Pesticides In Fish Research Articles

Pesticides in fish from the Uruguay River and markets in Argentina and health risk assessment

ABSTRACT Organochlorine, organophosphate, triazole, and strobilurin pesticides were determined in fish samples. Relative standard deviations lower than 9.3% were obtained for organochlorine pesticides and 10.8% for other pesticides. Accuracy ranged from 73% to 119% for organochlorine pesticides and 80.4% to 116% for organophosphate, triazole, and strobilurin pesticides. A total of 28 pesticides were analysed and 7 of them were detected (exceeding 10 µg/kg) in some samples, with the highest concentration recorded at 68.5 µg/kg, corresponding to heptachlor epoxide A. The pesticide most frequently detected was β HCH, found in 30 of the 100 analysed samples. Hazard Quotient values were estimated for men, women, and children. These values exceeded 1 for heptachlor epoxide in women and children, as well as for endrin in children. These findings emphasise the need for stricter controls to reduce fish contamination and mitigate health risks.

Basic Principles for Setting MRLs for Pesticides in Food Commodities in Japan.

The Committee on Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs of the Food Sanitation Council under the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council set the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residual pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities according to the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides in food commodities in Japan. The basic principles consist of the following seven concepts: 1. Outline of setting Japanese MRLs for pesticide residue in food commodities; 2. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in livestock commodities; 3. Preparation of draft MRLs for pesticides in fish and shellfish; 4. Technical guideline for setting MRLs for pesticides, etc., in honey; 5. Methods of setting standards for chemical substances used as pesticides in the past that are now detected as contaminants; 6. Concept of setting MRLs for pesticides at an extremely low level; and 7. Commodity groups and representative commodities regarding MRLs based on international harmonization. The present paper introduces and explains the basic principles for establishing MRLs for pesticides, veterinary drugs, and feed additives in food commodities.

Research for the Presence of Pesticides in Fish from the Sassandra and Bandama Rivers in the Localities of Bouafle, Guessabo and Soubre, Ivory Coast

Aims: This study aims to investigate the presence of pesticides in fresh fish caught in the Sassandra and Bandama rivers of the Sassandra-Marahoué district.
 Study Design: Fish is an important source of protein, the quality of which depends on many actions carried out directly or indirectly by man during fishing, fish trading, preservation operations (smoking, drying, refrigeration, etc.) the use of pesticides on cultivable areas along the rivers.
 Place and Duration of Study: Sampling was carried out in three fishing areas of the Sassandra-Marahoué district and the chemical analyzes were carried out at the Agrovalorization Laboratory of the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University in Daloa and at the National Laboratory for Agricultural Development Support (Côte d'Ivoire).
 Methodology: : A total of 390 samples of fresh fish, including 130 of each of the Tilapia, Chrysichthys and Labéo species, were collected randomly under aseptic conditions directly from various fishermen from the Sassandra River in the towns of Soubré and Guessabo and from the Bandama River in the locality of Bouaflé.
 Results: Analysis of the fish samples revealed about fifteen active substances from pesticides. Crimidine and Desisopropylatratzine showed the highest levels in Bouaflé Tilapia with 29.55% and 22.73% respectively, Metobromuron, Simazine and Fénuron at 29.55% each in Chrysichthys and Labeo, each substance was found in a single sample with a rate of 2.27%. In the Guéssabo samples, Metoxuron and Monuron are the highest substances in fresh Tilapia with 18.60% each. Certain substances such as Crimidine, Aldicarb, Parathion-ethyl and Parathion-methyl were not found in the Chrysichthys samples as well as Isoproturon, Metobromuron, Metoxuron and Monuron in the Labeo. The highest substances in the Soubré samples are Metobromuron at 18.60% in Tilapia, Parathion-methyl and Terbutryn at 18.60% in Chrysichthys and Crimidine in Labéo at 9.30%.
 Conclusion: This study clearly shows the presence of pesticide residues in fresh fish caught in the Bandama and Sassandra rivers. Precautions should be taken to eliminate or at least reduce the impacts of these on the environment and especially on human health.

Assessment of Organochlorines Pesticides Residues in Water, Fish and Sediment Samples from Wurbo Lake, Bali, Taraba State, Nigeria

Organochlorines pesticides (OCPs) have been used worldwide, particularly in many African countries as in Nigeria for the control of pests. OCPs are characterized by their bioaccumulation in the environment, especially in the food chain, where they find their way into the human body. The research was aim to estimate the residual concentrations of different OCPs in water, fish and sediment from Kundi Lake to find out the extent of pesticide contamination and accumulation. The water sample was subjected to liquid-liquid extraction method while the fish and the sediment samples were subjected to soxhlet extraction. The extracts were later analysed for organochlorines pesticide residues using Gas-Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The average length, average weight and condition factor of the studied fish species were measured. The Mormyrus rume had the highest average length of 17.12±0.05 cm, and average weight of 195.36±0.05 g follow by Clarias gariepinus which had the average length of 16.83±0.01 cm, and average weight of 189.43±0.03 g. Tilapia zilli was the least species of fish sample with a length of 12.75±0.03 cm and average weight of 102.21±0.02 g. Also, all the fish species sampled in this present study had condition factors>1. Based on the results obtained from all samples, it was found that the levels of organochlorine pesticides residues in water were generally below MRL as compared with FAO/WHO (0.5ppm). In fish samples, highest concentration of pesticide residues in Mormyrus rume follow by Clarias gariepinus, while the Tilapia zilli recorded low concentration of the pesticide residues. The Endosulfan II recorded high concentration of 4.68 ppm in Mormyrus rume follow by Endrin which recorded the concentration of 2.75 ppm, Aldrin 1.78 ppm and Atrazine 1.72 ppm all in Mormyrus rume. In Clarias gariepinus, Simazine 1.56 ppm follows by Endosulfan I 1.28 ppm while In Tilapia zilli, Endosulfan II 1.16 ppm follows by Atrazine 0.91 ppm and Beta Lindane 0.81 ppm. The results indicate that the area is contaminated with high levels of these pesticides in fish and sediment which may pose a great danger to the environment. Regular monitoring is therefore required to control the levels of pesticide residues in the water bodies.

Bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish resulting toxicities in humans through food chain and forensic aspects.

A crucial component for agricultural productivity is pesticide application. Increased usage of pesticides has significantly increased agricultural output, reduced grain losses in storage, and overall enhanced human wellbeing. Globally, every year approximately 3 billion kg of pesticides are used which budgets around 40 billion USD. Pesticide use can leave behind unwanted residues that can contaminate food, the environment, and living tissues. They are known to spread from agricultural regions that have been treated into the wider environment, where they affect non-target creatures. All tiers of biological organisms, directly impacted by this exposure. Pesticides at sub-lethal levels alter every aspect of a fish's physiology, including histology, haematology, defence mechanisms, and behaviour. The same topic of pesticide toxicology is the emphasis of this article, which also addresses some important induced chronic toxicological effects of pesticides in fish and the extent of their bioaccumulation in fish tissues. The data represents the largest bodies of water, such as rivers and lakes, that have been contaminated by pesticides, notably due to pesticide drift. It has been discussed how readily pesticides are absorbed into fish bodies and how this enters the food chain inducing harmful impacts on human health when consumed.

Multi residue analysis of persistent organochlorine pesticides in fish from Baro River, Gambella, Southwest Ethiopia

In this study, the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in thirty (30) randomly collected Tilapia Zilli fish samples from the Baro River, Ethiopia were determined. The pesticide residues were extracted by soxhlet extraction technique using a mixture of n-hexane and acetone. The extracts were cleaned with silica gel and analyzed using a GC-MS. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were calculated from linear calibration curves of nine mixtures of standards with a concentration range of 5-200 μg/kg in the fish sample and had correlation coefficients of 0.999 for all concentrations. The ranges of the limit of detections (LODs) and limit of quantifications ( LOQs) were 0.008–0.017 μg/kg and 0.025–0.052 μg/kg respectively. Recovery was determined from spiked samples at concentrations of 5 μg/kg, 60 μg/kg, and 200 μg/kg. Recoveries of 90.87–102.6% were obtained and the method precision calculated from relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 1.00–8.62%. Of the thirteen studied organochlorine pesticides five of them were detected in collected fish samples with concentrations of 67.08 μg/kg, 15.35 μg/kg, 16.6 μg/kg, 3.87 μg/kg, and 17.1 μg/kg for Endosulfan II, Endrin, Endosulfan I, 4,4’-DDD, and Chlordane, respectively. The occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples shows that these compounds have been used in the study areas. The levels of chlordane and Endosulfan II detected in fish samples were above the maximum residual limits (MRLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Therefore public awareness of pesticide use and management needs to be worked on by concerned bodies.

Development of a Pt-graphene nanocomposite-based solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamate pesticides in fish.

In the present work, a potential solid-phase extraction (SPE) material based on graphene anchored with platinum nanoparticles (Pt-Graphene) was prepared and characterized by scanning electron micrographs and transmission electron micrograph. The carbamates residues in fish were enriched by SPE filled with Pt-Graphene and detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The proposed extraction protocol exhibited satisfactory recoveries (76.5-115.6%), low limit of quantitation values in μg kg-1 level, and good precision for the studied ten carbamates. These results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed protocol. The developed Pt-Graphene nanoparticles showed excellent performance for extracting analytes at trace levels, indicating that it could be used as a potential SPE sorbent in food residue analysis.

Multicompartmental monitoring of legacy and currently used pesticides in a subtropical lake used as a drinking water source (Laguna del Cisne, Uruguay)

A pilot annual monitoring survey (April 2018–March 2019) was conducted to investigate the presence of pesticides in superficial water and fish in Laguna del Cisne, one of the most critical drinking water sources in Uruguay. A total of 25 pesticide residues were detected in superficial water (89.3 % of the samples). Pesticide's temporal distribution was associated with crops and livestock practices, with higher occurrences in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. The most frequent compounds in superficial water were the insecticide chlorantraniliprole, and the herbicides glyphosate (including its metabolite AMPA) and metolachlor. The levels of Organochlorine pesticide, p,p′-DDT, was in some cases two order of magnitude above the international water quality guidelines for Ambient Water Criteria. In fishes, eight different pesticides were detected, at concentrations from 1000 to 453,000 ng·kg−1. The most frequent pesticides found were propiconazole, chlorpyrifos, and p,p′-DDE. The widespread occurrence of pesticides in fish suggests potential exposure effects on fish populations and the aquatic ecosystem. The sampling approach of this work allowed monitoring the continuous concentrations of several pesticides in surface waters and fishes to establish the influence from past and current agriculture practices in Laguna del Cisne basin. For safety measures, continuous monitoring programs must be performed in this system to prevent toxicity impacts on aquatic organisms and human health.

Occurrence, spatio-temporal distribution, and human health risk assessment of pesticides in fish along the Ayuquila-Armería River, Mexico

Pesticide usage has contributed to increasing food production; it has also caused them to be found in ecosystems inducing adverse effects on biota. Fish are the most abundant and diverse vertebrates in the world and are of great importance both economically and ecologically. Some fishes are indicators of the environmental quality of aquatic ecosystems and provide insight as to how pollutants might influence public health. The tilapias species can be considered biomonitors because they present little displacement representing the contamination level of a site. This study aimed at three goals: (1) to determine the concentration of 20 pesticides in tilapia muscle in the Ayuquila-Armería basin, (2) to describe the spatiotemporal variation of analytes and (3) to evaluate the risk of consuming contaminated fish. The presence of 11 pesticides was determined. Ametrine, glyphosate and malathion concentrations showed significant differences by season. The risk assessment showed that the consumption of tilapia muscle from the Ayuquila-Armería basin does not represent a risk for the population. Diazinon concentrations were relatively low compared to the other pesticides concentrations, but its toxic characteristics were the ones that most negatively influenced the risk assessment. The results obtained are relevant from the social and economic points of view.

Determination and Quantification of Some Organochlorines, Organophosphorus, Carbamates and Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Fresh and Frozen Fish in Jordan


 Contamination of aquatic systems with pesticides occurs frequently. This study aimed to detect the levels of some pesticides: organochlorines, organophosphorus, pyrethroids, and carbamates groups in imported frozen and local fresh fish in Jordan. A total of 218 samples were randomly collected (194 imported frozen fish). Samples were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/Ms/Ms). Results showed that 23 different pesticides were found in this study. All 218 fish samples were contaminated with at least 4 compounds and maximally 12 pesticides. In terms of contamination rate, no significant differences between local and imported types were observed. Up to 65.2% of pesticides were detected at concentration higher than the maximum residue limit set by the WHO (10 ppb) in 215 samples (98.6%). These samples concluded heavy contaminations with different pesticides for either imported or locally raised products. Therefore, routine monitoring of pesticides in fish and their environment are officially required.

Modern ecological and hygienic problems of fish products safety, associated with the development of pond fish farming in the Saratov region

Materials about the study of the content of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in carp fishes of the agricultural sector, which is successfully developed in the Saratov region — pound fish farming, are presents in this article. It was found that the territorial location of pond production influence on the content of heavy metals and pesticides in fish. The content of the metals lead, cadmium and mercury in the liver and gonads of carp was higher than the permissible values when growing fish in ponds located in the city near highways. On the contrary, pesticides were detected in fish organs only in the territories of pond fish farming of agricultural farms. At the same time, the residual concentrations of organochlorine pesticides contained in freshwater fish did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. In order to safely consume fish grown near highways of the city limits, which are sources of heavy metal emissions, it should be recommended to remove internal organs (liver and gonads) from fish products.

Analytical control of the content of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in fish and fish products

The article presents the results of the estimation of lead, copper, chromium and organochlorine pesticides in fish and fish products. The flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography were chosen as the basic methods of analysis. It has been established that the content of the analyzed substances in the studied objects is within the permissible limits. The influence of various methods of culinary processing on the change in concentrated levels of heavy metals in fish and fish products is considered.

Multi residue analysis of organochlorine pesticides in fish, milk, egg and their feed by GC-MS/MS and their impact assessment on consumers health in Bangladesh

The present study determined the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fish feed, cattle feed, poultry feed, fish, Poultry chicken meat, egg, Cow milk and beef and assessed the potential human health risks due to consumption of foods from animal sources. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) was used to detect the presence of OCPs residues. Several OCPs residues including Aldrin, p’,p’-DDD, p’,p’-DDT and Endosulfan sulfate were detected in fish; Aldrin, p’,p’-DDE, Heptachlor, p’,p’-DDT and HCH were detected in poultry chicken meat; Aldrin, p’,p’-DDE and DDD were detected in egg; Aldrin, p’,p'DDE and p’,p’-DDT were detected in cow milk and Aldrin, p’,p’-DDE, p’,p’-DDT, Endrin and HCH were detected in beef. OCPs residues were detected within the range of EU/FAO's recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs). The Health risk index (HI) values of detected OCPs were ranged from 0.295914 to 0.834996; 0.00059628 to 0.09085834; 0.087882 to 0.090889; 0.05462 to 0.312114 and 0.008468 to 0.179828 for fish, Poultry chicken meat, egg, cow milk and beef respectively. The HI values of simultaneous exposure to different OCPs from the total food of animal origin (cow milk, beef, fish, chicken meat and egg) were 0.829889954, 0.825673025, 0.035987457, 0.0557969 and 0.179828343 for aldrin, Σ p,p-DDE, DDD and DDT, Heptachlor, HCH and Endrin respectively which are also below than 1. HI value of lower than 1 indicates no potential health risks while more than 1 HI value indicates potential health hazardous. This work provided information about the occurrence of OCPs traces in animal feed and animal derived food items and their impact on public health.

Modern ecological and hygienic problems of the agricultural economy associated with development of pond fish farming

The materials on the study of the content of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in fish are presented. It has been established that the level of heavy metals and pesticides in fish is influenced by the territorial location of the pond production. Therefore, the content of lead, cadmium and mercury in the liver and gonads of carp was higher than the permissible values for fish growing in ponds located in the city limits near highways. The pesticides DDT and HCH were detected in the organs of fish in the territories of pond fish farming of farms. Residual concentrations of pesticides contained in fish did not exceed the maximum permissible levels. In order to safely consume fish grown near highways by the population, we recommend the removal of internal organs (liver and gonads) from fish products.

A Review on Toxicity of Pesticides in Catfishes: Reproductive, Haematological and Biochemical Aspects

This review article focuses on the effect of pesticides on reproductive functions, haematological and biochemical changes in catfishes. Pesticides are chemical substances that are released into the environment to control the populations of harmful pests. Pesticide exposure leads to toxicity in aquatic organisms, including fishes which are particularly sensitive to pesticides. The acute and sublethal concentrations of pesticides in the aquatic environment result in different lethal alterations, including changes in reproductive functions, histology, haematology, proteins, glucose, lipids, enzymes, etc. Pesticides act as endocrine disruptor compounds and have the potential to impair reproductive function in catfishes. Alterations in haematological and biochemical parameters are used as efficient biomarkers in assessing the toxicity of pesticides in fishes.

Assessing the exposure of Sidi M’Hamed Benali lake (Algeria) to Organo-chlorinated compounds and pesticides in fish

Sidi M’Hamed Benali lake (Algeria) is a reservoir used for recreational and fishing purposes that also harbors a rich fauna an flora. These are affected by use of pesticides in view of the increasing anthropogenic activities. In this study, levels of contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromo-diphényléthers (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and Lin-dane were measured using gas chromatography with electron capture detec-tion and gas chromatography mass spectrometry in four fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Barbus barbus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Rutilus rutilus) of Sidi M'Hamed Benali lake. The results showed that PCBs, PBDEs and the insecticide Lindane contaminated the studied species but at concentrations, much lower that the guiding values. On the contrary, high levels of pp’DDE (p,p’dichlorodiphényldichloroéthylène) was recorded in all samples with values higher than the Maximum residue limit of 300 ng/g lipid weight (LW.) set by FAO with values as high as 3.87 x 103 ng/g LW (total DDTs) which indi-cated potential hazard not only to human consumers of the lake fishs but also a potential hazard expected to animals that prey on these fishes. 14 ng/g fresh weight (FW.) Canadian limit is also significantly lower than the values of fish from the studied lake (42-46 ng/g FW.). In light of these results, we conclude that this lake is exposed to organic pollution of anthropogenic origin and we encourage caution regarding the consumption of fish in this reservoir. It is time to make serious efforts to mitigate the lake pollution in order to protect aquatic wildlife for sustainable development.

An Integrated Strategy for Purification by Combining Solid-Phase Extraction with Dispersive-Solid-Phase Extraction for Detecting 22 Pesticides and Metabolite Residues in Fish.

A robust isotope-labeled internal standard method was established for the detection of 22 pesticides and metabolite residues in four kinds of fish; two were from freshwater fish, and two were from marine fish. Pesticides with wide application possibilities in rice in China, strong leaching to water, or high bioconcentration factors (BCF) in fish were selected. The samples were extracted with 1% acetic acid-99% acetonitrile. The extracts were first purified by solid-phase extraction (PEP-plus), cleaned with dispersive-solid-phase extraction (PSA and C18), and finally analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that good linearities for the target compounds were observed in the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient (R2) of each compound was greater than 0.99. The recoveries of the method were within 70-120% with RSDs <20% at three different spiked concentration levels (0.5, 5, and 100 ng/g). The quantitative limit of the method was 0.5-5 ng/g. The method is shown to be sensitive and accurate and can meet the demands for the quantitative analysis of pesticides in fish.

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fish and Sediments from Vea Irrigation Reservoir

The low yield of food production ascribed to harm caused by pests has led to the application of pesticides to food crops. Pesticide residues from the application on crops are mostly found in foods that can cause diseases for consumers of such products. A total of 37 pesticide residues consisting of 15 organochlorines (OC), 13 organophosphorus (OP) and 9 synthetic pyrethroids (SP) were determined. The QuEChERS method was exploited for extraction and clean-up. Gas Chromatograph was used for detection and quantification which was equipped with an electron capture detector and pulse flame photometric detector. The results showed that the mean concentrations of pesticides in fish ranged from 0.007 mg·kg-1 to 1.026 mg·kg-1 for OCs, 0.002 mg·kg-1 to 0.190 mg·kg-1 for OPs and 0.004 mg·kg-1 to 0.032 mg·kg-1 for SP. Sediments have mean concentrations ranged from 0.005 mg·kg-1 to 1.207 mg·kg-1 for OCs. OP ranges from 0.002 mg·kg-1 to 0.399 mg·kg-1 and 0.003 mg·kg-1 to 0.202 mg·kg-1 for synthetic pyrethroids. Maximum Residue Limits were exceeded in both fish and sediment samples except for malathion, fenitrothion, profenofos, gamma-chlordane, and deltamethrin. Exposure in children ranged from 4.60 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1 to 2.36 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1 and in adults it is from 1.97 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1 to 1.01 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1. Health risk estimation revealed a non-cancer risk potential of β-HCH in sediment and aldrin and p,p'-DDE in fish. Carcinogenic risk assessed for organochlorine pesticide residues indicates cancer benchmark concentrations greater than 10-4 to 10-6 threshold for acceptance.

Pesticides contamination in the Thamirabarani, a perennial river in peninsular India: The first report on ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment

This study evaluates the distribution of pesticides and assesses the ecological and human health risks associated with pesticide residues concentration in the Thamirabarani River, the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu, India. Observed a variation in the pesticide concentration in the water (not detected (ND)-31.69 μg/L), sediments (ND-14.77 μg/kg), and fish (0.02–26.05 μg/kg). Endosulfan, aldrin, and endrin were the predominant organochlorine pesticides present in water, sediments, and fish. The average concentration of pesticides (except endosulfan) in water and sediments was found to be below the acceptable threshold as per the water and sediment quality guidelines, posing no ecological hazard to aquatic organisms. The calculated risk quotient and toxic unit (0.1 > TU/RQ ≤ 1) represent low-to-medium acute and chronic toxicity to the aquatic organisms inhabiting the river basin. The average concentration of pesticides in fish (Labeorohita) was also below the maximum residual limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). However, the calculated daily intakes of endosulfan, aldrin, and endrin were above the CAC-acceptable daily intake guidelines. The human health risk assessment showed that children and adults exposed to pesticides in water and sediments through ingestion and dermal contact could have higher cancer risks (CR > 10−4) than inhalation. This study recommends implementing effective and routine pollution management schemes to avoid pesticide threats to aquatic and human health.

Comet assay as a method used in research on DNA damage caused by pesticides in fish

The comet assay method is a research technique for detecting damage to cellular DNA due to active physical or chemical agents. The comet assay is based on electrophoretic migration of genetic material contained in the cell’s nucleus. This research method is commonly used in many different fields, such as toxicology, environmental protection, and pharmacology. In recent years, the comet assay has attracted considerable attention from scientists studying the effects of harmful substances on the genetic material in the cell’s nucleus. The presence of pesticides in the environment is a threat to animals, because of the negative effects of pesticides on cells and their genetic material. Therefore, the aim of this paper, based on the available literature, was to describe the use of the comet assay in assessing the genotoxicity of pesticides to cells of aquatic organisms, as well as to describe the methodology and potential complications of this procedure.