative standard error (RSD) Results House dust: 40 pesticides out of 53 were quantified, including 11 compounds of high public health priority. Among pesticides with a detection frequency > 70% for at least one of the two sampling periods, we observed significant seasonal variations in prevalence for 10 pesticides (out of 18) and significant differences in concentrations for 14 pesticides: Chlorpyriphos, Cyprodinil, Difenoconazole, DimetomorpheI, DimetomorpheII, Fludioxynil, Indoxacarbe, Kresoxim-methyl, Myclobutanil, SpiroxamineI, SpiroxamineII, Tebuconazole, Trifloxystrobin and Zoxamide with an average concentration higher in July than in October. Urine samples: The LC-HRMS analyses showed the presence of three pesticides metabolites: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl; 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a nonspecific metabolite of the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, cypermethrin or cyhalothrin; hydroxy- and carboxy-metabolites of tebuconazole. The identity of TCPy and 3-BPA was confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Conclusion This study, analyzing the seasonal variations of multiple pesticides, is unique in France. House dust of non-professional residents proximate to vineyards showed seasonal variations with higher prevalence and concentrations of agricultural pesticides during the application period. Also, results show the capacity of our screening approach based on LC-HRMS to detect agricultural compounds present at low concentrations in urine. Correlation between residential dust and urine contamination will be further explored as well as association between concentrations of pesticides in house dust and urine, and proximity to treated vineyards, a surrogate for pesticides drift. Funding Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes Region; Metropole Lyon; Canceropole CLARA.

Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in urine and home environment dust in an agricultural community

Context: Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been used to control agricultural pests found in Washington state. Farmworkers (FW) have higher exposure to OP pesticides than non-farmworkers (NFW), and FW children may in turn have higher exposure than NFW children.Objective: To examine the association between the concentration in house dust of five OPs used commonly in pome fruit orchards and the concentration in urine of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP), in a cohort of Hispanic FW and NFW and their children.Methods: Parents and children participated in three data collection periods over the course of one year. Urine samples were evaluated for the DAPs characteristic of OP exposure, and dust from homes and vehicles was evaluated for intact OP residues.Results: Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of OPs in house and vehicle dust were higher in FW households than NFW households in all agricultural seasons. GM concentration of urinary DAPs was higher for children in FW households than NFW households.Discussion: Regression analysis found a positive association between OP residues in house dust and the children’s urinary DAPs.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between pesticides in house dust and their biological metabolites in urine.

Sweeping is an Alternative Method for House Dust Collection for Pesticide Analysis

Analysis of pesticides in house dust, as an index of environmental pesticide exposure, is useful in the evaluation of pesticide effects in children. This study compares the prevalence and concentrations of pesticides (propoxur, transfluthrin, bioallethrin, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin) in house dust collected by the HVS3 vacuum and by sweeping using the house broom. The pesticides were extracted from the dust samples by solid phase extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. There were significant correlations between the pesticides found in the swept and vacuumed samples (kappa=0.28 to 0.48, rho=0.31 to 0.55). Significantly higher prevalence and concentration of propoxur and higher concentrations of pyrethroids were found in the swept compared to vacuum dust samples. We conclude that ongoing exposure of children to pesticides can be monitored by the analysis of house dust collected by sweeping. Sweeping offers an excellent alternative for house dust collection in areas where vacuum collection is not feasible.

Pesticides in house dust from urban and farmworker households in California: an observational measurement study

BackgroundStudies report that residential use of pesticides in low-income homes is common because of poor housing conditions and pest infestations; however, exposure data on contemporary-use pesticides in low-income households is limited. We conducted a study in low-income homes from urban and agricultural communities to: characterize and compare house dust levels of agricultural and residential-use pesticides; evaluate the correlation of pesticide concentrations in samples collected several days apart; examine whether concentrations of pesticides phased-out for residential uses, but still used in agriculture (i.e., chlorpyrifos and diazinon) have declined in homes in the agricultural community; and estimate resident children's pesticide exposures via inadvertent dust ingestion.MethodsIn 2006, we collected up to two dust samples 5-8 days apart from each of 13 urban homes in Oakland, California and 15 farmworker homes in Salinas, California, an agricultural community (54 samples total). We measured 22 insecticides including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, malathion, methidathion, methyl parathion, phorate, and tetrachlorvinphos) and pyrethroids (allethrin-two isomers, bifenthrin, cypermethrin-four isomers, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin-two isomers, prallethrin, and sumithrin), one phthalate herbicide (chlorthal-dimethyl), one dicarboximide fungicide (iprodione), and one pesticide synergist (piperonyl butoxide).ResultsMore than half of the households reported applying pesticides indoors. Analytes frequently detected in both locations included chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, allethrin, cypermethrin, and piperonyl butoxide; no differences in concentrations or loadings were observed between locations for these analytes. Chlorthal-dimethyl was detected solely in farmworker homes, suggesting contamination due to regional agricultural use. Concentrations in samples collected 5-8 days apart in the same home were strongly correlated for the majority of the frequently detected analytes (Spearman ρ = 0.70-1.00, p < 0.01). Additionally, diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations in Salinas farmworker homes were 40-80% lower than concentrations reported in samples from Salinas farmworker homes studied between 2000-2002, suggesting a temporal reduction after their residential phase-out. Finally, estimated non-dietary pesticide intake for resident children did not exceed current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) recommended chronic reference doses (RfDs).ConclusionLow-income children are potentially exposed to a mixture of pesticides as a result of poorer housing quality. Historical or current pesticide use indoors is likely to contribute to ongoing exposures. Agricultural pesticide use may also contribute to additional exposures to some pesticides in rural areas. Although children's non-dietary intake did not exceed U.S. EPA RfDs for select pesticides, this does not ensure that children are free of any health risks as RfDs have their own limitations, and the children may be exposed indoors via other pathways. The frequent pesticide use reported and high detection of several home-use pesticides in house dust suggests that families would benefit from integrated pest management strategies to control pests and minimize current and future exposures.

Activities and Organophosphate Exposures: Response

Activities and Organophosphate Exposures: Response

Potential Sources of Childhood Exposure to Pesticides in an Agricultural Community

Relatively little information is available regarding pesticide exposures among children living in agricultural settings. This study assessed the relationship between household distance from an agricultural field and pesticide levels in house dust and on children's hands. A methodology for estimating childhood exposure by sampling house dust and children's hand-rinse samples was also evaluated. Four rounds of sampling were conducted, with samples collected in each round from approximately 30 houses and 45 children between the ages of 5 months and 36 months. Samples were prepared for chemical analysis and analyzed for organochlorine (OC) and/or organophosphate (OP) pesticides using gas chromatography coupled with either an electron capture or a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. OCs were detected at much lower concentrations than OPs. Additionally, no relationship existed between household proximity to the field and the concentration of pesticides in the house dust or hand-rinse samples (all corresponding p-values were greater than .05). The data suggest that pesticides in house dust and on children's hands originate from a variety of sources, which may include indoor use of pesticides; pesticides used on lawns, gardens and domestic animals; and pesticide drift from agricultural fields.

Nondietary ingestion of pesticides by children in an agricultural community on the US/Mexico border: preliminary results.

An environmental measurement and correlation study of nondietary ingestion of pesticides was carried out in a colonia in south Texas. The purpose of the study was to evaluate young children's exposure to environmental levels of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in the household. Samples were collected to measure levels of OP pesticides in housedust and on children's hands. These, in turn, were compared to levels of OP pesticide metabolites in urine. A total of 52 children, 25 boys and 27 girls, participated in the spring and summer of 2000. The children were 7-53 months of age at the time of recruitment. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were carried out using SAS statistical software. Seventy-six percent of housedust samples and 50% of hand rinse samples contained OP pesticides. All urine samples had at least one metabolite and over 95% had at least two metabolites above the limit of detection (LOD). Total OP loadings in the housedust ranged from nondetectable (nd) to 78.03 nmol/100 cm(2) (mean=0.15 nmol/100 cm(2); median=0.07 nmol/100 cm(2)); total OP loadings on the children's hands ranged from nd to 13.40 nmol/100 cm(2) (mean=1.21 nmol/100 cm(2); median=1.41 nmol/100 cm(2)), and creatinine corrected urinary levels (nmol/mol creatinine) of total OP metabolites ranged from 3.2 to 257 nmol/mol creatinine (mean=42.6; median 27.4 nmol/mol creatinine). Urinary metabolites were inversely associated with the age of the child (in months) with the parameter estimate (pe)=-2.11, P=0.0070, and 95% confidence interval -3.60 to -0.61. The multivariate analysis observed a weak association between concentrations of OP pesticides in housedust, loadings in housedust, and concentration on hands, hand surface area, and urinary levels of OP metabolites. However, hand loadings of OP pesticides were more strongly associated (r(2)=0.28; P=0.0156) with urinary levels of OP metabolites (pe=6.39; 95% CI 0.98-11.80). This study's preliminary findings suggest that surface loadings of pesticides, on hands, are more highly correlated with urinary bioassays and, therefore, may be more useful for estimation of exposure in epidemiologic studies than levels of pesticides in housedust.

Pesticides and Fetal Death due to Congenital Abnormalities

The authors reply: Acquavella and Burns raise two issues regarding exposure assessment in studies of residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications and birth outcomes: the magnitude of drift from pesticide applications to residential areas, and whether a biologically-active dose level would harm vegetation and insect populations. Several studies have shown that, when compared to the general population, individuals living near agricultural crops have an increased exposure to agricultural pesticides due to drift at the time of application. 1–3 These studies have measured detectable levels of pesticides in house dust from homes located within mile of agricultural crops. However, detection decreased as the distance between the homes and crops increased. In our study, we assigned proximity to exposure by using the “TRS” (township, range, and section) from the USGS (US Geological Survey) to define a fixed unit of one square mile. 4 If a woman’s residence was near the edge of the TRS in which she lived, and an application occurred near her home but in the adjacent TRS, then our narrow definition of exposure would classify her as “unexposed.” Therefore, we used the broad definition, which included her TRS of residence and the eight surrounding TRSs, in order to increase the sensitivity of the exposure categorization. By using this definition, we could have misclassified some individuals outside the range of drift as exposed. However, given that nondifferential exposure misclassification tends to bias estimates toward the null, it is unlikely that the observed increase in risk was due to exposure misclassification. At the time of our study, we were limited to a resolution of 1 square mile. Recently, geographic-based exposure metrics have been developed that can be linked to the California pesticide use database in order to more precisely estimate the proximity of agricultural pesticide applications to residences. 5 These new methods could serve as valuable exposure assessment tools in future studies. The authors also suggest that the validity of our exposure model is dependent upon having an environmentally relevant dose (ie, the insect population and vegetation between the application and residence would be noticeably damaged). Given that the agricultural pesticides are applied to crops in order to control for insects or weeds, we can assume that this criterion would be met for mothers living in very close proximity to agricultural crops. However, this criterion assumes that the biologically and environmentally relevant doses are equal. Several studies have shown that the risk of adverse birth outcomes (birth defects in particular) is a factor of both dose and fetal age at the time of exposure. 6–8 Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that the environmentally safe dose is greater than the biologically relevant dose for a fetus, particularly when the exposure occurs during a vulnerable period of fetal development. We agree with Acquavella and Burns that studies of residential proximity to agricultural pesticide applications would benefit from an improved measure of exposure. Nevertheless, our study represented a significant improvement in the exposure assessment over the majority of studies evaluating reproductive health effects of pesticides. Geographic proximity was not subject to recall bias, and gestational age at the time of exposure was known. As discussed above, methods that incorporate geographic mapping techniques in conjunction with pesticide application data have been developed that could improve the specificity of exposure classification. Finally, biomonitoring studies that characterize pesticide exposure due to drift, controlling for variability in wind and weather conditions, would lead to better understanding of environmental exposure to agricultural pesticides. Erin M. Bell Irva Hertz-Picciotto James J. Beaumont

Analytical method development for 18 pesticides in house dust and settled residues using SEC, SPE, TMS methylation, and GC-MS.

An analytical method is developed to analyze eighteen pesticides in carpet dust and also dust that has settled on surfaces in order to determine the potential exposure of children to pesticide residues. For nonacid pesticides, the extract after centrifugation and filtration is cleaned up using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS). The best solvent for extraction is ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (3:1). The recoveries of spiked nonacid pesticides from 2 g of dust are between 72% and 110% with a variation between 4.2% and 25.6%, and the detection limit is 10 to 50 ng/g dust, depending on the pesticide. For acid pesticides, the dust is extracted with a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, centrifuged, cleaned up by polyvinylbenzene/polystyrene-type solid-phase extraction cartridges, and methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMS). Acid pesticides on filter paper samples are extracted with acidified acetone (3 mM H3PO4) and methylated with TMS. Methylation with TMS is fast and easy to perform. Methyl esters of the pesticides are completely separated and detected at low levels by GC-MS in the selective ion monitoring mode. The average recoveries of pesticides from 2 g of dust are between 81% and 104%. The average recoveries of pesticides spiked on filter paper are between 88% and 113%. A capillary column with a stationary phase of trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane gives the best separation and sensitivity for most pesticides on the GC-MS.

Pilot study of a cotton glove press test for assessing exposure to pesticides in house dust.

A l'aide du test on a identifie quinze pesticides dans les poussieres de plusieurs maisons situees dans deux zones residentielles de Seattle (Etats-Unis)