Group Of Pesticides Research Articles

Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in fish (Astyanax aeneus) inhabiting a Caribbean estuary contaminated with pesticide residues from agricultural runoff.

The estuarine ecosystem of Madre de Dios Lagoon (MDL), in the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica, is exposed to contamination with pesticide residues coming from the upstream agricultural areas. Biomarkers can provide a better indication of the fitness of biota in real mixture exposure scenarios than traditional lethal dose toxicity measurements. Here, we measured biomarkers of biotransformation, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity on Astyanax aeneus, an abundant fish species in MDL. Glutathione S-transferase activity (GST), catalase activity (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and cholinesterase activity (ChE) were measured in fish collected during seven sampling campaigns, carried out between 2016 and 2018. Pesticide residues were analyzed in surface water samples collected every time fish were sampled. Residues of 25 pesticides, including fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides, were detected. The biomarkers measured in A. aeneus varied along the sampling moments, with biotransformation and oxidative stress signals showing a coupled response throughout the assessment. Furthermore, significant correlations were established between three biomarkers (GST, LPO, and CAT) and individual pesticides, as well as between GST and LPO with groups of pesticides with shared biocide action. Among pesticides, insecticide residues had a major influence on the responses observed in fish. This work demonstrates the chronic exposure to pesticide residues in MDL and how such exposure is related to physiological responses in fish that can affect their health and potentially, the trophic networks. This early warning information should be considered to improve the protection of estuarine ecosystems in the tropics.

A systematic review of mechanistic studies on the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer induction

IntroductionPesticides are toxic and biological substances used for mitigating harmful pests. Their application in agricultural fields and homes increased environmental pollution. Studies showed their harmful effects on human health, specifically children, who are more vulnerable than adults. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has introduced several pesticides as carcinogens. This study aims to systematically summarize and review all studies related to pesticides and cancer. MethodologyThis systematic review is based on PRISMA rules. Three central databases were employed to find studies on pesticide exposure and cancer correlation published from 2017 to September 2022. ResultsAfter reviewing several studies, we found that most studies revealed a significant relationship between pesticide exposure and an increased cancer incidence rate. Among the most studied group of pesticides is organochlorine (OC) pesticides. OC pesticides and their residues could significantly increase cancer in children and adults. Mechanistic studies revealed that pesticides could increase the risk of different cancers by genetics, like an increased expression of some genes like p21, p53 or epigenetic impairments. Cell cycle impairments like expanding the G1 to S phase transition are another mechanism of causing cancer. DNA methylation and histone modifications increase the risk of numerous cancers. ConclusionBased on epidemiological studies, pesticides are a significant concern to human health, specifically cancer development, and should be more restrained. Their most reported mechanism of action were genetic and epigenetic impairments which cause cancers.

Influence of Effective Microorganisms, Colloidal Nanosilver and Silver Compounds on Water Content in New and Used Engine Oil: A Preliminary Study

This paper presents research upon the impact of ecological measures on the water content of new and used oil. Water and microorganisms are major factors of contamination for engine oils and fuels, and they lead to a significant reduction in the lifetime and performance of engines. The microorganisms occur naturally in the environment, from which they enter into the oil and fuel. Despite various preventive measures, it is not possible to completely remove water from petrochemical products. That is why the protection against and prevention of the various types of contamination of petroleum products, especially microbiological contamination, is very important. Biocides are one example of the agents used for the prevention of contamination; biocides belong to a group of pesticides that are used to eliminate microbial contamination. Due to the fact that currently available methods are ineffective and often have a detrimental effect on the natural environment, research is underway to discover modern and ecological measures to combat the phenomenon of the microbiological contamination of petroleum products. This paper shows the effects of environmentally friendly additives on the water content in lubricating oil, i.e., whether these additives cause the release of water bound in the oil, and whether their composition increases the water content of the oil. Samples of new and used oil were utilized for the tests. Effective microorganisms (EM), in both liquid form and within ceramic tubes, were added to the new and used oil samples. In addition, silver solution and silver compounds were added in the same amounts as the liquid effective microorganisms. In order to confirm and compare the obtained test results, the dynamic viscosity, flash point, acid number, base number, and water content were measured, and these are presented in this study. These measurements were followed by the analysis of the influence of the additives on the water content. It was found that the adding of effective microorganisms to fresh oil in liquid form caused a significant increase in the water content of the oil; in the case of a smaller amount (2.5 mL), the water content more than doubled, and in the case of a larger amount, the water content exceeded the measuring range of the device. Next, an evaluation of the impact of these environmental measures on the water content was carried out. It was found that the adding of liquid effective microorganisms to new oil caused a significant increase in the water content of the oil; the water content more than doubled for the addition of 2.5 mL, while for a larger addition (5 mL), the water content exceeded the measuring range of the device. The same was true for the addition of silver compounds, regardless of their type and amount. The best results were obtained with ceramic effective microorganisms, but the results for silver cannot be presented due to the over-titration of the device (the amount of water exceeded the measuring range). For used oil, the liquid effective microorganism was found to give the best result.

Electrochemical strategies for detection of Diazinon: A review

Diazinon or O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl)-O,O-diethyl-O-(2- isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl)- phosphorothioate, was first registered as an insecticide in the U.S. However, it was categorized in the limited group of pesticides due to high toxicity for birds, aquatic animals, and humans. Like other organophosphorus pesticides, this compound exhibits inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The inhibition of the enzyme leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and causes the death of insects. DZN is considered a toxic compound for humans due to its high adsorption via skin and inhalation, which leads to the emergence of different symptoms of toxicity. When DZN is used for plants, the compound residues in crops enter the food chain, and hence, bring about different problems for human health. Moreover, the compound is easily washed by surface water and enters the groundwater. Its entrance into aquatic environments can negatively affect a wide range of non-targeted organisms. Thus, researchers are seeking to find fast and precise methods for the recognition of DZN. The electrochemical method for recognizing the compound in real samples is preferable to other analytical methods. Because this method can be used without spending time preparing the sample, it is simple, fast, and cost-effective. The present study is an overall review describing electrochemical-based methods for the recognition of DZN. Methods of modifying electrodes with CNT, polymers, biomolecules, and the simultaneous use of multiple methods are evaluated and compared. The influential factors contributing to the improvement of the signal response are also explained.

Investigation of Pesticide Use in Türkiye in Terms of Provinces, Regions and Pesticide Groups

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de pestisit kullanım miktarının iller, bölgeler ve pestisit grupları bazında incelenmesidir. Çalışma, Türkiye’de iller bazında en güncel veri olarak 2020 yılında pestisit kullanım verileri üzerinden hesaplamalar ve değerlendirmeler yapılarak oluşturulmuştur. İl verilerinden yola çıkılarak il sıralamaları yapılmış; iller bazında pestisit kullanım miktarları, yüzdeleri ve her bir pestisit grubuna göre kullanım miktar ve yüzdeleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Pestisit kullanımı; bölgeler, bölgelerde yer alan iller, bölgedeki ve bölgeye ait illerdeki pestisit gruplarına göre kullanım miktarları ve oranları bakımından kapsamlı olarak hesaplanarak, değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye’de en çok pestisit kullanılan il Antalya, en az kullanılan il ise Ardahan’dır. Türkiye’de en çok pestisit; yetiştirilen ürün çeşitliliği nedeniyle Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde kullanılırken, en az kullanılan bölge ise Karadeniz Bölgesi’dir. Türkiye’de 2020 yılında en çok kullanılan pestisit grupları sırasıyla fungisitler (%38,4), herbisitler (%27,4) ve insektisitler (%23,0) olmuştur. Pestisit kullanımının en yoğun olduğu ilk üç il incelendiğinde, en çok kullanılan pestisit grubunun Antalya’da (%38,3) ve Manisa’da (%81,0) fungisitler, Adana’da ise insektisitler (%65,2) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üretimin sürdürülebilirliği için hastalık, zararlı ve yabancı otlarla mücadelede Türkiye’de de kimyasal mücadele en çok tercih edilen zirai mücadele yöntemidir. Pestisit kullanımı kaçınılmaz gibi görünse de üretici bilincinin oluşturulması ve entegre mücadelenin yaygınlaştırılmasıyla kullanımın azaltılmasının insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından olumlu etkiler yaratacağı öngörülmektedir.

Detection and risk associated with organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroid and carbamate pesticide residues in chicken muscle and organ meats in Jordan

The aims of this study were to: i) analyze the prevalence and concentration of pesticides belonging to 4 major classes, namely organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids in chicken meat, liver and kidney; ii) evaluate the impact of boiling, frying and freezing on pesticide levels in chicken meat, and iii) estimate the dietary exposure to pesticide residues in chicken meat and conduct a risk assessment. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC – MS/MS) was used to determine the concentrations of pesticide residues in samples. A total of 300 domestic (local) and imported samples were collected from the marketplace in Jordan. About 2.3%, 48.3%, 83%, and 46.3% of the samples exceeded MRLs for the organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticide groups, respectively. About 90% of the local and imported muscle samples and almost all the local and imported liver samples contained one or more pesticide above the MRL. Among all the samples tested, two pesticides, namely deltamethrin and fenoxycarb, occurred in high concentrations. Domestic samples were observed to have higher concentrations of pesticides compared to their imported counterparts. The pesticides concentrations decreased by about 50, 75 and 15% after boiling, frying and freezing, respectively. Risk assessment has shown that there is no potential risk from consuming chicken meat, however, local chicken meat is of more concern than is imported product. This study will help food control authorities develop appropriate regulations regarding the use of pesticides in Jordan.

Assessment of multi-chemical exposure using human biomonitoring data from the French Esteban study using exposure load method.

Exposure to chemical substances is common and comes from several sources (environmental, food, and occupational). It is often studied using a substance-by-substance approach. Although this method helps identify the determinants of exposure to a single chemical, it cannot accurately reflect exposure to multiple chemicals. In this study, we used the concept of exposure load (EL) to evaluate multi-chemical exposure in a representative sample of the general French population. EL corresponds to the number of substances (or metabolites) measured in body fluids above a defined concentration threshold. EL was calculated for adults and children separately for two groups of substances: those currently found in domestic environments (Group A) and pesticides (Group B). Although the EL does not assess the health impact linked to multi-chemical exposure, it does aid in the identification of particularly vulnerable populations. Accordingly, preventive actions specifically aimed at these subgroups could be useful. In Group A, we found that multi-chemical exposure was generalized since all the adults and children had an EL greater than or equal to 13 (out of 22 substances studied) when the LOQ (limit of quantification) was considered as the discretization threshold. In adults, men, smokers and people of working age (i.e., people under 60 years old) had a higher EL. In Group B, multi-chemical exposure was also generalized, since all the adults (15 substances studied) and children (13 substances studied) had a mean EL almost equal to 6 when the LOQ was considered as the discretization threshold. In adults, persons with occupational exposure to pesticide dust had a higher EL when the P90 was considered as the discretization threshold. This study highlights widespread multi-chemical exposure in adults and children in France, and the major impact of occupational exposure (Group B) and tobacco smoking (Group A) on EL.

Thermochemical degradation investigation of pesticide residues in banana homogenate

As a first-time study, the thermal storage stabilities of pesticides (bifenthrin, carbofuran, diazinon, methomyl, triflumuron, triadimenol, triazophos, and thiabendazole) in banana homogenate were investigated. Pesticides-spiked banana samples were stored at −20 °C (T1), 4 °C (T2), 25 °C (T3), and 40 °C (T4) and the residues were observed from day 0 to day 84. As results, despite being from different pesticide groups, the trend of thermal stability between bifenthrin, triflumuron, and triadimenol had surprisingly similar stability in all conditions, followed by methomyl and thiabendazole in T3 and T4. A similar trend of stability was observed between diazinon and thiabendazole, both of which are organophosphate pesticides. Carbofuran, on the other hand, had a completely different thermal stability trend when compared to others, with >70% carbofuran residue remaining in T1, T2, and T3. The theoretical stability period was measured only for diazinon, triazophos, and thiabendazole because of a significant correlation (>0.6) obtained from Arrhenius plot.

Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Organochlorine Pesticides

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are a group of treatment technologies, which aim at efficient decomposition of pollutants. The AOPs are based on oxidation of pollutants using various single or combinational techniques generating free radicals, thereby leading to oxidative degradation and complete mineralization of pollutants. Conventional AOPs based on ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are commonly used for destruction of microorganisms in the household filters. These techniques have also been used to remediate conventional and upcoming pollutants like pesticides, Pharmaceuticals etc., which are normally persistent in nature. The various combinations used for generating reactive radicals in AOPs are fenton, photofenton, ozone, UV radiations, sonolysis etc. In the present study, degradation using various AOPs and different pesticides was performed for the organochlorine group of pesticides. It was found to be effective for degradation of the targeted pesticides which are otherwise, persistent in nature. The response of the studied pesticides was different for all the AOPs used, which include, UV photolysis, H2O2 degradation, UV-H2O2, fenton’s etc. Studies have been performed in the aqueous matrix and degradation rates are determined for the different reactions. The rate of degradation was found to be significantly enhanced in presence of H2O2 and fenton’s reagent with UV irradiation rather than UV alone.

Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Organochlorine Pesticides

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are a group of treatment technologies, which aim at efficient decomposition of pollutants. The AOPs are based on oxidation of pollutants using various single or combinational techniques generating free radicals, thereby leading to oxidative degradation and complete mineralization of pollutants. Conventional AOPs based on ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are commonly used for destruction of microorganisms in the household filters. These techniques have also been used to remediate conventional and upcoming pollutants like pesticides, Pharmaceuticals etc., which are normally persistent in nature. The various combinations used for generating reactive radicals in AOPs are fenton, photofenton, ozone, UV radiations, sonolysis etc. In the present study, degradation using various AOPs and different pesticides was performed for the organochlorine group of pesticides. It was found to be effective for degradation of the targeted pesticides which are otherwise, persistent in nature. The response of the studied pesticides was different for all the AOPs used, which include, UV photolysis, H2O2 degradation, UV-H2O2, fenton’s etc. Studies have been performed in the aqueous matrix and degradation rates are determined for the different reactions. The rate of degradation was found to be significantly enhanced in presence of H2O2 and fenton’s reagent with UV irradiation rather than UV alone.

Insecticide Resistance Status of Malaria Vectors in a Malarious Area, Southeast of Iran.

Malaria continues to be the main vector-borne disease in Iran. The endemic foci of malaria are in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, the borderline of Iran and Pakistan. By the year 2020 the program of the country is malaria elimination. The main vector control is using insecticide as Indoor Residual Spraying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility of main malaria vectors to different insecticides recommended by WHO. All the insecticides papers supported by WHO and evaluation of insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles superpictus to different chemical groups of imagicides including DDT 4%, malathion 5%, propoxur 01.%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.025% and permethrin 0.75% were followed by the WHO guideline. Results of the susceptibility test against different insecticides revealed that An. stephensi and An. culicifacies are resistant to DDT and susceptible to other insecticides. An. superpictus is susceptible to all groups of pesticides. Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales.

The Pesticide Market in Serbia

Summary The use of plant protection products (PPPs) has become a social concern regarding food safety and quality, and risks to human health and the environment. Accordingly, the agricultural microbials market is a steadily growing sector of the global agriculture industry. This paper evaluates the market of basic groups of pesticides in Serbia (namely herbicides, fungicides and insecticides), as well as other collectively presented plant protection products, with a particular emphasis on the biopesticides segment. The official data of the Serbian Plant Protection Directorate for the period 2000-2020 served as a primary source of data. The movement of PPPs and active ingredients (AIs) imports into Serbia were analyzed separately. The average values of PPP quantities imported into Serbia were computed for the period under consideration. The time series variability was evaluated using the coefficient of variation, whereas the dynamics of PPP import movements was evaluated using the rate of change. In the overall structure of the imported pesticides in Serbia, herbicides remain the dominant product type (57.0%), followed by fungicides (27.5%), insecticides (10.5%), and other PPPs (5.0%). The import of AIs for the production of herbicides claimed a share of 79.8%, whereas the share of AIs for the fungicide production approximated to 12.8% (followed by AIs for the insecticide production (6.7%) and AIs for the other groups of pesticides (0.7%). Biopesticides comprise a small share of the total crop protection market in Serbia. Bioinsecticides were found to be imported into Serbia in largest quantities (followed by biofungicides, bioacaricides, and biobactericides). No imports of bioherbicides have been recorded. According to the official data on the import of PPPs in Serbia in the period 2000–2020, it can be concluded that there is a positive growth trend, which is expected to continue in the future. Although the import of AIs shows a positive rate of change, no significant growth trends were recorded.

Effect of pesticide toxicity in aquatic environments: A recent review

Pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture to enhance the quantity and quality of yield in an effective and economical manner, leading to improved food security worldwide. Organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids are the four major groups of pesticides used. However, with increasing pesticide use, especially in developing countries, the risk of its toxicity caused by them is on the rise. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of pesticide residues in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It has been observed that major riverine ecosystems like Ganges, Yamuna, Cauvery, Tapi and many others show the presence of pesticides in the water column as well as the river bed sediments. Pesticides tend to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Agricultural runoff into aquatic systems raises the risk of exposure of pesticides to non-target species, leading to adverse consequences on the ecosystem. In this review, an attempt has been made to critically review the usage of pesticides in India, their entry into riverine ecosystems and the impact of pesticides on freshwater microorganisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. The review of legislation in India to control pesticide usage shows that proper implementation of the laws is needed on an urgent basis.

Lupeol inhibits pesticides induced hepatotoxicity via reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in rats

The present study was aimed at investigating the toxicity of various pesticides on rat liver. It also aimed to show whether this toxicity could be avoided using lupeol. Adult male Wistars albino rats were randomly divided into nine groups. Control groups were given saline, corn oil, and lupeol; pesticide groups were given malathion, chlorpyrifos, and tebuconazole; in the other three treatments, same doses of pesticides and lupeol were given to the rats for ten days. Histopathological examination showed severe degenerative changes in the pesticide groups. Serum AChE activities, liver GSH, total antioxidant capacity levels, AChE, CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, Na+/K+-ATPase, ARE, and PON were decreased, while serum TNF-α, liver LPO, HP, NO, AOPP, total oxidant status, ROS, and oxidative stress index levels as well as AST, ALT, ALP, GST, arginase and xanthine oxidase activities were increased in the pesticides administered groups. It was observed that the PCNA levels determined by the immunohistochemical method increased in the pesticide groups. Also, the results Raman spectroscopy suggest that the technique may be used to understand/have an insight into pesticide toxicity mechanisms. The administration of lupeol demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect against pesticide-induced toxicity.

Adsorption Kinetics of Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid and Methomyl Pesticides in Aqueous Solution onto Eucalyptus Woodchip Derived Biochar

This work reports the application of a biochar (BC) derived from eucalyptus wood chips to remove pesticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl) from water. The pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption model is the best fit describing the adsorption of pesticides on BC. Furthermore, the Langmuir model correlated well with the adsorption isotherm data for acetamiprid and methomyl, while the Freundlich model was selected to explain the adsorption of imidacloprid on BC. The maximum adsorption capacities for methomyl, imidacloprid and acetamiprid on the BC material are 32.42, 14.75 and 4.87 mg g−1, respectively. The highest adsorption capacity of methomyl on the BC surface could be the result of multilayer adsorption suggested by the adsorption isotherm studies, with imidacloprid (or acetamiprid) monolayer being adsorbed on the BC surface. The structure, functional groups of pesticides, including their polarity, all played an important role contributing to the performance of biochar sorbent. Preferable interactions between the studied pesticides and the BC surface may include π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. The steric aromatic entity in adsorbed imidacloprid and acetamiprid on the BC surface may hinder the possibility of other pesticide molecules approaching the available sorption sites on the surface.

Suicide by Pesticide (Phorate) Ingestion: Case Report and Review of Literature.

It has been estimated that approximately one in seven of all global suicides is due to pesticide self-poisoning, mostly in rural areas of developing countries. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are a group of pesticides exerting their toxicological effects through non-reversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Among these compounds, phorate (thimet) is one of the most dangerous compounds, the use of which is restricted in many countries. A case of intentional suicide after phorate ingestion in a 24-year-old Bengali male is described. This is the second case of suicidal ingestion of phorate reported in the forensic literature, and the first presenting complete toxicological findings.

Hydrogeological, hydrodynamic and anthropogenic factors affecting the spread of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in water resources of the Granada plain (Spain)

The anthropogenic organic contaminants contemplated in the environmental legislation, as well as those of emerging concern, threaten the quality of water resources to a degree that remains largely unknown. Contaminant exposure in the aquatic environment is a crucial element if a full understanding of the risk is pursued. There are still many uncertainties about the occurrence of organic pollutants and behavior in the hydro(geo)logical media in large scale areas. The case study of the unconfined aquifer of the Granada Plain (approximately 200 km2) is presented here. Two surface and groundwater monitoring campaigns were conducted (March 2017 and June 2018). In total, 41 out of 171 target organic pollutants were detected, at least once: 17 pharmaceuticals or drugs of abuse, 21 pesticides or their metabolites and three polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, physico-chemical parameters were measured during the monitoring campaigns and hydrochemical parameters and stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C) were analyzed. Statistical tests confirmed the significance of seasonal changes for some of these parameters (e.g., EC, Cl-, F-, δ18O, δ13C), revealing the influence from snowmelt water input on streams and the intensification of irrigation. In March 2017, the group of pesticides (largely represented by triazines) predominated, whereas the frequency of detection of pharmaceuticals increased substantially in June 2018. Results suggest four main factors affecting the spatial and seasonal variation of organic pollutants in the aquifer: the anthropogenic factor determining the period of contaminant release throughout the year (pesticide application period and growth of tourism) along with irrigation practices that include reclaimed wastewater; unsaturated zone thickness; hydraulic gradient and river-groundwater hydraulic connection. The latter can be especially important in the case of those contaminants whose main path of entry into the aquatic environment occurs through wastewater discharge into streams (i.e., pharmaceuticals).

Sensing of Alphacypermethrin Pesticide Using Modified Electrode of Chitosan-Silver Nanowire Nanocomposite Langmuir Blodgett Film

ABSTRACT We report on the sensing of a hazardous pesticide alphacypermethrin (ACM) using electrochemical technique through a nanocomposite film modified electrode. The nanocomposite film comprising of octadecylamine, chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol-silver nanowires and haemoglobin, shortly (OCPAH), was prepared by Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film deposition technique on various substrates and electrodes. The composite LB film was characterised by UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which confirms the stable and multilayer film. The LB film modified electrode was used for sensing ACM pesticide by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. The achieved sensing parameters such as limit of detection as 14 nM, 5 nM and 10 nM; linear range as 10–100 nM, 10–40 nM and 50–100 nM/10–100 nM; and sensitivity as 0.418 µA/nM/cm2, 0.259 µA/nM/cm2 and 0.271 µA/nM/cm2 for CV, DPV and SWV techniques, respectively. The reported sensor is found to have stability of 74% upto 20 cycles, the relative standard deviation (RSD) value for metal ion/organic interference species as 2% and for real samples are within 1.4% using CV technique. The reported nanocomposite-based ACM pesticide sensor will open up new options for research on LB film nanocomposite-based sensing of different organophosphorus groups of pesticides.

Persistent organochlorine pollutant residues in water, sediment, and fish from Efteni Lake, North-West Türkiye

Abstract The Efteni Lake, Wildlife Development Area is under anthropogenic pressure regarding agriculture and water management. This study aimed to determine and evaluate the persistence of an organochlorine pollutant (POP) and its bio-accumulation and bio-magnification from the water to fish in the lake. Therefore, water, sediment, and fish (Tinca tinca) specimens were collected from different points in the lake. The study showed that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) compounds were the highest among the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) groups and were found in 100% of all specimens. However, the frequency rates and the concentrations recorded for 4,4-DDT (a DDT metabolite) were higher than for DDT compounds in all three specimen types. The mean total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were , , and in the water, sediment, and fish specimens, respectively. In conclusion, the concentration of OCPs in the water significantly was lower than in the sediment and fish. The top three PCB congeners, as per their mean levels were PCB 138, 151, and 153. Reducing human pressure on Efteni Lake is crucial because POP residues in the lake are likely to pose a danger to aquatic organisms, other wildlife, and to human health.

Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Class Pesticide Residues and PAHs in Plant Material and Soil Samples Using the Optimized QuEChERS Method and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

New analytical approaches to the simultaneous identification and quantification of 94 pesticides and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five representative matrices (pepper, apple, lettuce, wheat, and soil) were developed. The analyses were based on gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The procedure was optimized by changing the solvent used during the extraction, from acetonitrile to the acetone: n-hexane mixture at a volume ratio of 1:4 (v/v), as well as the use of a reduced amount of water during the extraction of compounds from cereals. An additional modification was the use of florisil instead of GCB in the sample cleanup step. A full method validation study was performed, at two concentration levels (LOQ and 1000 × LOQ), which showed satisfactory results for all analytes from the PAHs group, with recoveries ranging from 70.7–115.1%, and an average RSD of 3.9%. Linearity was tested in the range of 0.001–1.000 mg/kg and showed coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.99 for all PAHs. Satisfactory recovery and precision parameters (LOQ and 100 × LOQ) were achieved for almost all analytes from the pesticide group in the range of 70.1–119.3% with the mean RSD equal to 5.9%. The observed linearity for all analytes in the concentration range of 0.005–1.44 mg/kg was R2 ≥ 0.99, with the exception of famoxadone, chizalofop-p-ethyl, prothioconazole, spirodiclofen, tefluthrin, and zoxamid. The extended uncertainties were estimated, using a top-down approach of 9.9% (average) and 15.3% (average) for PAHs and pesticides samples, respectively (the coverage factor k = 2, the 95% confidence level). Ultimately, the method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in commercial samples of fruit, vegetables and grain, and soil samples for PAHs, which were collected from selected places in the Podkarpacie region. A total of 38 real samples were tested, in which 10 pesticides and 13 PAHs were determined. Proposed changes allow us to shorten the sample preparation time (by 20%) and to reduce the consumption of organic solvents (by 17%). The use of florisil for sample cleanup, instead of GCB, improves the recovery of compounds with flat particles.