List Of Pesticides Research Articles

Biomonitoring of Pesticides in the Reservoirs of the Saratov Region

An assessment of the circulation of pesticides in the Saratov region was carried out. A list of pesticides that pose a potential hazard to public health as a result of chemical pollution of water bodies and aquatic organisms consumed by humans has been determined. It is proposed to use satellite images of the terrain located in the drainage basin area in order to justify the sampling points from surface water household supplies potentially contaminated with pesticides. The methodological aspects of the use of a multicomponent biotest system in establishing the toxicity of pesticides are considered. It is concluded that when arranging the biotesting to assess the toxicity of water and sediment samples containing pesticides in concentrations up to 10 MAC, it is recommended to use aquatic organisms with a minimally developed detoxification system.

Evaluation of the environmental exposure risks of pesticides used in vegetable production in Türkiye

In this study, first, a list of pesticides that can potentially pose environmental exposure risks was compiled by analyzing the recent literature on residue levels in fresh vegetables produced in Türkiye. Then, by using the fundamental environmental partitioning properties of these pesticides, their potential multi-media environmental distributions were assessed. Acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, and pyridaben were among the pesticides that frequently exceeded the residual limit values. Multi-media environmental modeling was conducted for these three pesticides using an evaluative four-compartment (air, soil, water, sediment) model. Compartmental distributions, inter-compartmental mass transfer rates, advective, and reactive losses were estimated for the selected pesticides after their simulated application to soil. The ranking of overall persistence among the pesticides was found to be pyridaben > chlorpyrifos > acetamiprid. The percentage mass distribution of acetamiprid in water was higher due to its low volatility and high solubility. The overall persistence of chlorpyrifos was limited by its higher partitioning to air although it is more persistent than pyridaben in other compartments. To investigate the residue dynamics of the three pesticides in tomato crops, temporal changes in harvest fractions were compared using the regression equations of the crop model dynamiCROP. Acetamiprid was estimated to be taken up at higher rates in tomatoes after initial application. The residue dynamics of chlorpyrifos and pyridaben were found to be similar. The quantitative methods in this study can be used to assess the environmental risks associated with commonly used pesticides in Türkiye and to address the issue of exceeding residue limits in agricultural products.

Estimating the Jordanian population dietary exposure to pesticides residues: An exploratory deterministic approach.

The Jordanian population's exposure to pesticides may have never been estimated. This study uses a deterministic approach as a screening method to determine the population's likelihood of daily dietary exposure to pesticide residues and identify pesticides that require further investigation. We investigated the data from surveillance programs to assess pesticide contamination in food. We also obtained data about the population's estimated consumption of different food items. The daily exposure to pesticide residues through food was estimated with two scenarios (Lu et al., 2006): the lower bound (LB) scenario and (Luo and Zhang, 2009) the upper bound (UB) scenario. The data provided the concentration of pesticides in 8085 food samples. In 15.7% of the samples, 134 pesticides were identified. The levels of quantified pesticides exceeded MRL in 41.7% of the samples. Under the LB, mean estimated daily exposures were higher than the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for 27 investigated residues. Using the UB scenario, which tends to overestimate exposure, the mean estimated daily exposures were above the ADIs for 111 residues. The study concludes that the population's dietary exposure to pesticide residues is noteworthy and provides a list of pesticides that could be consumed at levels higher than the relevant ADI value and thus require further assessment.

Initial research on the application of the liquid chromatography - quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) method for monitoring pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

Currently, there are thousands of plant protection chemicals being allowed for use in agriculture. Abuse or improper use of pesticides lead to increase residues in products, exceeding the maximum residue limit according to the regulations. Therefore, the need for developing methods, which can monitor, detect, and identify many pesticides simultaneously is necessary. The liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) method has advantage of being able to simultaneously quantify and screen many compounds at once, are being a trend in analytical techniques for analyzing and screening pesticide residues in foods. In this study, the LC-QTOF-MS method was used to quantify 186 pesticides in fruit and vegetable samples. The limit of detection (LOD) for all compounds is 3.0 µg/kg. The recovery is in the ranged of 74.4 -118%, relative standard deviation (RSD) <20%. At the same time, the method was initial researched for nontarget screening by reprocessing previously acquired data without re-injection of the samples. The list of pesticides can be screening, which are up to 500 chemicals, by comparison results with the available high resolution mass spectral library. The screening detection limit of the method (SDL) is 100 µg/kg. The method has been applied to quantify 186 pesticides, and nontarget screening analyse in 160 fruit and vegetable samples in the first 06 months of 2023.

ВПЛИВ ОРГАНО-МІНЕРАЛЬНОГО ДОБРИВА «SMART» КОМПОЗИТ МАРЦІНИШИН® НА ПОКАЗНИКИ ВОДООБМІНУ ЛИСТКІВ ПОМІДОРА ЇСТІВНОГО (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)

The article presents the results of the impact of organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" composite "Marcinyshyn" ® on the water exchange rates of edible tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) when grown on meadow-black medium loam soils on loess-like loam soils of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Ternopil region). Organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" composite "Marcinyshyn" ® is included in the "List of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in Ukraine" with the status of "permanent registration" for use in agriculture. The developer of regulatory and technical documentation and manufacturer of the fertilizer is Individual Entrepreneur Martsinyshyn Yuriy Danylovych, Ukraine; LLC "Research Institute of Noosphere Valeology Martsinyshyn Health Conservation and Planetary Human Environmental Safety", Ukraine. 
 It is shown that the use of organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" composite Marcinyshyn "® by treating the root system of seedlings and foliar fertilizing of plants in phases of 3–4 true leaves, 5–7 true leaves, bush formation – the beginning of budding, flowering, fruit formation and closing of fruit significantly affects the intensity of transpiration, water holding capacity, water deficiency in the leaves of edible tomatoes hybrid F1 Talent in soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Ternopil region).
 It has been observed that when using organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" composite Marcinyshyn®, the increase in transpiration intensity in comparison with the control in the phases of budding was 31.2 %, in flowering it was 29.4 %, pink ripeness – 40.1 %.
 In the flowering phase of the edible tomato under the influence of organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" composite Marcinyshyn®, there was a tendency of greater water-holding capacity of tissues in 2, 4 and 6 hours after leaf plucking compared to the control. Indicators of water-holding capacity of leaves with foliar feeding of plants only after 24 hours were statistically significant. 
 The analysis showed that the use of organic-mineral fertilizer "SMART" Marcinyshyn® composite statistically significantly reduced the water deficit of fruits of edible tomato leaves in the phases of budding and pink ripeness by 16.7 and 19.1 %.

When private governance impedes multilateralism: The case of international pesticide governance

AbstractPrivate standards play an increasingly important governance role, yet their effects on state‐led policymaking remain understudied. We examine how the operation of private agricultural standards influences multilateral pesticide governance with a particular focus on the listing of substances under the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, a treaty‐based information‐sharing mechanism that allows countries to refuse hazardous chemical imports. We find that private agricultural standard‐setting bodies use the Rotterdam Convention's pesticide list to develop their own lists of banned substances. This alters the Rotterdam Convention's intended role, impeding efforts to add substances to the treaty, as attempts by private actors to impose stricter governance than state actors can undermine the potential for international state‐based governance to become more stringent. We characterize this as a “confounding interaction” whereby institutional linkages between actions by public and private actors with broadly aligned goals results in unexpected negative consequences for governance.

Validation of the Multiresidue Method Analysis for Pesticides in Bee Honey by UPLC-MS/MS using the Method of Samples Preparation QuEChERS

In this paper we present the results of evaluating the suitability of the developed method for the simultaneous determination of 200 pesticide residues in bee honey using ultraperformance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The main stages of extraction of pesticides from the matrix using QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) sample preparation are described. Appropriate mobile phase composition was used to better identify analytes, internal standards were not applied. The studied list of pesticides is relevant for use in modern agriculture. The limit of quantification of the method (LOQ) for each of the analytes is 0.001 mg/kg, the relative standard deviation in the conditions of repeatability and reproducibility < 20.0 %, the expanded measurement uncertainty is less than the limit of regulatory requirements < 50.0 %. The calibration graph for each of the analytes had a coefficient R2 > 0.99. The use of QuEChERS sample preparation methods allows to reduce labor intensity, time and reagents, increase the accuracy and precision of research in comparison with classical methods of sample preparation. The described method makes it possible to detect a wide range of pesticides and has a fairly high sensitivity

Analysis of the California list of pesticides, mycotoxins, and cannabinoids in chocolate using liquid chromatography and low-pressure gas chromatography-based platforms.

Cannabis legalization has led to the development of a variety of cannabis‐infused products with edibles being one of the most popular. The state of California has implemented comprehensive cannabis testing regulations requiring the analysis of cannabinoids (potency) and contaminants, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, in any type of cannabis good. In this work, we propose an analytical workflow for the quantification of the California list of pesticides and mycotoxins, as well as six cannabinoids, in chocolate, using 3 mL of solvent for the extraction. For the analysis of pesticides and mycotoxins, clean‐up steps employing a C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridge and dispersive solid‐phase extraction sorbents were implemented. Gas chromatography amenable pesticides were analyzed using low‐pressure gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry which allowed for a total method run of 12 min. Both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography instrumental methods had the same analysis time, ensuring satisfactory sample throughput. For the determination of cannabinoids, a dilution of the original organic extract collected for pesticides and mycotoxins analysis (and prior to any clean‐up step) was used. Excellent results in terms of analytical figures of merit were obtained for all target analytes.

The evaluation of infection caused by different fungi species of highbush blueberry plants grown on selected commercial plantations located in central Poland

W latach 2017–2018 prowadzono badania dotyczące wy-stępowania chorób powodowanych przez grzyby na czterech plantacjach borówki wysokiej zlo-kalizowanych w centralnej Polsce. Celem badańbyła izolacja i identyfikacja patogenów z pora-żonych organów krzewów borówki wysokiej. W badanym materiale roślinnym zidentyfikowano cztery gatunki grzybów. Na wszystkich lustrowa-nych plantacjach obserwowano Botrytis cinerea, Godronia cassandrae i Phomopsis vaccinii, a tyl-ko na jednej plantacji zidentyfikowano Valdensia heterodoxa. Grzyby identyfikowano na podstawie oznak etiologicznych obecnych na porażonych organach roślin, przy użyciu klasycznych metod. W ramach badań oceniono skuteczność siedmiu fungicydów w zwalczaniu choroby szara pleśńborówki wysokiej. Do badań wykorzystano za-równo preparaty powszechnie polecane w ochro-nie borówki wysokiej przed szarą pleśnią, jak i fungicydy dopuszczone do ochrony przed tą cho-robą upraw innych roślin jagodowych (truskawka i malina). Fungicydy Luna Experience 400 SC i Prolectus 50 WG mogą być rozważane jako uzu-pełnienie listy środków zalecanych do zwalczania choroby szara pleśń na plantacjach borówki wy-sokiej.

Біометод — основа сталого розвитку вітчизняного землеробства

Goal. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of application of biological plant protection products in Ukraine, the main trends in world markets for organic products and domestic production of biological products, to identify tasks for the implementation of bio methods in the context of organic farming in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, cartographic. Results. On the background of significant growth in the production and use of biological plant protection products in the EU and the world, the use of safe methods of protection in Ukraine is declining. With the growth of the range of microbiological means of protection included in the «List of pesticides and agrochemicals in Ukraine», the production capacity for the production of biological products has sharply decreased. Thus, in 2019, there were 24 biofactories and bio laboratories in Ukraine, and their total number, including private-sector production, was over 45, while by 1990 there were 268 biofactories and bio laboratories in Ukraine. Conclusions. The use of environmentally friendly biological plant protection products in Ukraine for a long time is at a very low level and tends to further decrease. To intensify the transition to environmentally friendly methods of plant protection, the development of domestic production of biological plant protection products, as well as the process of greening agriculture, they propose strategic approaches to the formation and development of a common system of environmentally friendly methods of plant protection on the new technological and organizational basis.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ В ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ХИТОЗАНА В АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ

The study proposes an innovative technology of presowing treatment of seeds of agricultural crops, in particular, the encapsulation of an environmentally friendly domestic polymer preparation based on chitosan obtained from silkworm pupae. The UZChITAN preparation for seed encapsulation was developed and the effective molecular weight characteristics of chitosan for its production with improved performance properties were investigated, and the values of its optimal molecular weight of at least 70,000 and the degree of deacetylation of at least 60% have been revealed. It was experimentally confirmed that the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose with a degree of polymerization of 500-750 and a degree of substitution of 0.8-1.0 provides the biological activity of the UZChITAN preparation. The drug has been tested in various cultivation zones; it contributes to an increase in germination energy, depending on crops, up to 10%, as well as the germination rate up to 20%. UZChITAN is included in the list of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Development of a simple multiresidue extraction method for the quantification of a wide polarity range list of pesticides and transformation products in eggs by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

Waterfowl populations have been decreasing in Europe for the last years and pollution appears to be one of the main factors. This study was conducted to develop a single sensitive and robust analytical method for the monitoring of 2 fungicides, 15 herbicides, 3 insecticides and 24 transformation products in wild bird eggs. One of the major challenges addressed was the characterization of chemicals with large logP range (from -1.9 to 4.8). A total of 11 different extraction parameters were tested in triplicate to optimize the extraction protocol, on generic parameters, buffer addition and use of clean-up steps. Quantification was based on matrix-match approach with hen eggs as reference matrix (34 analytes with r²>0.99). Particular attention was payed to matrix effects (-28% on average), quantification limits (0.5 to 25ng.g-1 dry mass / 0.2 to 7.5ng.g-1 fresh mass) and extraction yields (46 to 87% with 25 analytes up to 70%) to ensure the relevance of the method and its compatibility with ultra-trace analysis. It led to a simple solid/liquid low temperature partitioning extraction method followed by LC-MS/MS. Analysis of 29 field samples from 3 waterfowl species revealed that eggs were slightly contaminated with pesticides as only one egg presented a contamination (terbutryn, herbicide, 0.7ng.g-1) and confirmed the relevance of the method.

Pesticide prioritization approaches and limitations in environmental monitoring studies: From Europe to Latin America and the Caribbean

Assessment and management of issues related to pesticide residues, such as environmental fate, monitoring and toxicity, are complex and, in many cases, require costly studies. The early establishment of a priority list of pesticides that should be monitored and assigned to a restricted-use policy is an important issue of post-registration Risk Assessment (RA). Various pesticide registration approaches have been adopted by different countries with those from Europe and the USA being the most popular, constituting the major prototypes for registration approaches in other countries. Adoption of pesticide registration and monitoring systems developed in Europe or USA by Latin American and Caribbean countries may underestimate factors affecting the environmental fate and toxicity of pesticides in their own countries. Incentive for this short review was the activities undertaken during the three KNOWPEC workshops held in Costa Rica, Argentina and Bolivia where European pesticide experts met Latin American experience in the form of Costa Rica’s exceptional environmental conditions and ecology, Argentina’s and Uruguay’s soyisation and Bolivia’s contrasting climate and agricultural zones. During the parallel activities of the workshop - including scientific presentations, field trips, interviews and meetings among European partners and pesticide stakeholders in Latin America, - the whole pesticide chain (import-export, trade, application, plant protection-efficacy, residues, monitoring, remediation and risk) was studied and clarified. Recently-published chemical prioritization studies were reviewed to consider their use as a tool to support risk assessments. Differences in regional practices are highlighted as regards to the establishment of RA or prioritization strategy in European and Latin American regimes. General guidance of establishing a cost-effective pesticide monitoring scheme in water bodies of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is also proposed. Moreover, we summarize the most important factors that should be taken into consideration for prioritization approaches and categorization used in pesticide environmental monitoring studies. Consideration of current RA approaches and limitations, and pesticide prioritization exercises highlighted in this Commentary could assist in the management of pesticides in Latin America and Caribbean.

First evaluation of pesticides occurrence in groundwater of Tidone Valley, an area with intensive viticulture

Agricultural practice often involves an intensive and incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers. These chemicals can leach through the soil profile and contaminate groundwater, including drinking water. For this reason, an effective groundwater monitoring is strongly advisable.The aim of this study was to investigate the groundwater contamination by plant protection products (PPPs) on a hilly area situated in the Tidone Valley, North-West of Italy, a region characterized by an intensive viticulture production. This area is not included in the national groundwater monitoring plan and therefore scarce information is available regarding the quality of groundwater, even though the local Environmental Agency previously revealed the occurrence of PPPs at values higher than the Environmental Quality Standard downstream this area. Hence, a monitoring wells network was developed following an upstream-downstream criterion, a list of pesticides to be monitored, based on a multi-actor approach, and an analytical method for PPPs detection and quantification. The analytical approach involved solid phase extraction followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The results of three monitoring campaigns revealed the occurrence of seven PPPs at a level higher than EQS for groundwater (0.1 μg/L) in 30% of the wells. The main pesticides detected were Chlorantraniliprole, Dimethomorph, Fluopicolide, Metalaxyl-M, Penconazole, and Tetraconazole, all commonly used in viticulture, together with S-metolachlor, authorized for cereal cropping. Statistical analysis revealed a significant influence of the sampling time, slope of the soil surrounding the wells, wells depth and wells location on the concentration of five PPPs. Therefore, the results obtained show that the improper use of PPPs for grapevine cultivation may cause groundwater contamination and suggest the need for a deeper analysis of territorial reality, including hydrology studies and farmer behavior and for an urgent introduction of best management practices and mitigation measures to promote a sustainable use of PPPs in viticulture.

Selection of pesticides to reduce human and environmental health risks: a global guideline and minimum pesticides list

Pesticides present widespread risks to human and environmental health, yet selection criteria for end-users that factor in differences in risk between compounds are scant. We developed a system to classify pesticide risks and hazards with respect to human and environmental health and produce a minimum (lower risk) pesticide list. We classified 659 pesticides by acute and chronic risks to human health (eg, respiratory and carcinogenic effects) and by environmental risks, including biomagnification and atmospheric ozone depletion and risks to aquatic life, terrestrial wildlife, and pollinators. From this analysis, we produced a guideline for selection of lower risk pesticides. The classification of highly hazardous and high-risk compounds has been tested in more than a million farm households in the tropics, and in US integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. The full classification, including the minimum pesticide list, has been used in management of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) throughout Africa and Asia. Our analysis developed a stand-alone guideline for selection of lower risk pesticides. When classifying pesticides in current use against the fall armyworm in Africa, our guideline identified chemicals that are effective and of lower risk to human and environmental health. We argue that a minimum (lower risk) pesticides list, which meets IPM needs, could be developed from our classification system. As far as we are aware, our analysis is the first to propose a method for implementing the idea of a minimum pesticide list and the first to outline lower risk candidate compounds. Currently accepted criteria for defining highly hazardous pesticides do not adequately protect human bystanders, aquatic life, terrestrial wildlife, and pollinators. The Sustainable Agriculture Network, the Rainforest Alliance, the US Department of Agriculture-National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the US Department of Agriculture, the Foreign Agricultural Service, the US Agency for International Development, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.

Biocontrol – providing prospects for sustainable development of domestic agriculture

Annotation Purpose. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of the use of biological plant protection products in the world and to develop strategic approaches to the development of domestic production of biological products and the scientific basis for ensuring the ecologization of agriculture in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, cartographic. Results. Against the background of significant growth in the production and use of biological agents in plant protection in the EU and the world, Ukraine continues to decline in the use of biosafe methods of protection. Thus, if in 1995 the protection of crops by biocontol was carried out on 3023 thousand hectares, which was 15.2% of all areas where the protection of crops was carried out, then in the future the area of application of biocontrol decreased and, for example, in 2018 amounted to 1967 thousand hectares (4.0% of all areas). With the growth of the range of microbiological means of protection, which are included in the “List of pesticides and agrochemicals in Ukraine”, sharply reduced production capacity for the production of biological products: in 2019 in Ukraine there were 24 biofactories and biolaboratories, and their total number of more 45, while before 1990 there were 268 biofactories and biolaboratories in Ukraine. Conclusions 1. It has been established that in Ukraine, the use of environmentally friendly biological plant protection products for a long time is at an extremely low level and tends to further decrease. 2. In order to intensify the transition to ecologically safe methods of plant protection, the development of domestic production of biological products for plant protection, as well as the process of greening the agriculture, strategic approaches to the formation and development of a common environmental safety system, plant protection methods and the development of a network of enterprises for the production of biological processing of agricultural crops are proposed on a new technological and organizational basis. Keywords: plant protection, biological pest control agents, biological pest control (biocontrol), integrated pest management, ecological agriculture, organic farming.

Electrochemical determination of bentazone using simple screen-printed carbon electrodes

Bentazone is one of the most problematic pesticides polluting groundwater resources. It is on the list of pesticides that are mandatory to analyze at water work controls. The current pesticide measuring approach includes manual water sampling and time-consuming chromatographical quantification of the bentazone content at centralized laboratories. Here, we report the use of an electrochemical approach for analytical determination of bentazone that takes 10 s. The electrochemical electrodes were manually screen printed, resulting in the low-cost fabrication of the sensors. The current response was linearly proportional to the bentazone concentration with a R2 ~ 0.999. We demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0987 μA/μM and a limit of detection of 0.034 μM, which is below the U.S. Health Advisory level. Furthermore, the sensors have proved to be reusable and stable with a drop of only 2% after 15 times reuse. The sensors have been applied to successfully quantify bentazone spiked in real groundwater and lake water. The sensing method presented here is a step towards on-site application of electrochemical detection of pesticides in water sources.

Treatment of self-poisoning at a tertiary-level hospital in Bangladesh: cost to patients and government.

Approximately 10000 people die from suicide annually in Bangladesh, many from pesticide poisoning. We aimed to estimate financial costs to patients and health services of treating patients with self-poisoning. Data on direct costs to families, sources of funds for treatment and family wealth were collected prospectively over a one-month period in 2016 at the tertiary Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Aggregate operational costs to the government were calculated using annual budget, bed occupancy and length-of-stay data. Agrochemicals were the most common substances ingested (58.8%). Median duration of stay and of illness was 2 and 5days, respectively. Median total cost to patients was conservatively estimated at US$ 98.40, highest in agrochemical poisoning (US$ 179.50), with the greatest cost due to medicines and equipment. Misdiagnosis as organophosphorus poisoning in 17.0% of agrochemical cases resulted in increased cost to patients. Only 51.9% of patients had indicators of wealth; 78.1% borrowed money to cover costs. Conservatively estimated median healthcare costs (US$ 21.30 per patient) were markedly lower than costs to patients. Cost to patients of treating a case of agrochemical poisoning was approximately three times the cost of one month's essential items basket. Incorrect diagnosis at admission costs families substantial sums of money and increased length of stay; it costs the national government an estimated US$ 80428.80 annually. Widespread access to a list of pesticides used in self-poisoning plus greater focus on training doctors to better manage different forms of agrochemical poisoning should reduce the financial burden to patients and healthcare systems.

Фітосанітарний стан основних сільськогосподарських культур органічного виробництва України в умовах змін клімату

Climate change causes the environmental impacts on the population dynamics of insect pests, their distribution and feed. Under climate change it is especially important to assess the potential yield loss by complex of specialized pests of major organic crops in various regions of Ukraine. For increase of organic farming productivity it is necessary to improve affective control of plant pests using plant protection of organic crops. The results will also be a basis for recommendations of the best regions and the crop list for organic farming without increased risk of economic losses. The aim of the study was to determine the potential yield losses of crops for organic produce in regions of Ukraine under climate change. It was analyzed the data of pests distribution and their number in agrocenosis of Ukraine. Potential hazard of insect species was analyzed using the average economic indexes. For their calculations used ratio of actual pest quantity to the index of economic threshold of hazard. For calculation of indexes used the tables of threshold indexes of hazard of every species. The total pest damage (complex hazard) was determined by calculation the integral index of hazard. That is the sum of economic indexes of each species of harmful insect complex of crop with correction coefficient pointed out the features of plant response to damage of different pest species. Multiply index by 3% (minimal crop losses) allow estimating potential yield losses. If integrated economic index does not exceed 1, under the concept of economic threshold, crop protection against pests is not appropriate. In organic farming of Ukraine the winter wheat is a dominant cereal crop. The phytosanitary monitoring shown, that climate change had an effect on the hazard insect complex of wheat. In 1996-2004 the number of wheat fly has increased in pest complex of Forest Steppe. But a number of insects such as Hessian fly, wheat fly, corn-bug and opomyzid fly has decreased during recent years. During 2005-2011, a sharp increase of corn-bug number was recorded. But during next years, their population has decreased significantly. The transition to a state of corn-bug depression can be caused by rapid growth of cereals observed recently. By earlier harvesting a significant part of the corn-bug population does not have time to a normal physiological development and survival of the pest during the winter is reduced. Up to 2012, a number of corn ground beetles and corn bugs was more stable and varied from 0, 5 to 1, 6 individuals per square meter. In recent years the hot and dry weather and less precipitation in July – September has delayed output from diapause of corn ground beetles, decreased female fertility and caused death of eggs and larvae. The analysis allowed concluding that during the five-year period of 2011 to 2016 in conditions of climate warming a number of herbivores and the potential loss of yield of winter wheat - the main export cereal crop of organic produce of Ukraine - significantly decreased and upon the average did not exceed the threshold level. Thus, there were the favorable conditions for increase of winter wheat production using organic farming techniques without significant risk of economic losses from pests. There are risks of economic losses of organic produce of sunflower in the Vinnytsya, Kherson, Kharkov, Chernihiv, Donetsk and Kyiv regions; corn - in Kyiv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vinnytsya, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkov regions; soya - in Lviv, Kharkov, Kherson, Kirovohrad, Volhynia, Vinnytsia, Ternopil, Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Chernivtsi, Zaporizhzhya, Cherkasy, Rivne, Zakarpattia, Zhytomyr, Poltava regions. The organic farming of potato and cabbage requires a protection of plantations from the plant pests’ complex in all regions of Ukraine. To prevent economic losses from pests of organic crops in Ukraine the list of pesticides should check against standards of organic farming and should develop a search program of new biological agents of pest control. Keywords: climate change, organic farming, complex of plant pests, crop losses

English

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a very important vegetable used in almost all meals and is consumed in diverse ways. In Ghana, farmers and consumers of fruits and vegetables face immense risk of exposure owing to the use of toxic chemicals that are banned or restricted in the country or in other countries. The objective of this study was to ascertain farmers’ access and use of recommended agro-chemicals for the production of tomatoes in three sampled farming communities in Northern Ghana. Sixty semi-structured questionnaires were administered and data analysed using Minitab Statistical package with T-test for significance. Various agro-chemicals were used by farmers which include: those not suitable for tomatoes production; unapproved or banned agro-chemicals and those suitable for tomatoes production. Communities which produced the “Burkina” variety used about 70% of the sampled pesticides compared with 30% for the “Wosowoso” variety. The agro-chemical most used (32.8%) was Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) though banned from the Ghana registered list of pesticides. Farmers have access to, and use agro-chemicals for tomato production in the study areas. Farmers therefore need to be sensitized on the use of recommended and appropriate agro-chemicals and the hazards associated with the use for the crop, farmer and environment. Key words: Banned, food safety, growth regulators, organochlorines, pesticides, tomato.