Pesticide Residues In Tomatoes Research Articles

Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers traded in Fayoum governorate markets, Egypt

Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in tomatoes and cucumbers traded in Fayoum governorate markets, Egypt

Bioanalytical Method: Determining pesticide residues in tomatoes and mushrooms by a bioactive membrane-based sensor, enzyme inhibition and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Bioanalytical Method: Determining pesticide residues in tomatoes and mushrooms by a bioactive membrane-based sensor, enzyme inhibition and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Optimization of QuEChERS method for determination of pesticide residues in vegetables and health risk assessment.

The present study focused on the optimization of the QuEChERS extraction method for the determination of 61 pesticide residues and associated health risk assessment in 144 samples of commonly consumed vegetables, viz., eggplant, cabbage, green chilli, okra, and tomato. The samples were collected between January and April 2022 from three different districts within Gujarat, India. The QuEChERS method was optimized and utilized for the extraction of samples. The samples were analyzed by UHPLC-q-TOF/MS and GC-MS/MS. The modified QuEChERS method was successfully validated, and the obtained results were satisfactory as per the 2021 SANTE guidelines. The residue analysis of the vegetable samples showed that about 4% of total samples contained single pesticide residues. Pesticide residues below the quantitation limit (BQL) were observed in eggplant, cabbage, and okra samples. In total, 15.62% (n = 5) samples of green chilli showed the presence of pesticides such as azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, and propargite whereas 3% (n = 1) tomato samples contained cyfluthrin. In total, 97.22% of the samples had residues that were below the European Union Maximum Residue Limit (EU MRL). Two samples of green chilli had pesticide residues above EU MRL. The Hazard Index (HI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were used to assess the health risks associated with green chilli and tomato consumption. The HI and HQ values for adolescents and adults were found to be less than 1. The modified QuEChERS method was found to be easy and effective and can be implemented for routine sample analysis. The study revealed the presence of pesticide residues in tomato and green chilli samples. Further, the outcome provided information pertaining to current pesticide status, concluding that consumption of these commodities is unlikely to pose any health risk, though long-term monitoring studies focusing on dietary health risk assessment must be initiated.

Surveillance of pesticide residues in tomato and eggplant and assessment of acute and chronic health risks to the consumers in Pakistan.

Pesticide application has become a mandatory requirement of the modern agricultural system, resulting in the objectionable levels of pesticide residues in the treated food commodities and posing health threats to the consumers. This study aimed at optimization and validation of an analytical method which can be reliably applied for routine monitoring of the selected eighteen widely reported pesticides in tomato and eggplant. The principle of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe, i.e., QuEChERS, involving the acetate-buffered extraction followed by cleanup using the primary secondary amines (PSA) was employed. The analytical method was validated at three spiking levels (0.05, 0.01, 0.005mg/kg) using gas chromatograph-micro electron capture detector (GC-µECD). Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric detector (GC-MSD) was also used for confirmation and quantification using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method was applied on fresh samples of tomato (n = 33) and eggplant (n = 27) collected from local markets of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in the crop season 2020-2021. Twenty-five (76%) tomato samples and fifteen (56%) eggplant samples were found positive for one or more pesticides. Though the chronic and acute health risk assessments indicate that both of these vegetables are unlikely to pose any unacceptable health threat to their consumers, yet the risks from regular intake of pesticides-contaminated food commodities should be regularly addressed for possible protection of the public health and assurance of safe and consistent agro-trade, alike.

Assessment of consumer’s knowledge and practices on pesticide residues reduction in tomatoes in Mvomero, Morogoro region, Tanzania

Pesticides are important components of agricultural production but the consumption of crops treated with pesticides, even in small quantities, can accumulate in the human body and cause health problems. Therefore, consumers’ knowledge and practices on reduction of these residues is essential however, there is scant of information on consumers’ knowledge and practices on pesticide residues reduction in tomatoes in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Mvomero District in Morogoro region among 280 randomly selected consumers. Questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews to assess knowledge and practices on the reduction of pesticide residues in tomatoes before consumption. Data were analyzed using SPSSTM version 20 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 64.6% of respondents know that pesticides can cause health effects of which, 41% are not sure of the specific health problem with few mentioning cancers. About 80% of respondents know that tomatoes sold in the market have pesticide residues. Majority of respondents (78.9%) believe that the pesticide residues in tomatoes disappear after cooking. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported that they know methods for reducing pesticide residues of which 66.8% reported to be reducing pesticide residues by washing with water. Generally, consumer’s knowledge on health effects and practices on reduction of pesticide residues before consumption was relatively poor. Hence, there is a need for improving knowledge on reducing pesticide residues in tomatoes using cost-effective methods that are applicable at the household level. Knowledge on the health effects of pesticide residues was significantly associated with having a mobile phone, reading newspapers, and attending training on pesticides and associated health effects. Therefore, phones, radio, and newspapers may be used as effective methods for communicating health information to the public.

Detection and quantification of pesticide residues in tomatoes sold in urban markets of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction“What people worry about, and what makes them sick and kills them, are not the same” is maxim for risk communication experts. In Burkina Faso, pesticides are used by vegetable producers to improve productivity. However, consumer concern over pesticide use is high. Of course, if over-used pesticides could have serious health consequences for producers and consumers and also cause ecological damage.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to detect and quantify the levels of residues of pesticides in tomatoes sold in urban markets of Ouagadougou. Two samples were collected from each vendor (n = 328 vendors) making a total of 656 tomato samples from 26 markets. Samples were subjected to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for detection and quantification of six pesticide residues commonly used in West Africa including acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and permethrin.ResultsOverall, 62.2% of tomato samples contained at least one pesticide residue including acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT. Deltamethrin and permethrin were however not detected in any samples. The highest proportions of samples were contaminated with DDT (32.9, 95%CI: 27.9–38.3%), followed by acetamiprid (31.1, 95%CI: 26.2–36.5%), lambda-cyhalothrin (28.4, 95%CI: 23.6–33.6%) and chlorpyrifos (10.7, 95%CI, 7.6–14.6%). 21.3% of samples exceeded Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) including Acetamiprid (13.1%), DDT (7.3%), lambda-cyhalothrin (2.1%) and chlorpyrifos (0.3%); while 61.3% of sample exceeded European Union (EU) MRLs. Multiple pesticide residues (up to 4) were detected simultaneously in 27.7% of the total samples.ConclusionThe study suggests that producers and consumers may be exposed to pesticides that can be highly toxic to them and to the environment. We recommend further quantitative risk assessment for consumer exposure and identification of best procedures to reduce residues in vegetables. Meanwhile, monitoring and regulating pesticide use, with the promotion of good agricultural practices, are warranted to prevent consumers, producers and environmental exposure. However, given this may not be effective, promotion of consumer washing and peeling of vegetables may be warranted to at least empower consumers to protect themselves. Moreover, where resources are scarce they should be directed to the highest burden hazards and in Burkina Faso, these are not likely to be pesticides.

Determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in tomato, potato, and pineapple samples of selected farmlands in southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT. In this study, the residual concentrations of some organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides were determined in tomato, potato, and pineapple samples from selected farmlands of Jimma and Kefa Zones, Southwest of Ethiopia. The QuEChERS procedure, AOAC-2007, was used for extraction of the pesticides from the samples prior to their determinations by a gas GC-ECD. Pesticides including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, endrin, and dieldrin were not detected in all studied samples. Dimethoate was detected only in Mana and Saka Buyo Qacama tomato samples. Likewise, malathion was detected only in the Saka Buyo Qacama tomato sample. The residual concentrations of most of the studied pesticides were below their MRLs set in EU guideline. However, the recorded residual concentrations of dibutyl chlorendate and chloroflurenol-methyl pesticides were above the EU general default MRL. The percent recoveries studied by spiking known concentrations of the analytes ranged from 71.22–121.56%. However, the recoveries of chloroflurenol-methyl and chlorpyrifos in the potato sample were 65.65 and 67.90%, respectively. One-way ANOVA results (p ≤ 0.05) indicated the presence of significant variations in the concentrations of the detected pesticides among the sampling sites. Generally, the findings showed that regular monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products of the area is needed.
 
 KEY WORDS: Organophosphates and organochlorines pesticides, QuEChERS, Tomato, potato, and pineapple samples, GC-ECD
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(1), 23-33. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i1.3

Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry applied for quantification of pesticides and discrimination from tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum)

The determination of pesticide residues in tomatoes is usually performed by GC–MS and LC–MS, which provide high analytical performance but require several steps of sample preparation. Thus, this work employed a simpler and faster technique, the Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (PSI-MS), combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to differentiate the tomatoes varieties and for quantification of pesticides residues. It was determined a metabolic profiling by PSI-MS and the samples were grouped according to the variety using PCA. A quantitative method was developed for sensitive and accurate quantitative analysis of the fungicide cyazofamid by PSI(+)-MS using fruit peels of two varieties of tomatoes. The method showed a calibration curve with R2> 0.99, and low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 10 ng.mL−1 and 25 ng.mL−1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day recoveries percentage were in a range of 93.87–109.32 % and 99.54–100.81 % for variety Sweet Heaven, respectively. Similar results were obtained for variety BS II0012 with a satisfactory average recovery ranged from 89 % to 108 %, within the standards established by the regulatory agency. The results obtained reinforce the potential of PSI-MS as a rapid and simple analytical tool for determination of pesticide residue in agricultural products.

Pesticide residues analysis in farm gate vegetables of agricultural areas in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, India

The main purpose of this experiment was to understand pesticide residues persistence and their toxicity level in vegetables. In the present study pesticide residues in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and capsicum (Capsium annuum L.) vegetables cultivated in Tumakuru, Gubbi, Kunigal and Pavagada taluks in Tumkur district were analysed. In methodology, samples of 1 kg each were collected, cut into small pieces, macerated in a grinder and used for the analysis. Pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed tomato samples of Pavagada recorded acephate (0.346 mg/kg), dichlorvos (0.189 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.057 mg/kg) and Tumakuru samples recorded phorate (0.072 mg/kg) residues higher than MRLs (Maximum residue levels). Chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin-g and cypermethrin were below detection level (BDL) in all the samples. Cyfluthrin-β recorded highest in Kunigal samples (0.294 mg/kg), Tumakuru and Gubbi samples showed BDL. Deltamethrin was highest in Pavagada (0.296 mg/kg) samples and Tumakuru and Kunigal samples revealed BDL. Pavagada samples (0.026 mg/kg) showed monocrotophos residues higher than MRLs. In capsicum samples, acephate residue was highest in Tumakuru samples (0.333 mg/kg), highest chlorpyrifos (0.153 mg/kg) in Kunigal samples, deltamethrin (0.381 mg/kg), fenvalerate (0.168 mg/kg) and phorate (0.089 mg/kg) residues were higher than MRLs in Pavagada samples. Cyfluthrin-β (0.045 mg/kg) was high in Tumakuru and dichlorvos (0.042 mg/kg) high in Pavagada samples. Cyhalothrin-g, cypermethrin and monocrotophos were BDL in all the samples. An attempt has been made to assess the different pesticides usage and their adverse impacts on vegetables, which are backbone to afford assistance for an extensive array of investigators.

Simultaneous determination of eight carbamate pesticide residues in tomato, rice, and cabbage by online solid phase extraction/purification-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

建立了在线固相萃取/净化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(online SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定番茄、大米和圆白菜中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的分析方法。将番茄5.0 g(不加水)、圆白菜和大米各2.0 g(各加3 mL水),以1000 r/min旋涡1 min,加入2 g氯化钠和10 mL 0.5%(v/v)甲酸乙腈溶液,旋涡均匀后离心,上清液氮吹后用10%(v/v)乙腈水溶液复溶,复溶液使用CAPCELL PAK C18净化柱(50 mm×2.0 mm, 15 μm)进行在线净化,当流动相0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈的体积比分别为90:10和35:65时,可实现氨基甲酸酯农药的吸附和洗脱。以ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)为分析柱,实现8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在12.0 min内即可完成分析。在优化条件下,8种氨基甲酸酯类农药在各自线性范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995, LOD和LOQ分别为0.01~0.3 ng/mL和0.05~1.0 ng/mL;在3个加标水平下,8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的加标回收率为73.76%~112.32%,相对标准偏差为1.28%~13.14%(n=6)。通过在线净化的方式,大大提高了前处理效率,只需12 min即可完成净化上样,不需氮吹复溶等步骤,提高了处理效率。该法回收率高,重复性好,具有准确、快速、灵敏、环保等优点,可用于植物性食品中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测。

Pesticide Residues on Tomatoes Grown and Consumed in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

The effects of pesticides on human health are of great concern worldwide despite their usefulness in agriculture. The aim of the study was to evaluate pesticide residues on tomatoes grown and consumed in Kirinyaga County in order to determine whether the levels fall within recommended MRLs. Reported increased use of unspecified pesticides and undocumented residue levels in tomatoes produced in the country justified the need to evaluate pesticide residues in tomatoes grown in the area and consumed locally. The study, which was conducted in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya between July 2017 and July 2018 used analytical study design. Tomato samples of Rambo variety mainly grown in open fields and greenhouses in the Irrigation Scheme were purposively sampled from thirty-five sampling sites in open fields, greenhouses, markets and consumers. The samples were taken to Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (KEPHIS) laboratory in Nairobi for analysis. Analysis was done using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue analytical method for Low-Fat products. Four pesticide residues detected on tomatoes above the recommended EU and Cordex MRLs were: malathion (0.0315±0.0032 mg/kg) in open fields, carbendazim (1.2341±0.1667 mg/kg) and thiamethoxam (0.3736±0.0358 mg/kg) from greenhouses and acephate (0.0321±0.0032 mg/kg) from the market. Pesticide residue levels of tomatoes from consumers were all significantly (p<0.001, p<0.01) below the EU and Cordex permitted MRLs. Occurrence of pesticide residues on tomatoes from production to consumption levels is of great concern to consumers because of the perceived long term negative health effects. Implementation, strengthening and enforcement of the food policy in the country will enhance frequent monitoring of pesticide residue levels in fresh produce consumed locally in Kenya.

Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes and French Beans from Murang’a and Kiambu Counties, Kenya

Poor Pesticide-handling practices during production of tomatoes and French beans pose adverse health and environmental effects. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans grown and sold in Murang’a and Kiambu counties, Kenya. Samples were collected in farms and markets during the wet and dry seasons. Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method and quantified using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The recoveries of pesticides from spiked samples were within the acceptable range (70-120%) for quantitative pesticide residue methods. The concentration range of pesticides residues in tomatoes were: profenofos, <LOQ to 0.18 mg/Kg; omethoate, <LOQ to 0.03 mg/Kg; indoxacarb, <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.11 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl < LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentration range of pesticides residues in French beans were: imidacloprid <LOQ to 0.29 mg/Kg; chlorantraniliprole <LOQ to 0.37 mg/Kg; spirotetramat <LOQ to 0.01 mg/Kg; indoxacarb <LOQ to 0.05 mg/Kg; and metalaxyl <LOQ to 0.02 mg/Kg. The concentrations of pesticide residues in tomatoes and French beans were below the Maximum Residue Levels set by the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme and the European Union except for concentrations of omethoate in tomatoes, which were higher in 29% of analyzed samples. The presence of omethoate in tomatoes, whose use in vegetables is banned, suggests poor pesticide handling practices by some tomato farmers in the two counties.

Determination of Pesticide Residuals in Soil and Tomato Fruits from Two Tomato Production Areas in northern Ghana

Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an important vegetable commodity in Ghana, as it is consumed daily in many households either heat-treated or without any form of heat treatments. Tomato production is a major source of income for many smallholder producers in Northern Ghana especially through dry season farming when the major supply of tomatoes from Southern Ghana is exhausted. Research conducted for the past decade confirmed the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables such as cabbage, onion, cucumber, lettuce, tomatoes, okra and pepper. The objective of this study was to identify and estimate pesticide residual levels in the soil and tomato fruits in comparison with the maximum allowable residual limits. The research was carried out in two production communities namely Doba where the “Burkina” variety is mostly grown in the Kassena Nankana East District of the Upper East Region and Bunglung where the “Wosowoso” variety is cultivated in the Savelugu/Nanton Municipality of Northern Region. Soil samples were collected for residue determination before transplanting of tomato seedlings. Matured and ripe tomato fruits were also collected for the determination of the presence and amount of pesticide residues. All soil and plant samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to determine the presence of twenty-four organochlorines and thirteen organophosphate pesticide residues. From the analysis, pesticide residues were present in different variations which ranged from 0.002 – 0.033 and 0.003 – 0.022 (soils) and 0.330 – 1.187 and 0.002 – 0.088 (fruits) for organochlorines and organophosphates respectively for both communities. Levels of pesticide residues were generally above the acceptable maximum residue limits as farmer practices produced fruits with more pesticide residues since the land areas could have been predisposed with residues from previous seasons for other food crops, which could be translocated into the tomato plant and through into the fruits. The presence of pesticide residues could also be attributed to the influence of run-off and drift from other cultivated lands. For effective determination of pesticides residues in the tomato plants, it is essential to use uncontaminated soil and water to facilitate the efficient estimation of pesticide residues in tomatoes and plants in general.

Pesticide residues in tomato and tomato products marketed in Majmaah province, KSA, and their impact on human health

Over 22 samples of tomato, tomato paste, and ketchup collected from local markets, located in Majmaah Province, Saudi Arabia, were tested for the presence of 412 pesticide residues using the modified QuEChERS method, followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. About eight pesticide residues were detected in 36% of analyzed samples. The amount and frequency of detected pesticide residues were higher in tomato samples. All detected residues were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Multiple residues were detected in 27% of analyzed samples. Of the pesticides, cypermethrin was the most detected one followed by carbendazim. The average daily intake and health risk indices for Majmaah region population were estimated. The results showed that consumption of tomato and its products do not represent a risk to human health in this region. However, the presence of multiple residues in some samples necessitates regular monitoring of pesticide residues in tomato crop.

Effective removal of organophosphorus pesticide residues in tomatoes using natural extracts

AbstractThe reduction efficiency of the extracts of Albizia amara and Acacia concinna against most widely used organophosphorus pesticides such as dimethoate, malathion, dichlorvos, and chlorpyrifos on tomato samples was investigated. The pesticide residues were quantified by gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC‐MS/MS). The maximum reduction efficiency was achieved from the samples treated with 8% A. concinna extract on dichlorvos (87%) and dimethoate (84%) followed by 6% A. amara on malathion (83%) and chlorpyrifos (64%) and comparatively higher than water wash and it shows the reduction of only 14–38% for 15 min. The sensorial property and lycopene content of tomato samples were assessed and these plant extracts showed no significant effects on color, texture, and lycopene content after washing treatment. These phytochemical rich plant extracts exhibited greater reduction ability against pesticide residues without changing the nutritional and sensorial characteristics of the treated tomato samples. The current study may be a platform for formulating a cost‐effective, safe, and natural cleanser for the effective removal of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables.Practical applicationsPresence of multiple pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables is a worldwide problem in food safety. Particularly, tomatoes are most often consumed without cooking, hence it is essential to estimate the pesticide reduction efficiency of the common washing procedure. Washing of tomatoes with chemical solutions to remove pesticide residues leads to additional chemical exposure. Therefore, the reduction efficiency of natural plant extracts such as Albizia amara and Acacia concinna on four pesticides (dimethoate, malathion, dichlorvos, and chlorpyrifos) was studied. The method for the analysis of pesticide using GC‐MS/MS was validated according to SANTE 11813/2017 to detect the pesticide residues in tomatoes after each washing treatment. This study showed that the natural extracts could be a good tool for the removal of multipesticide residues effectively from the tomatoes without compromising its nutritional and sensory properties. The pesticide decontamination with plant extracts was effective, economic and safe for household and commercial applications.

Rapid quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in tomatoes by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Chlorpyrifos is a type of organophosphate insecticide used extensively in the plantation of tomatoes, a worldwide popular food. However, chlorpyrifos residues on tomatoes bring risks to human health considering the consumption level of tomato is relatively high across many countries. Accurate detection and strict regulation of chlorpyrifos residues are very important in controlling health risks related to chlorpyrifos. Therefore, we developed a rapid, highly sensitive, economical, and nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based method that can quantitatively determine the content of chlorpyrifos in tomatoes. Silver colloid was optimized and used as the enhance substrate for SERS. Chlorpyrifos residues on tomato surface and in tomato extract were both measured with SERS, and the results acquired under these practical conditions well matched those of chlorpyrifos standard solutions. Linear relationships between chlorpyrifos concentrations and SERS intensities at crucial characteristic peaks under both conditions were established, and the results showed linearity across the entire measured range from 10−3 to 10−9 mol L−1. The detection limit of the proposed method was 10−9 mol L−1, which was much lower than the standards of chlorpyrifos use for China, Japan and EU, and was the lowest reported concentration chlorpyrifos had been measured on any fruit/vegetable surface or in its extract. The proposed method was very promising in the accurate, quantitative detection of pesticide residues, and it may be adapted to a variety of agricultural products and other areas in food science.

Identification and Quantification of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes, Carrots, Sorrel and Spinachusing the Quechers Method and Detection by GC-MS

Identification and Quantification of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes, Carrots, Sorrel and Spinachusing the Quechers Method and Detection by GC-MS

Modelling the behavior of pesticide residues in tomatoes and their associated long-term exposure risks

This study is focused on the dissipation behavior of 7 fungicides and 5 insecticides applied in tomatoes after a third spraying at recommended and double doses by considering 6 kinetic models which allow estimating the pesticides half-lives (t1/2). Except studying the pesticides dissipation, another scope of our manuscript was investigating the risk to human health after application of different pesticide treatments in tomatoes. The pesticides analysis in tomatoes at harvest showed that the residues were below the maximum residue level (MRL), with the exception of chlorotalonil (included in Group 2B - “Possibly carcinogenic to humans”) and bifenthrin for recommended dose treatments, while for double dose treatments, the MRLs was exceeded for 7 pesticides, once again including chlorotalonil. For recommended dose treatments, the 1st order kinetic model is confirmed only for metalaxyl-M. The values of pesticides t1/2 ranged from 0.006 days (for chlorothalonil) to 48.59 days (for myclobutanil). For double dose treatments, the 1st order kinetic model is confirmed for deltamethrin and triadimenol. In this case, the values of pesticides t1/2 ranged from 0.32 to 10.67 days. Further, consumers' exposure was estimated by calculating the long-term risk based on hazard quotient (HQ). The results indicated that the risks generated by pesticide residues in tomatoes applied in recommended or double doses are in an acceptable limit, except for chlorothalonil which may pose a threat for children health. However, if we consider the cumulative hazard index (HI) values which were higher than 1, consumption of tomatoes containing pesticides residues may cause harmful non-carcinogenic health effects.

Method validation and evaluation of household processing on reduction of pesticide residues in tomato

Metalaxyl and chlorpyriphos are widely used pesticides around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate validation parameters, matrix effect (ME %), reduction behavior, processing factor (PF) and estimate the behavior of metalaxyl and chlorpyriphos in tomato fruit samples. “Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe” (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for the analysis. Results showed successful trends by evaluating validation parameters [selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ) and precision]. The correlation coefficients were > 0.99; the LOD for metalaxyl ranged from 0.01 to 0.003 mg/kg and the LOQ for chlorpyriphos ranged from 0.03 to 0.009 mg/kg. The matrix effect (ME %) of metalaxyl was found to exhibit a medium matrix effect while for chlorpyriphos no matrix effect was seen. Recovery (70–120%) and precision (RSD 1. The highest reduction rate was achieved by sonication treatments which could effectively remove chlorpyriphos residues spiked in tomato matrices rather than the metalaxyl residues. On the other hand, washing treatments were less efficient in removing metalaxyl residues from tomato samples. Overall, any one of these processes can contribute substantially to reduce consumer exposure to pesticides residues in tomatoes.

Analisis Residu Pestisida dalam Tomat, Cabai Rawit dan Wortel dari Beberapa Pasar Tradisional di Sulawesi Utara

Salah satu cara memberantas hama tanaman yang dilakukan oleh para petani di daerah Sulawesi Utara adalah menggunakan pestisida karena dianggap mudah didapat, harganya masih bisa dijangkau, dan sangat efektif membunuh hama tanaman. Namun, penggunaan pestisida yang tidak tepat mengakibatkan tertinggalnya residu pestisida tersebut pada tanaman sehingga menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan, gangguan kesehatan pada manusia dan menghambat perdagangan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengawasan terhadap penggunaan pestisida melalui pemenuhan nilai batas maksimum residu (BMR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis residu pestisida dalam tomat, cabai rawit, dan wortel dengan metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) yang telah dioptimasi dan divalidasi sebelumnya. Sampel penelitian berupa tomat, cabai rawit, dan wortel, diambil dari Pasar Tomohon, Pasar Karombasan, dan Pasar Kawangkoan, kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium Kimia Universitas Negeri Manado untuk diekstraksi dan dianalisis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pestisida dengan bahan aktif klorpirifos terdeteksi hampir pada semua sampel yang dianalisis, walaupun kadarnya masih berada di bawah nilai BMR yang ditetapkan, yaitu 1 mg/kg sampel. Kadar klorpirifos tertinggi dijumpai pada sampel tomat yang diambil dari Pasar Kawangkoan, yakni 0,3150 mg/kg sampel. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang dicuci terlebih dahulu sebelum diekstraksi menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kadar residu petisidanya.